combined heat and power generation pdf
Optimal placement of horizontal - and vertical - axis wind turbines in a wind farm for maximum power generation using a genetic algorithm
Ngày tải lên :
05/09/2013, 17:03
... and larger wind farms. In addition, a comparative cost and power study should be performed to
determine the relative economics of HAWT and VAWT wind farms.
International Journal of Energy and ... that a uniform
grid arrangement is also best in the case of a VAWT for optimal power generation.
2. Wake, power and cost modeling of a HAWT
2.1 Jensen's wake modeling of a HAWT
All the ... simple wake model of Jensen [4] and use a genetic algorithm for optimization of an objective
function based on power output or a combination of power output and cost [1-3]. In Jensen’s model,...
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Rahman, Saifur “Electric Power Generation: Non-Conventional Methods” The Electric Power pdf
Ngày tải lên :
05/03/2014, 16:20
... Oklahoma,
and Texas), the winds are strongest in the spring (March and April) and weakest in the summer (July
and August). Utilities here are summer peaking, and hence need the most power when ... combines with the hydrogen ions and electrons to form water and excess heat. Thus, the final
products of the overall reaction are electricity, water, and excess heat.
Types of Fuel Cells
The ... Common stand-
alone systems include PV-powered fans, water pumping systems, portable highway signs, and power
systems for remote installations, such as cabins, communications repeater stations, and...
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Quality and Power in the Supply Chain: What Industry Does for the Sake of Quality pdf
Ngày tải lên :
17/03/2014, 20:21
...
Prologue: On Power and Its Impact on Customer-Supplier
Relations
1.
Power and Its Impact on Customer-Supplier Relations
3
Introduction
3
The Role of Power in Dictating Demands
6
The ...
Indonesia, Cook Islands, New Zealand, Borneo, Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam,
Nepal, India, Afghanistan, Zimbabwe, Dar es-Salem, and so on. I always enjoyed
reading about their adventures and occasional ... International Standards
United States versus Japan
8
10
2.
On Registrars and Bureaucratic Power
13
Constraints and Absurdity 14
Types
of
Organizations
15
Registrars as a Mixture of Craft and...
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electric power generation, transmission, and distribution ( (2)
Ngày tải lên :
21/03/2014, 12:08
... maintenance and cost advantages found with power fuses.
Protection and control devices, circuit breakers, and station batteries are required. The overcurrent
relays are a small part of the total cost and ... load currents during peak
and emergency conditions, performing coordination studies that include source and low side protection
equipment, and expected transformer size and winding configuration ... underestimate the heating effect. Bear in
mind that ‘‘true-rms’’ is only as good as the pass-band of the antialiasing filters and sampling rate, for
numerical relays.
A second effect is heating due...
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electric power generation, transmission, and distribution ( (3)
Ngày tải lên :
21/03/2014, 12:08
... If above, the reverse power gets as low as 0.2 to 2% of the rated power
and a sensitive reverse power relay is then needed. With steam turbines operating at full vacuum and
zero steam input, ... 95TP102, 1995.
IEEE Recommended Practice for Protection and Coordination of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems,
ANSI=IEEE 242–1986.
Ilar, M. and Wittwer, M., Numerical generator protection offers ... a small
set-value SET_4 and the negative and zero sequence
currents I2 and I2 do not exceed a small set-value
SET_3,
then a fuse failure condition will pick up to one and remain
in that state...
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electric power generation, transmission, and distribution ( (4)
Ngày tải lên :
21/03/2014, 12:08
... location. As the power systems become more complex and the fault current varies with
changes in generation and system configuration, directional overcurrent relays become difficult to apply
and to set ... a
multiphase fault between phases x and y,
Ex À Ey
Ix À Iy
¼ Z
1
(3:1)
where x and y can be a, b, or c and Z
1
is the positive sequence impedance between the relay location and
the fault. For ground distance ... they
provide both phase and ground protection. A basic complement of relays would be two phase and one
ground relay. This arrangement will protect the
line for all combinations of phase and ground
faults...
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electric power generation, transmission, and distribution ( (5)
Ngày tải lên :
21/03/2014, 12:08
... in time, the process of power system
cascading may start, leading to power system separation. When a power system separates, islands with
an imbalance between generation and load are formed. One ... operating
conditions such as voltage profile and generation dispatch, coordinating relays and controls, and load
shedding. Most utilities rely on planning and operation studies to guard against voltage ... voltage
collapse
An operating point
Active power
margin
Reactive power mar
g
in
FIGURE 4.2 Relationship between voltages, active and reactive powers of the load and voltage collapse.
ß 2006 by Taylor...
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electric power generation, transmission, and distribution ( (6)
Ngày tải lên :
21/03/2014, 12:08
... state x, and recursively updates the
estimate of state. The initial assumption about the state is that it is a random vector independent of the
processes w
k
and v
k
and with a known mean and covariance ... time and Eq. (5.44)
represents the measurements. The terms w
k
and v
k
are discrete time random processes representing state
noise, i.e., random inputs in the evolution of the parameters, and ... 1972.
Girgis, A.A. and Brown, R.G., Application of Kalman filtering in computer relaying, IEEE Trans. on
Power Appar. and Syst., 100, 3387, July 1981.
Harder, E.L. and Marter, W.E., Principles and practices...
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electric power generation, transmission, and distribution ( (7)
Ngày tải lên :
21/03/2014, 12:08
... ‘‘off’’ initially
and cut ‘‘on’’ shortly after fault initiation. It stayed ‘‘on’’ for a few cycles after the fault cleared and stayed
‘‘off’’ all during the reclose ‘‘dead’’ time and after restoration ... This restrike cannot be extinguished and will last until the oil becomes badly carbonized
and a subsequent fault occurs between the bus breaker terminal and the breaker tank (ground). In
Fig. ... reclosure, and delayed breaker failure
response for permanent faults upon reclosure, and a ‘‘stuck’’ breaker. In Fig. 6.3 two waveforms are
shown that depict adequate carrier response for internal and...
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electric power generation, transmission, and distribution ( (8)
Ngày tải lên :
21/03/2014, 12:08
... Design and Operation
For reliable service, a power system must remain intact and be capable of withstanding a wide variety of
disturbances. Owing to economic and technical limitations, no power ... G.K., Gao, B., and Kundur, P., Voltage stability analysis using static and dynamic approaches,
IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, 8, 3, 1159, 1993.
Morison, G.K., Wang, L., and Kundur, P., Power System ... faults, loss of generation, or circuit contingencies.
This ability is determined by the system-load characteristics and the interactions of both
continuous and discrete controls and protections....
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electric power generation, transmission, and distribution ( (9)
Ngày tải lên :
21/03/2014, 12:08
... relationship and describes the
transmitted power as a function of rotor angle. It is clear from Eq. (8.9) that the maximum power is a
function of the voltages of the generator and infinite bus, and more ... maximum power.
Figure 8.3 shows that for a given input power to the generator P
m1
, the electrical output power is P
e
(equal to P
m
) and the corresponding rotor angle is d
a
. As the mechanical power ... LLC.
balanced generation and load. Some load shedding or generation tripping may also be required in
selected islands. In the event of a disturbance, instability can be prevented from propagating and
affecting...
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electric power generation, transmission, and distribution ( (10)
Ngày tải lên :
21/03/2014, 12:08
... Alvarez, O., and Wu, C., Eigenvalue and frequency domain analysis of the
intermountain power project and the WSCC network, IEEE Trans. Power Systems, 238–244,
February 1991.
Pourbeik, P. and Gibbard, ... of the
system and therefore cannot be eliminated.
However, their damping and frequency can
be modified.
.
As power systems evolve, the frequency and
damping of existing modes change and new
modes ... of a power system and so must take its place in line along with economy, reliability, security,
operational robustness, environmental effects, public acceptance, voltage and power quality, and...
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electric power generation, transmission, and distribution ( (11)
Ngày tải lên :
21/03/2014, 12:08
... Van
Cutsem, T., and Vittal, V., Definition and classification of power system stability, IEEE Transac-
tions on Power Systems, 19, 1387–1401, 2004.
Lof, P A., Smed, T., Andersson, G., and Hill, D.J., ... these Jacobians, and their
sensitivities with respect to various system parameters.
.
Bus voltage profiles and their sensitivity to variations in active and reactive power of the load and
generators, ... reactive power sources.
.
Availability of reactive power supplied by generators, synchronous condensers, and static-var
compensators and its sensitivity to variations in load bus active and= or...
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electric power generation, transmission, and distribution ( (12)
Ngày tải lên :
21/03/2014, 12:08
... Electr. Power and Energy Syst., 11, 1,
47–56, Jan. 1989.
Padiyar, K.R., and Sastry, H.S.Y., Topological energy function analysis of stability of power systems, Int.
J. of Electr. Power and Energy ... equilibrium and stability in power systems,
IEEE Trans. Power Appar. Syst., PAS-72, 1127–1130, May=June.
Tavora, Carlos J., and Smith, O.J. M., Equilibrium analysis of power systems, IEEE Trans. Power ... scale electric
power systems—a survey, Automatica, 21, 1, 1–21, 1985.
Sauer, P.W., and M.A. Pai, Power System Dynamics and Stability, Prentice Hall, New York, 1998.
Tavora, Carlos J., and Smith,...
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electric power generation, transmission, and distribution ( (13)
Ngày tải lên :
21/03/2014, 12:08
... 330-MW units and two 700-MW units. The microprocessor-based
controller measures rotor speed and generator power and computes acceleration and angle. Tripping
of 16–100% of plant generation is ... C.W., Nassief, F.R., and Cresap, R.L., Northwest power pool transient stability and load
shedding controls for generation load imbalances, IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and
Systems, PAS-100(7), ... electric power and torque to be zero, with
accelerating torque equal to T
m
. (Although generator current is very high for the short circuit, the
power factor, and active current and active power...
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