... limited to Mexican American, lowincome children participating in a WIC program in a large city Generalization to other Hispanic populations may be possible, but similarities in acculturation ... significant proportion of obese individuals may attain longevity without the previously mentioned comorbidities This is due to the fact that the determinant of individual metabolic risk associated ... Definition, Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus and its Complications Part 1: Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus Geneva Geneva: WHO Department of Noncommunicable Disease...
... Reducing ChildhoodObesity in Ontario through a Health Equity Lens Introduction Childhoodobesity is increasing in Ontario and has significant health implications Childhood obesity, defined by ... diabetes, and heart disease.17 The inability of families to afford sufficient healthy and nutritious food is a significant contributor to childhood obesity. 18 In Ontario, one in four people with ... chain to address its underlying causes Living conditions and the options and opportunities that are available to people have significant impacts on obesity Thus high levels of childhood obesity...
... Race/Ethnic Disparities Childhoodobesity is more common among certain racial and ethnic groups than others Obesity rates are highest among non-Hispanic black girls and Hispanic boys Obesity is particularly ... $147 billion.6 Excess weight is also costly during childhood, estimated at $3 billion per year in direct medical costs.7 Childhoodobesity also creates potential implications for military readiness ... Innovative Early Childhood Programs There are several evidence-informed initiatives and interventions for early childhood settings to combat childhood obesity, including: • I am Moving, I am Learning,...
... modifications recommended by the child's primary care provider in consultation with the Nutritionist/Registered Dietitian to make certain that intervention is child specific 15 Preventing Childhood ... Appendix – Nutritionist/Registered Dietitian, Consultant and Food Service Staff Qualifications Use of Nutritionist/Registered Dietitian STANDARD: A local Nutritionist/Registered Dietitian knowledgeable ... current epidemic of childhood obesity, prevention of childhoodobesity through nutrition and physical activity is an appropriate topic for parents/guardians Periodically providing families records...
... communities while promoting social and economic equity This organization assists neighborhood residents in attracting supermarkets and initiating farmers’ markets within their communities In addition, ... strategies and exchange information about promising practices for addressing barriers to obesity prevention initiatives, and to identify how public health interests can coincide with the business interests ... this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution ix Summary Institute of Medicine Regional Symposium Progress in Preventing Childhood Obesity: Focus on Industry In...
... increasingly defining obesity as an actual disease The American Obesity Association explains the reasons for this designation: Why we think obesity is a disease? First, let’s define our terms Dictionaries ... behavioral changes made by children can be effective in reducing their likelihood of becoming obese chapter one What Is Childhood Obesity? C hildhood obesity is a condition in which a child or ... graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval...
... limited to Mexican American, lowincome children participating in a WIC program in a large city Generalization to other Hispanic populations may be possible, but similarities in acculturation ... significant proportion of obese individuals may attain longevity without the previously mentioned comorbidities This is due to the fact that the determinant of individual metabolic risk associated ... Definition, Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus and its Complications Part 1: Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus Geneva Geneva: WHO Department of Noncommunicable Disease...
... objectives of the IDEFICS intervention Physical activity Increasing daily physical activity levels Decreasing daily TV viewing time Diet Increasing daily consumption of fruit and vegetables Increasing ... deliverability in all participating countries, this way increasing the likelihood of program sustainability in the long term The development of a multi-level and -behavioral intervention within a ... socio-economic status; IDEFICS: Identification and prevention of Dietaryand lifestyle-induced health EFfects In Children and infants; IMP: intervention mapping protocol; TV: television; IPM: intervention...
... pediatric low- and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol dyslipidemia classifications and change in dyslipidemia status with carotid intima-media thickness in adulthood evidence from the cardiovascular ... Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine Diagnostic Criteria Obesity was defined as body mass index (BMI) ≥95th percentile using the childhood date of Working Group on Obesity in China ... Arterial intima-media thickening and endothlial dysfuntion in obese Chinese children Eur J Pediatr 2005; 164: 337-44 Ianuzzi A, Licenziati M, Acampora C, et al Increased carotid intima-media thickness...
... description Logic synthesis tools allow technology-independent design A high-level description may be written without the IC fabrication technology in mind Logic synthesis tools convert the design ... synthesis has revolutionized the digital design industry by significantly improving productivity and by reducing design cycle time Before the days of automated logic synthesis, when designs were converted ... time on designing at a higher level of representation, because less time is required for converting the design to gates [ Team LiB ] [ Team LiB ] 14.2 Impact of Logic Synthesis Logic synthesis...
... reset mechanism to initialize the signals in the circuit It is recommended that all signal widths and variable widths be explicitly specified Defining unsized variables can result in large, gate-level ... equality != inequality ~ bitwise negation & bitwise and | bitwise or ^ bitwise ex-or ^~ or ~^ Reduction logical negation < Bit-wise ! || Equality unary minus && Relational unary plus Logical ... adder is available internally in the logic synthesis tool, the above assign statement is often interpreted by logic synthesis tools as follows: If a multiple-bit adder is synthesized, the synthesis...
... functionality is verified, the RTL description is input to the logic synthesis tool Translation The RTL description is converted by the logic synthesis tool to an unoptimized, intermediate, internal ... optimized to remove redundant logic Various technology independent boolean logic optimization techniques are used This process is called logic optimization It is a very important step in logic synthesis, ... is limited, the synthesis tool cannot much in terms of optimization for timing, area, and power Design constraints Design constraints typically include the following: • • • Timing— The circuit...
... distinct in function This is vertical partitioning Vertical partitioning of the 4-bit ALU is shown in Figure 14-8 Figure 14-8 Vertical Partitioning of 4-bit ALU Figure 14-8 shows vertical partitioning ... implies that the functionality of a block is divided into smaller submodules This is different from horizontal partitioning In horizontal partitioning, all blocks the same function In vertical partitioning, ... partitioning of the ALU is shown in Figure 14-7 Figure 14-7 Horizontal Partitioning of 16-bit ALU The downside of horizontal partitioning is that global minima can often be different local minima...
... the output Timing is verified with timing simulation or static timing verification Proper Verilog coding techniques must be used to write efficient RTL descriptions, and various design trade-offs ... of optimization for the logic synthesis tool Accurate specification of design constraints is an important part of logic synthesis High-level synthesis tools allow the designer to write designs ... NDFF//Negative edge triggered D flip-flop PDFF//Positive edge triggered D flip-flop 14.7.6 Design Constraints Timing critical is the only design constraint we used in this design Typically, design constraints...
... fat present in the buttocks and lower extremities This distinction is most easily made clinically by determining the waist-to-hip ratio, with a ratio >0.9 in women and >1.0 in men being abnormal ... distribution of adipose tissue in different anatomic depots also has substantial implications for morbidity Specifically, intraabdominal and abdominal subcutaneous fat have more significance than ... may be overweight by numerical standards without having increased adiposity Body weights are distributed continuously in populations, so that choice of a medically meaningful distinction between...
... expenditure, whereas active physical activity contributes 5–10% Thus, a significant component of daily energy consumption is fixed Genetic models in mice indicate that mutations in certain genes (e.g., ... leptin, acting through the sympathetic nervous system, which heavily innervates this tissue In rodents, BAT deficiency causes obesity and diabetes; stimulation of BAT with a specific adrenergic ... uncoupling protein (UCP-1) in BAT dissipates the hydrogen ion gradient in the oxidative respiration chain and releases energy as heat The metabolic activity of BAT is increased by a central action...
... expressed in fat Several families with morbid, early-onset obesity caused by inactivating mutations in either leptin or the leptin receptor have been described, thus demonstrating the biologic relevance ... of leptin in humans The obesity in these individuals begins shortly after birth, is severe, and is accompanied by neuroendocrine abnormalities The most prominent of these is hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, ... severe obesity These five genetic defects define a pathway through which leptin (by stimulating POMC and increasing α-MSH) restricts food intake and limits weight (Fig 74-5) Table 74-1 Some Obesity...
... present, their identification will likely enhance our understanding of more common forms of human obesity In the Prader-Willi syndrome, obesity coexists with short stature, mental retardation, hypogonadotropic ... retardation, retinitis pigmentosa, renal and cardiac malformations, polydactyly, and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism At least eight genetic loci have been identified, and BBS may involve defects in ciliary ... neuropeptide AgRp (Agouti-related peptide) acts as an antagonist of this receptor Mutations that cause obesity in humans are indicated by the solid green arrows In addition to these human obesity...
... cause of obesity than can be documented using currently available imaging techniques Growth hormone (GH), which exerts lipolytic activity, is diminished in obesity and is increased with weight loss ... hypothyroidism is easily ruled out by measuring thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Much of the weight gain that occurs in hypothyroidism is due to myxedema (Chap 335) Insulinoma Patients with insulinoma ... these techniques allow assessment of energy intake in free-living individuals The level of energy expenditure differs in established obesity, during periods of weight gain or loss, and in the pre-...