...
Programming EmbeddedSystemsinC and C+ +
- 44 -
you should see is the C source code for main, with a cursor indicating that the embedded
processor's instruction pointer is at the entry point ... startup
code for C/ C++ programs.
Most cross-compilers forembeddedsystems include an assembly language file
called startup.asm, crt0.s (short forC runtime), or something similar. The location ... long nCycles = nMilliseconds * CYCLES_PER_MS;
while (nCycles );
} /* delay() */
The hardware-specific constant CYCLES_PER_MS represents the number of decrement-and-test
cycles (nCycles...
...
performance specifications. Performance specifications guide the design process and provide the means for
determining when a controller design is satisfactory. Controller performance specifications ...
driver.
In years past, mechanical or electrical hardware components performed most control functions in technological
systems. When hardware solutions were insufficient, continuous human participation ... structures;
perform a tuning procedure on a PID controller operating in conjunction with a plant; and
adapt a PID controller to perform well with a plant in which actuator saturation occurs in...
... Architecture
Allocation,
binding,
scheduling
Performance
analysis
Design space
exploration
FIGURE 1.1
Performance analysis in the design space exploration cycle.
design objectives. In such a design space exploration, ... following challenges: validating and testing traditional for-
mal models used for blending the continuous and discrete worlds, defining
semantics for combining models specific to different domains, ... Sweden
xix
Nicolescu/Model-Based DesignforEmbeddedSystems 67842 _C0 00 Finals Page i 2009-10-13
Model-Based Design
forEmbedded Systems
Nicolescu/Model-Based DesignforEmbeddedSystems 67842 _C0 01 Finals...
... run the risk of wasting it all with a change in microcontroller. Changing processors in
a design programmed inC can incur as little extra effort as changing a header file in your software
modules.
The ... an interrupt-based solution is the protocol for communication between the
interrupts and main-line code. Since interrupts and main line are as independent as possible (an
interrupt may occur ... to C necessary for targeting an
embedded environment, and the common components of a successful development project.
C is the language of choice for programming larger microcontrollers (MCU),...
... choices should favour emulators that can perform source-level debugging, matching the
currently-executing machine code with the original C. For a thermostat, speed of emulation is not a
critical ...
contributing only a small increase in on
-
chip resources.
Results
2.3.1—
Software Architecture
The language for programming the thermostat device will be C.
The main architectural dilemma involves ... machine will
always step through program code: no more than one interrupt handler will execute between each
main program instruction.
On most machines, the CPU will check for interrupts before...
... (MIMO) systems can sig-
nificantly increase the spectral efficiency by exploiting the
spatial degrees of freedom created by multiple antennas. In
point-to-point MIMO systems, the capacity increases lin-
early ... Networking Conference
(WCNC ’07), pp. 1269–1274, Kowloon, China, March 2007.
[16] R. de Francisco and D. T. M. Slock, “On the design of scalar
feedback techniques for MIMO broadcast scheduling,” in ... direction information (CDI), we con-
sider limited feedback scenarios in which each user conveys
channel quality information (CQI) to the base station for
the purpose of user scheduling. In [10],...
... Static
power dissipation is mainly caused by leakage currents,
whereas the dynamic part is caused by charging/discharging
capacitances and the short circuit during the switching.
Charging accounts ... magni-
tudehastakenplace[3].
In comparison to this extremely fast-paced growth in al-
gorithmic complexity, the concurrent increase in the com-
plexity of silicon-integrated circuits proceeds according to
the ... adjacent instructions, a single basic block, across
several basic blocks (intraprocedural), across procedures (in-
terprocedural), or a complete program.
For the CFG and DFG some common basic properties
can...
... processing
applications.
In “Multiple-clock cycle architecture for the VLSI design of
a system for ti me-freque ncy analysis,” Veselin N. Ivanovi
´
cet
al. present a streamlined architecture for time-frequency sig-
nal ... thorough
comparison is given against a single-cycle implementation
architecture.
In “3D-SoftChip: a novel architecture for next-generation
adaptive computing systems, ” C. Kim et al. present an archi-
tecture ... of Computer Science. He is coauthor or coeditor
of three books and the author or coauthor of more than 90 ref-
ereed technical articles. His research interests include VLSI signal
processing, embedded...
... finite piecewise linear VCC, (b) a periodic piecewise linear VCC, and
(c) a mixed piecewise linear VCC.
arrival curve is an integer and can be represented as a piecewise constant
function. Forthe ... Model-Based DesignforEmbedded Systems
UT/LT
Untimed/timed
structural communication
CDMA
Timing approximate
communication
CAN
UT
Untimed/timed
p-2-p communication
AT
Cycle-accurate
communication
CAN
Refinement ... no source code is needed, as the binary code is used for determining
cycle counts and for generating the SystemC code. Another advantage is that
Nicolescu/Model-Based DesignforEmbedded Systems...
... source code and binary code
Construction of intermediate
representation
C source code
Static cycle calculation
Building of basic blocks
C Compiler
Processor
description
Insertion of dynamic correction ... additional cycles needed for cache miss
}
}
}
✌
✝
✆
Listing 2.1
Function for cache cycle correction.
2.4.5.5 Cycle Calculation Code
As previously mentioned, each cache analysis block is characterized ... number
of cycles for which a single instruction can stay in the pipeline [21].
2.4.5 Dynamic Correction of Cycle Prediction
As previously described, the actual cycle count a processor needs for exe-
cuting...
... following task types on the bus when an SC
occurs from Scenario 1 to Scenario 2: C1 andC5 are unchanged communica-
tion tasks, C3 andC4 are added communication tasks, and C2 is a completed
communication ... multiprocessor systems.
In Proceedings of the 6th IEEE/ACM/IFIP International Conference on
Nicolescu/Model-Based DesignforEmbeddedSystems 67842 _C0 03 Finals Page 77 2009-10-13
Formal Performance Analysis ... execution
t
(a)
Preemption
Stalling
CPU
Memory
CPU
(b)
Memory
CPUa
CPUb
(c)
FIGURE 3.5
Tasks on different processors accessing a shared memory. (a and b) Single
processor case and (c) conflicts from another CPU.
Nicolescu/Model-Based...
... space grows
dramatically, as explained in Section 5.4. We examine the system given
in Table 5.6 using an U
PPAAL model capturing the nondeterminism in the
choices for execution times in each ... Model-Based DesignforEmbedded Systems
6.1 Introduction
Embedded systems and networked embeddedsystems play an increasingly
important role in today’s society. They are often found in consumer products
(e.g., ... caused by
accesses to mutually exclusive resources, cache misses, etc., cause jitter
in sampling intervals and input–output latencies. Likewise, for networked
control systems, medium access delays,...