critically assessing the literature understanding error and bias

Báo cáo khoa học: "Veterinary decision making in relation to metritis - a qualitative approach to understand the background for variation and bias in veterinary medical records"

... analysis of the veterinarians' perceptions of how they wished to use the metritis score in their practice and on dialogue with the farmer and surroundings in general, a model of understanding was ... the data in and of itself as the basis for taking relevant action at the farm They may skip the process of systematic analysis of data and give advice based on their immediate evaluation of the ... as the observer's immediate feelings, experiences, and thoughts on the subjects and the observed [9] However, we acknowledge the risk of influential interaction between the interviewer and the...

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Assessing the hazard of metals and inorganic metal substances in aquatic and terrestrial systems

Danh mục: Môi trường

... outcome of the model, as shown in Table 3.2 These are the ecotoxicity and bioaccumulation, the speciation and partitioning reactions among water, sediment, and soil, and the role of the biota ... ENVIRONMENT The model proposed is designed to balance the competing needs of simplicity and transparency on the one hand, and realism on the other It is a mass balance model that describes the fate ... level is and that the fraction of the compound available to enter the environment is 100% For assessing the hazard of metal substances, the model requires speciﬁcation of the loading to the system...

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Assessing the Impact of Transport and Energy Infrastructure on Poverty ReductionCynthia pdf

Danh mục: Cao đẳng - Đại học

... obtained in other Asian countries or in other parts of the world The evidence is not sufficient to reject the null hypothesis that the poor and the nonpoor benefit proportionately Transport and energy ... electrification, and (iv) long-distance transport by road and rail The three rural sites covered Nakhon Ratchasima and Buri Ram provinces in the Northeast Region and Nakhon Si Thammarat Province in the Southern ... from the construction of the port in their area The indirect benefits of the port had accrued mainly to landowners and homeowners, as well as to those who could invest in commerce and trade The...

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Assessing the Impact of Transport and Energy Infrastructure on Poverty Reduction - Chapter 0 pps

Danh mục: Cao đẳng - Đại học

... obtained in other Asian countries or in other parts of the world The evidence is not sufficient to reject the null hypothesis that the poor and the nonpoor benefit proportionately Transport and energy ... electrification, and (iv) long-distance transport by road and rail The three rural sites covered Nakhon Ratchasima and Buri Ram provinces in the Northeast Region and Nakhon Si Thammarat Province in the Southern ... from the construction of the port in their area The indirect benefits of the port had accrued mainly to landowners and homeowners, as well as to those who could invest in commerce and trade The...

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Assessing the Impact of Transport and Energy Infrastructure on Poverty Reduction - Chapter 1 docx

Danh mục: Cao đẳng - Đại học

... are reported in Chapter The literature and project review helped identify the research hypotheses and to evaluate the available evidence concerning the impacts of transport and energy infrastructure ... needed to further explore the results of the country studies and to further develop the policy and operational implications of the research This work was completed by April 2004 and is reflected ... people in the urban areas of the cold-weather climates of Eastern Europe and Central Asia As in so many domains, so with energy scarcity: the poor and vulnerable suffer, and finally the children...

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Assessing the Impact of Transport and Energy Infrastructure on Poverty Reduction - Chapter 2 ppsx

Danh mục: Cao đẳng - Đại học

... will benefit the poor As the role of the private sector expands, that of the government should shift from owner and producer to facilitator and regulator Governments must also monitor the social ... that the poor and the very poor benefited seeking, and eventually become financially unsustainable 12 Assessing the Impact of Transport and Energy Infrastructure on Poverty Reduction In rail and ... to the nonpoor, the poor, and the very poor, in order to calculate a poverty impact ratio The participatory approach also helps identify nonmonetary benefits and costs perceived by the poor, and...

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Assessing the Impact of Transport and Energy Infrastructure on Poverty Reduction - Chapter 3 doc

Danh mục: Cao đẳng - Đại học

... interacting areas in the rural economy: the production and service sectors, the institutional and social service sectors, and the household sector In the production and service sectors, the anticipated ... systems and scale urban works having optimal impact on the employincreasing the operational and end-user efficiency of enment and incomes of the poor, and through the promotion ergy and water ... investment to the area and supported the growth of township and village enterprises, including tourism Although the northeastern PRC is generally low in poverty, poor people from other parts of the country...

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Assessing the Impact of Transport and Energy Infrastructure on Poverty Reduction - Chapter 4 doc

Danh mục: Cao đẳng - Đại học

... to the outside world It was important for the field research to anticipate and measure these effects and to evaluate their consequences for the poor in both urban and rural areas Assessing the ... offered meet their needs; (ii) they are available and affordable to those who need them; and (iii) staff understand their needs, can communicate with them, and not discriminate against the poor in ... in the Thailand country study (Chapter 6) Crosscutting Themes The central theme of the proposed research program is the impact of transport and energy interventions on poverty reduction in the...

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Assessing the Impact of Transport and Energy Infrastructure on Poverty Reduction - Chapter 5 pdf

Danh mục: Cao đẳng - Đại học

... all-weather standards in 2000 The in 2000 and the Sha He Road in 2001 to all-weather stantown was electrified in 1995 and every household in the dards, it takes only to hours to get there The village ... constructed in 1978 and upgraded to all-weather standards in 1997; the road from the town to the county seat has been all-weather since 1975 The village is 20 km from the railway and 35 km from a ... Xian From 221 BC to the Tang dynasty, Shaanxi was the center of political activity in China The northern upland part of the province is on the loess plateau, where the climate and soils are unfavorable...

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Assessing the Impact of Transport and Energy Infrastructure on Poverty Reduction - Chapter 6 ppt

Danh mục: Cao đẳng - Đại học

... (income and wealth) benefits from road and electricity improvements, it does support the hypothesis that the poor share in these benefits The fact that the poor believe that they share equally in these ... it Electricity in the form of electric light also allowed them to prepare their products late into the nights and in the early mornings The improved roads that brought them their customers also ... biased, toward either the poor or the comfort, and convenience associated with road travel, nonpoor Thailand Country Study 129 in comparison with rail, had real value, for both the poor and the...

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Assessing the Impact of Transport and Energy Infrastructure on Poverty Reduction - Chapter 7 pps

Danh mục: Cao đẳng - Đại học

... the Gini index could be seen between households closer to and farther from the road The study team also divided the sample into poor and nonpoor households and analyzed the data accordingly The ... tinue their studies beyond the 7th standard, girls were not them were illiterate and were working as wage laborers sent outside the village for reasons of safety and cost The Three of the women ... felt that they had not benefited from the construction of the port in their area Unemployment in the villages was high The daily wage for men was Rs100 and only Rs50 for women, and they did not...

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Assessing the Impact of Transport and Energy Infrastructure on Poverty Reduction - Chapter 8 potx

Danh mục: Cao đẳng - Đại học

... other Asian countries or in other parts of the world In general, the evidence is not sufficient to reject the null hypothesis that the poor and the nonpoor benefit proportionately Transport and ... and visits and facilitates group activities Watching television together and talking to distant friends and relatives on the telephone are important for social bonding and bridging The poor and ... availability of wage employment, in the village and outside it The poor and nonpoor shared these views, but the nonpoor were more likely to mention jobs inside the village and the poor more likely to cite...

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Assessing the Impact of Transport and Energy Infrastructure on Poverty Reduction - Chapter 9 doc

Danh mục: Cao đẳng - Đại học

... Policy and Operational Implications 203 Understanding the links between transport and energy infrastructure and poverty reduction still has a long way to go 204 Assessing the Impact of Transport and ... infrastructure The study also shows that the quality and reliability of transport and energy services is just as important as the availability of infrastructure, for the poor as well as the nonpoor, and ... developed for measuring the poverty reduction impacts of transport and energy projects On the other hand, the overall approach of examining the poverty impacts of transport and energy interventions...

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Assessing the Impact of Transport and Energy Infrastructure on Poverty Reduction - Chapter 10 potx

Danh mục: Cao đẳng - Đại học

... access and will see their total energy costs reduced, in comparison with the costs of meeting their energy needs in other ways Others fear, however, Assessing the Impact of Transport and Energy ... involving the poor themselves, to identify and quantify such indirect benefits and their effects on the lives of the poor Policy and Operational Implications 207 not suffer in consequence At the same ... least two of the country case studies (the Peoples Republic of China [PRC] and Thailand) demonstrate their importance In the case of Thailand, long-distance travel patterns reveal the role played...

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Assessing the Impact of Transport and Energy Infrastructure on Poverty Reduction - Appendix potx

Danh mục: Cao đẳng - Đại học

... on the livelihoods of the poor depend on both the broader structural and institutional context and the other assets available to the poor Therefore, projects should evaluate sector policies and ... policy and technology options In the Philippines and Viet Nam, another ongoing study (DFID 2004b) will explore the possibility of reducing the cost, improving the quality, and expanding the use ... heavily than other fuels The result is both to reduce the use of the taxed fuel and to raise the price of the alternative indigenous fuel to levels Assessing the Impact of Transport and Energy Infrastructure...

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Assessing the Hazard of Metals and Inorganic Metal Substances in Aquatic and Terrestrial Systems - Chapter 1 ppsx

Danh mục: Cao đẳng - Đại học

... Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) provide in-depth reviews and critical appraisals on scientiﬁc subjects relevant to understanding the impacts of chemicals and technology on the environment The books ... substances The workshop brought together a multidisciplinary and international group of 47 scientists, managers, and policymakers from Australia, Belgium, Canada, Germany, The Netherlands, the United ... possible risk if the substance enters the environment, with the degree (probability) of risk related to the hazardous nature of the substance and the amount of exposure that occurs Therefore, substances...

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Assessing the Hazard of Metals and Inorganic Metal Substances in Aquatic and Terrestrial Systems - Chapter 4 pptx

Danh mục: Cao đẳng - Đại học

... between these systems is the nature of the gill and gut environment The gill environment reﬂects the composition of the external solution to a certain extent although gradients in proton and other ... aquatic life On the other hand, if the predicted tissue concentration in the prey organism at the water quality criterion/guideline exceeds the dietary threshold for the consumer organism, then dietary ... membranes of the epithelial cells by endocytosis and further metabolic processing The intestine is also the site of small organic molecule uptake Metals may bind to these molecules and inadvertently...

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Assessing the Hazard of Metals and Inorganic Metal Substances in Aquatic and Terrestrial Systems - Chapter 5 ppsx

Danh mục: Cao đẳng - Đại học

... species, and (2) the toxicity of these species, rather than (3) the toxicity of the original metal substance There is no doubt that characteristics such as solubility and transformation (and their ... use of the data, and whether the test design was appropriate for that use Data reliability is related to the test methods and the conditions under which the test was conducted, the quality assurance ... Within the BLM construct, the physiologically active sites at the cell surface constitute the algal biotic ligand Empirical bioavailability models have been developed and validated for the green...

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Assessing the Hazard of Metals and Inorganic Metal Substances in Aquatic and Terrestrial Systems - Chapter 6 (end) docx

Danh mục: Cao đẳng - Đại học

... Health and the Environment, The Netherlands Report nr 601501 001 (http://www.rivm.nl/bibliotheek/rapporten/601501001.html), p 46 With permission.) Other parameters used in the calculation are the ... affecting the mass balance of metals in soils are the anthropogenic and natural inputs and the outputs via leaching to groundwater and removal through surface erosion and crop harvesting The elimination ... experimental and theoretical study on equilibrium partitioning National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, The Netherlands Report nr 607220 001 (http://www.rivm.nl/bibliotheek/rapporten/607220001.html),...

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UNIT 2. UNDERSTANDING NEEDS AND ASSESSING OPPORTUNITIES LESSON 3. ASSESSING THE USER’S NEEDS doc

Danh mục: Kiến trúc - Xây dựng

... useful to understand how people view the host organization’s role in the project: Is there a strong degree of trust? Understanding Needs and Assessing Opportunities - Assessing the user’s needs ... understand them Understanding Needs and Assessing Opportunities - Assessing the user’s needs – page 14 If you want to learn more… GEM: Gender Evaluation Methodology for Internet and ICTs The Association ... What is their literacy level? What is the percentage of women? How people interact with one another? Do they have confidence in and understand the implications of the technology? Click on the answers...

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