digestion and absorption of nutrients and vitamins
Removal of Nutrients, Organic Matter and Heavy Metals from Paddy Field Drainage by Charcoal
... - Variations of reduction rate for (a) TOC, TN and TP, (b) Cr, Fe, Pb, and Zn, and diurnal variations of contact times during field test Table - Mean and standard deviation (SD) of the concentration ... the - 13 - Journal of Water and Environment Technology, Vol 7, No 1, 2009 standard deviation (SD) in TP was larger than those of TOC and TN (Table 3) and the reduction rate of TP was distributed ... SD: Standard deviation, CV: Coefficient of variation - 12 - Journal of Water and Environment Technology, Vol 7, No 1, 2009 The water qualities of inflow water (IN) and outflow water (OUT) of the...
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Quantitative aspects of ruminant digestion and metabolism - Phần 1
... set The goal of this chapter is to present the theoretical development and use of models for quantifying rate and extent of the digestion process in the rumen Rate and Extent of Digestion 15 ... al., 1987) Regardless of the model used, it appears that rate and extent of digestion are critical variables in the description of the digestion process Kinetic parameters of digestion are important ... model is described mathematically and implemented Requirements for Quantifying Rate and Extent of Digestion Robust quantitative description of the rate and extent of digestion requires three components:...
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Quantitative aspects of ruminant digestion and metabolism - Phần 2
... the digestion and absorption of food along the gastro-intestinal tract of fistulated cows The rate of flow of digesta and the net absorption of dry matter, organic matter, ash, nitrogen and water ... estimates to be made of the partition of digestion, i.e the extent of digestion, absorption and/ or secretion occurring in defined segments of the tract Rate of passage is a measure of the time during ... The digestion of food by the grazing sheep The rate of flow of digesta Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 15, 384–396 Hogan, J.P and Weston, R.H (1967) The digestion of chopped and ground...
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Quantitative aspects of ruminant digestion and metabolism - Phần 3
... cultures, and enable the study of long-term (weeks) effects of factors affecting the microbial population and the digestion of nutrients under controlled conditions of pH, turnover rate and nutrient ... overestimation of both the immediately soluble fraction and the extent of degradation, and likely underestimation of the rate of degradation (Huntington and Givens, 1995) Loss of particles from ... Comparative digestion of herbage by two breeds of sheep: effects of grass maturity stage and level of intake Animal Science 73, 513–522 Madsen, J and Hvelplund, T (1994) Prediction of in situ...
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Quantitative aspects of ruminant digestion and metabolism - Phần 4
... of the breakdown process of (A) leaves of tropical and temperate grasses and of legumes, and (B) mature stems of grass and legume, during eating and initial (0–6 h) digestion in the rumen to ... integrity of the leaf and stem components by removal of cuticle, crushing and separation of vascular bundles and other plant tissues, and release of plant cell contents (Ulyatt et al., 1986; Wilson and ... C.T and Handley, T.A (1986) The assessment of handling time ion in ruminants: the effect of plant chemical and physical structure on the rate of breakdown of plant particles in the rumen of mule...
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NOTIONS OF NUTRIENTS AND NUTRIMENTS
... “barbarian,” and the upper classes of the Middle Ages avoided plebian vegetables Thus, foods such as white bread and iceberg lettuce that fall in and out of fashion so because of fads on the one hand and ... England and Scotland Other examples of women suffering from osteomalacia include Muslims and Hindus with a strict tradition of keeping the female skin out of public view and, thus, out of the sun.67 ... vegetarianism, and meat sales in the country plummeted by half.10 Notions of Nutrients and Nutriments 239 The book, however, did muster support for Harvey Wiley, who, as head of the Chemical Division of...
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Quantitative aspects of ruminant digestion and metabolism - Phần 5
... composition of supplements), level of intake, retention time of solids and liquids, and the timing of release of energy substrates and nitrogenous materials into the medium (rumen ‘synchrony’) Effect of ... valine and cysteine, probably due to poor re -absorption of mucin proteins (Lapierre and Lobley, 2001) Uncertainty about the sites and quantity of secretion of endogenous N and its fractional re -absorption ... and metabolism of volatile fatty acids, glucose and CO2 in steers and the effects of monensin on volatile fatty acid kinetics Journal of Nutrition 113, 1265–1277 Barcroft, J., McAnally, R.A and...
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Quantitative aspects of ruminant digestion and metabolism - Phần 6
... digestibility of feed and production of VFA and microbial protein However, the complexity of these analogues, which often employ pulse addition of heterogeneous, particulate substrate and differential and/ or ... notably when the quality of the feed and dietary levels of N are poor (mainly in the tropics and subtropics) Rumen bacteria are efficient scavengers of N sources and uptake of ammonia is represented ... continual supply of plant nutrients, the microbial population in the rumen supplies the host with easily utilizable forms of carbon and energy and with a protein source in the form of microbial biomass...
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Quantitative aspects of ruminant digestion and metabolism - Phần 7
... M.E and Marsh, P.B (1976) Effect of monensin fed with forage on digestion and the ruminal ecosystem of steers Journal of Animal Science 42, 229–234 Eadie, J.M and Gill, J.C (1971) Effect of the ... Applied and Environmental Microbiology 56, 2186–2192 Chen, M and Wolin, M.J (1979) Effect of monensin and lasalocid-sodium on the growth of methanogenic and rumen saccharolytic bacteria Applied and ... tools and bioinformatics offer the promise for an even better understanding of this ecologically complex environment References Abou Akada, A.R and El-Shazly, K (1964) Effect of absence of ciliate...
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Tài liệu Quantitative aspects of ruminant digestion and metabolism - Phần 8 docx
... remainder of the body (Baldwin, 1995) Only Gill et al (1989) addressed the concept of energy costs of nutrients and ion transport, and of protein synthesis and degradation in tissues of the total ... of Dairy Science 80, 1005–1028 Nocek, J.E and Tamminga, S (1991) Site of digestion of starch in the gastrointestinal tract of dairy cows and its effect on milk yield and composition Journal of ... of rumen VFA concentrations rather than on rates of production The VFA data used in these studies are not only the result of VFA production in the rumen but also of the rates of outflow and absorption, ...
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Tài liệu Quantitative aspects of ruminant digestion and metabolism - Phần 9 pptx
... radioactivity of the precursor at the site of metabolic use, causes an underestimation of the rate of conversion of precursor to product Consequently, estimates of the rate of conversion of precursor ... palmitate, oleate and stearate and rates of production and oxidation of propionate and butyrate in fed and starved sheep Biochemical Journal 104, 135–147 Baird, G.D., Lomax, M.A., Symonds, H.W and Shaw, ... sheep Freetly and Ferrell (1998, 2000) reported release of acetate and triacylglycerides and removal of NEFA and n-butyrate, but unfortunately no measurement of 3-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate...
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Tài liệu Quantitative aspects of ruminant digestion and metabolism - Phần 10 pptx
... (1967a) Rates of entry and oxidation of acetate, glucose, D(-)-b-hydroxy-butyrate, palmitate, oleate and stearate, and rates of production and oxidation of propionate and butyrate in fed and starved ... S and Nichols, B.W (1967b) The oxidation and utilisation of palmitate, stearate, oleate and acetate by the mammary gland of the fed goat in relation to their overall metabolism, and the role of ... R.J., Wolfe, B.M and Bohmer, T (1971) Quantitative studies of the metabolism of chylomicron triglycerides and cholesterol by liver and extra hepatic tissues of sheep and dogs Journal of Clinical Investigations...
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Tài liệu Quantitative aspects of ruminant digestion and metabolism - Phần 11 ppt
... approaches (e.g measurements of protein levels for some enzymes of the ubiquitination machinery and proteasomal subunits, of the rate of ubiquitination of protein substrates, and of proteasome activities) ... catheterization of an artery and a vein draining a hind limb bed An index of both the rates of protein breakdown and synthesis is calculated by measuring the concentration of the label and its isotopic ... incubated rodent muscles (see Attaix and Taillandier, 1998) These observations, together with the use of specific inhibitors of lysosomal and Ca2þ dependent proteases and of the proteasome, lead to the...
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Tài liệu Quantitative aspects of ruminant digestion and metabolism - Phần 12 docx
... (100% of ME and CP requirements) and high (160% of ME and CP requirements) intake levels, the liver removed approximately 34% of the AA absorbed by the PDV Removal of essential AA comprised 15% of ... nutrient use and animal health Clearly then, considering the complexity of AA as nutrients, and as signals that can affect protein and energy metabolism, and in light of the different aspects of metabolic ... relationships resulted in estimates of MEm of 0.58 and 0:66 MJ=kg0:75 for the linear and multiple regression methods, respectively, and kl of 0.64 and 0.69, respectively The weight of evidence from recent...
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Tài liệu Quantitative aspects of ruminant digestion and metabolism - Phần 13 docx
... several isoforms; for example there are at least three isoforms of the b-adrenergic receptor (Carpene et al., 1998), two of the GTPbinding protein Gs , at least three isoforms of Gi (Manning and Woolkalis, ... Increased Uptake of glucose, acetate, ketones, amino acids, VLDL-TG fatty acids, Ca2þ and Pi, increased Synthesis and secretion of protein, lipid and lactose increased Secretion of Ca2þ and Pi increased ... Decreased ? Uptake of acetate, glucose and VLDL-TG fatty acid decreased Synthesis of lipid decreased Output of fatty acids and glycerol increased Decreased Unchanged Uptake of glucose and acetate may...
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Tài liệu Quantitative aspects of ruminant digestion and metabolism - Phần 14 docx
... blood (2), bone (3) and soft tissues (4)) and P enters the system via intake (F10 ) and exits via faeces (F 01 ) and urine (F 02 ) The daily intake and loss of P in faeces and urine were measured ... 12 , F 23 and F 32 and F 24 and F 42 , respectively Labelled 32 P was administered as a single dose, D cpm, at time zero, and the size and specific activity of the blood, bone and soft tissues ... growth and efficiency of growth Regression analysis of results with cattle revealed positive correlations between the energy and protein intake and the expression of genes of components of the...
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Tài liệu Quantitative aspects of ruminant digestion and metabolism - Phần 15 pptx
... understanding of fetal growth and metabolism Macronutrient uptake and metabolism Numerous studies of pregnant ewes have described macronutrient metabolism and requirements of the fetus in terms of ... between maternal intakes of energy and nitrogen and conceptus tissue masses at different stages of pregnancy Quantitative descriptions of maternal and fetal fluxes of glucose and amino acids in sheep ... fetus in terms of net umbilical exchange of oxygen, nutrients and metabolites, and net accretion of nutrients in growing tissues Representative data from ewes and similar data from cows are summarized...
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Tài liệu Quantitative aspects of ruminant digestion and metabolism - Phần 16 pdf
... mechanistic model of digestion and metabolism of a lactating dairy cow described in detail by Baldwin (1995) and earlier publications The digestion element of the model (Fig 21.1) is comprised of 15 differential ... protein and milk fat based on the metabolic state of the cow, nutrients available to the udder and potential of the cow to produce milk through the parameters number of udder cells (UCELLS) and maximal ... yields and led to parameterization of equations to represent these effects (Maeng et al., 1976; Argyle and Baldwin, 1989) Current representations of digestion products and amino acid absorption...
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Tài liệu Quantitative aspects of ruminant digestion and metabolism - Phần 17 pdf
... content and a rapid rate of eating Equally, changes in the rumen degradable fraction of the CP are likely to affect yield of ME and rate of digestion of NDF; excess CP can be used as a source of energy ... error of 10=20 ¼ 0:5 and a relative discomfort of 0:52 ¼ 0:25 Similar calculations for CP, NDF and time spent eating give discomforts of 0.36, 0.51 and 0.01, respectively, and a total discomfort of ... CP, NDF and time spent eating, and of total discomfort, for a range of daily intakes of food by sheep; see text for details of food and animal’s ‘requirements’ Voluntary Feed Intake and Diet...
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Tài liệu Quantitative aspects of ruminant digestion and metabolism - Phần 18 pdf
... Ljøkjel, K., Skrede, A and Harstad, O.M (2003a) Effects of pelleting and expanding of vegetable feeds on in situ protein and starch digestion in dairy cows Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences 12, ... and Tamminga, S (1991) Site of digestion of starch in the gastrointestinal tract of dairy cows and its effect on milk yield and composition Journal of Dairy Science 74, 3598–3629 Norberg, E and ... levels, they may often negatively affect digestion of nutrients and are therefore referred to as antinutritional factors (ANF) They are best classified on the basis of the type of nutrients (e.g...
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