direct and indirect speech examples ppt

... exchanges: direct speech acts motivated by direct speech acts, indirect speech acts motivated by direct speech acts, direct speech acts motivated by indirect speech acts and finally indirect speech ... rather on indirectness since there are 62 exchanges out of which at least one is indirect, the total number of exchanges being 89. Direct- direct, indirect- indirect and direct- indirect contributions ... of view of indirectness. The play contains four types of exchanges: direct speech acts motivated by direct speech acts, indirect speech acts motivated by direct speech acts, direct speech acts...

... ours. A lot of speech repairs do not look ill-formed, such as " ;and a boxcar of- and a tanker of OJ", and " ;and bring - and then bring that orange juice," and are mainly signaled ... detecting and cor- rection modification and abridged speech repairs. Our work shows that a large percentage of speech repairs can be re- solved prior to parsing. Our algorithm assumes that the speech ... of speech repairs. This paper presents an al- gorithm that detects and corrects speech repairs based on finding the repair pattern. The repair pattern is built by find- ing word matches and...

... a Speech Disorder? 19 Common speech disorders in adults include fluency disor- ders like stuttering, voice disorders, and motor speech disor- ders, such as apraxia and dysarthria. Apraxia and ... dysarthria and other motor speech difficulties to communicate more effectively through the use of computer-assisted devices and voice synthesizers. Apraxia of Speech Apraxia of speech, or verbal ... have a difficult time understanding their speech. 9781420502213_DD.indd 30 4/3/10 11:11 AM deaf typically has difficulty acquiring speech and usually exhib- its speech disorders related to the...

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... adverbial clauses, direct and indirect speech. This report looks into these matters by including two main sections. The first section focuses on literature reviews for the definition and usage of ... clauses, direct and indirect speech. The other section deals with practical applications of these theories in finance- an aspect of business. This section contrasts the use of nominal clauses and ... nominal clauses and adverbial clauses, direct and indirect speech in the financial theme by analyzing five financial articles to help you thoroughly understand the theory. Moreover, the report...

... Principles of the Proposed Method Title Block Indirect torque control method of BLDC motor explained in [9] was extended to a direct torque and indirect flux control technique for six-switch ... amplitude and rotating direction of the stator flux linkage is given in Table I. Fig. 1: Decagon trajectory of stator flux linkage in the stationary αβ – plane. Direct Torque and Indirect ... measured stator voltages α s V and β s V and currents α s i and β s i , then by using (1) and (4) q- and d-axis flux linkage are drived. Also, by usig (4) q- and d-axis current are calculated....

... time-varying signals (reference and/ or feedback) quite well. A PPENDIX I S PECIFICATIONS AND P ARAMETERS OF THE BLDC M OTOR A PPENDIX II OZTURK AND TOLIYAT: DIRECT TORQUE AND INDIRECT FLUX CONTROL OF ... Method In this study, indirect torque control method of BLDC mo- tor explained in [29] is extended to a direct torque and indirect flux control technique, which is suitable for sensorless and flux- weakening ... well. OZTURK AND TOLIYAT: DIRECT TORQUE AND INDIRECT FLUX CONTROL OF BRUSHLESS DC MOTOR 355 TAB L E I S WITCHING T ABLE FOR DTC OF BLDC M OTOR U SING T HREE - PHASE C ONDUCTION indirectly kept...

... m 1 and m 2 , the (nonlinear) springs s 1 and s 2 , the coupling spring k c , and the nonlinear c  1999 by CRC Press LLC FIGURE 44.1: Display of speech signal: (a)waveform, (b) spectrogram, and ... speakers and speaking styles. Examples of speech sounds that are difficult to parametrize in this way are nasal and mixed-excitation sounds (i.e., sounds with an added fr icative component) and “simple” ... NasalCoupling Nasalsoundsareproducedbyopeningthevelumandtherebycouplingthenasalcavitytothevocal tract.Innasalconsonants,thevocaltractitselfisclosedatsomepointbetweenthevelumandthe lips,andalltheairflowisdivertedintothenostrils.Innasalvowelsthevocaltractremainsopen. (NasalvowelsarecommoninFrenchandseveralotherlanguages.Theyarenotnominallyphonemes ofEnglish.However,somenasalizationofvowelscommonlyoccursinEnglishspeech.) Intermsofchainmatrices,thenasalcouplingcanbehandledwithouttoomuchadditionaleffort. Asfarasitsacousticalpropertiesareconcerned,thenasalcavitycanbetreatedexactlylikethevocal tract,withtheaddedsimplificationthatitsshapemayberegardedasfixed.Thecommonassumption isthatthenostrilsaresymmetric,inwhichcasethecross-sectionalareasofthetwonostrilscanbe addedandthenosereplacedbyasingle,fixed,variable-areatube. Thedescriptionofthecomputationsiseasiertofollowwiththeaidoftheblockdiagramshown inFig.44.5.Fromaknowledgeoftheareafunctionsandlossesforthevocalandnasaltractsthree chainmatricesK gv ,K vt ,andK vn arefirstcomputed.Theserepresent,respectively,thematricesfrom glottistovelum,velumtotractclosure(orvelumtolips,incaseofanasalvowel),andvelumto nostrils. FromK vn withsomeassumedimpedanceterminationatthenostrils,theinputimpedanceof thenostrilsatthevelummaybecomputedasindicatedinEq.(44.16b).Similarly,K vt givesthe inputimpedanceatthevelum,ofthevocaltractlookingtowardthelips.Atthevelum,thesetwo impedancesarecombinedinparalleltogiveatotalimpedance,sayZ v .Withthisastermination,the velocitytovelocitytransferfunction,T gv ,fromglottistovelumcanbecomputedfromK gv asshown c  1999byCRCPressLLC FIGURE44.5:Chainmatricesforsynthesizingnasalsounds. inEq.(44.16b).Foragivenvolumevelocityattheglottis,U g ,thevolumevelocityatthevelumis U v =T gv U g ,andthepressureatthevelumisP v =Z v U v .OnceP v andU v areknown,thevolume velocityand/orpressureatthenostrilsandlipscanbecomputedbyinvertingthematricesK vn and K vt . 44.4 SourcesofExcitation Asmentionedearlier,speechsoundsmaybeclassifiedbytypeofexcitation:periodic,turbulent,or transient.Allofthesetypesofexcitationarecreatedbyconvertingthepotentialenergystoredinthe lungsduetoexcesspressureintosoundenergyintheaudiblefrequencyrangeof20Hzto20kHz. Thelungsofayoungadultmalemayhaveamaximumusablevolume(“vitalcapacity”)ofabout5 l.Whilereadingaloudthepressureinthelungsistypicallyintherangeof6to15cmofwater(6000 to15000Pa).Vocalcordvibrationscanbesustainedwithapressureaslowas.2cmofwater.Atthe otherextreme,apressureashighas195cmofwaterhasbeenrecordedforatrumpetplayer.Typical averageairflowfornormalspeechisabout0.1l/s.Itmaypeakashighas5l/sduringrapidinhalesin singing. Periodicexcitationoriginatesmainlyatthevibratingvocalfolds,turbulentexcitationoriginates primarilydownstreamofthenarrowestconstrictioninthevocaltract,andtransientexcitations occurwheneveracompleteclosureofthevocalpathwayissuddenlyreleased.Inthefollowing,we willexplorethesethreetypesofexcitationinsomedetail.Theinterestedreaderisreferredto[18] formoreinformation. 44.4.1...

... to Direct Labor Hours allocation base, except that the base includes all hours incurred for direct and indirect activities. Use of this base assumes that costs incurred benefit both direct and ... nature and purpose may be allowable as either indirect or direct. Travel costs incurred in the normal course of overall administration of the business are allowable and shall be treated as indirect ... incorporate the AICPA reporting standards for each type and then require additional GAGAS standards. There are a total of 10 standards for Financial Audits and 9 standards for Attestation Engagements....