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... determine the roles of these DHSs on the transcription of Ig-b gene and on themaintenanceofthe active chromatin state Results Generation of DT40/Cre cells with a long deletion in one allele ofthe ... autoradiogram ofthe Southern hybridization Position ofthe probes, the size and position of restriction fragments hybridizable with the probe, and exon ⁄ introns are shown as in Fig 2A Positions ofthe ... regions, and each of these regions was deleted in DT40 cells The roles ofthe DHSs on Ig-b gene expression andthemaintenanceof active chromatin state in the Ig-b locus were examined in the deletion...
... analyze these issues, I apply a theory ofthe firm’s choice ofdebt instrument from the corporate finance literature to the case of emerging market debtThe model suggests that the choice ofdebt ... both the bond market andthe syndicated loan market have been treated in isolation,3 there has been little analysis ofthe choice ofdebt instrument — ofthe choice between bondsand loans — and ... the possibilities of monitoring andof loan cancellation.6 The cost ofdebt is endogenous and depends on the distribution of borrowers’ types I extend the model to introduce the possibility of...
... ~Price t Ϫ Offer! ϩ et , where the true value ofthe stock is proxied by the opening price on day 1, the offer price is the proxy for the previous equilibrium price, andthe indicative price at ... t is Price t The indicative price at time t is taken as the average ofthe bid quotes andthe average ofthe ask quotes during the 30-second interval If the preopening is efficient, then the ... mean and median statistics; N is the number of observations; offer-to-open return is the percentage difference between the opening price on day andthe offer price; offerto-close return is the...
... ensuring the allegiance ofthe rich to the government The very success ofthe debt, however, raised the hackles of critics who saw the government buying the influence ofthe great moneyed men with the ... slavery), but they often By the 1820s, the blessings ofthe U.S national debt were clear America’s financial system rivaled, and in some ways bested, those of Britain, Holland, andthe rest ofthe developed ... financial and fiscal systems ofthe Netherlands, particularly the county of Holland, slowly strengthened By the latter part ofthe 1550s, Holland was able to sell significant quantities of tradable...
... variable linking the aggregate demand for goods andtheprice level Theprice level is the average priceof all the goods produced in the economy 26.2 The macroeconomic demand schedule LM0 ... relaxed 26.1 Theprice level and aggregate demand The CLASSICAL model of macroeconomics analyses the economy when wages and prices are fully flexible The real money supply is the key variable ... LM1, and real income at Y1 The macroeconomic demand schedule (MDS) connects these points 26.3 The macroeconomic demand schedule LM0 r P P0 P1 Y0 The MDS shows the different LM1 combinations of the...
... kidneys and unusually low levels in the brain and other tissues The clinical manifestations arise due to the deficiencies in the activity ofthe essential cuproenzymes On the other hand, Wilson’s ... cause cellular necrosis and leakage of copper into the plasma and deposition of copper in extra hepatic tissues, including the limbus ofthe cornea andthe basal ganglia ofthe brain (Culotta, 2001) ... form the large T-loop andthe 3' G-strand binds to the doublestranded telomere repeat sequence ofthe 5'-end strand, forming a D-loop (Figure 1B)(Greider, 1999) The protective function of telomeres...
... to further narrow down the choice of candidate genes This thesis documents only the candidate genes for which I was solely responsible for the cloning of their shRNAs and measurements of OCT4 ... blot analysis Lefty bands represent the processed form, ie the 34kDa form of total Lefty proteins, ie both Lefty1 and Lefty2 The intensities ofthe bands were compared to the loading control -Actin ... realtime PCR analysis The measurements were done in duplicates andthe average ofthe normalized ratio of target gene/ -actin was calculated and presented with standard error ofthe mean (SEM) (CAG-empty...
... beyond the established roles of LIF/STAT3, BMP and WNT pathways and that ofthe core transcriptional regulatory circuitry governed by OCT4, SOX2 and NANOG Furthermore, this thesis is the first ... of Nodal signaling in both themaintenanceof ES cell self renewal and induction of ES cell differentiation have both previously been reported A key objective of this thesis is to reconcile the ... conclusion, the data presented in this thesis lead to the establishment of Lefty2 as an important regulator of embryonic stem cell fate Also, this thesis extends the current understanding of ES cell...
... with Doxycyclin for the entire duration ofthe experiment 177 4.14.1.2 Induction of Nodal overexpression The expression ofthe Nodal transgene was suppressed in the presence of 1µg/ml doxycyclin ... the Oct4 and Nanog promoter- luciferase assay All sequences were analyzed by BLAST to ensure specificity The first step of shRNA construction involved the linearization ofthe pSuper vector The ... termination codon TGA The reverse primers contained a V5 tag fused at the C-terminal of Lefty2 for detection in western blots A V5 tag at the C-terminus of Lefty2 was chosen instead ofthe N-terminus...
... Barth, K S., Kispert, A., Herrmann, B., and Robertson, E J (1994) A primary requirement for nodal in the formation andmaintenanceofthe primitive streak in the mouse Development 120, 1919-1928 ... in patterning the mouse embryo Development 128, 1831-1843 187 Lu, C C., and Robertson, E J (2004) Multiple roles for Nodal in the epiblast ofthe mouse embryo in the establishment of anterior-posterior ... Maruyama, M., Maeda, M., and Yamanaka, S (2003) The homeoprotein Nanog is required for maintenanceof pluripotency in mouse epiblast and ES cells Cell 113, 631642 Moffat, J., and Sabatini, D M (2006)...
... OCT4 and SOX2 are key regulators of ES cell fate These factors are at the top ofthe hierarchy ofthe ES cell regulatory network and they keep ES cells undifferentiated by either the activation of ... comprised of a series of seven cysteine residues at their C-termini All of these residues are used for the formation of intrapeptide bonds with the exception ofthe third cysteine residue from the ... I and II receptors The assembly and oligomerization of these receptors lead to phosphorylation of receptor-regulated SMADs (R-SMADs) and release them from their docking site on the receptor and...
... Description of Ct method used for tabulation of qPCR data For all the qPCR data presented in this thesis, the relative transcript levels for the Ct method gene of interest between test sample and control ... varying concentration of Activin A for 10 hours, and then harvested and assayed for Pitx2 transcript level using qPCR analysis The samples were normalized to endogenous -actin and mean values are ... varying concentration of Activin A for 10 hours, and then harvested and assayed for Pitx2 transcript level using qPCR analysis The samples were normalized to endogenous -actin and mean values are...
... on the cost of debt: results indicate that the higher the level of ERM in a firm, the higher the cost ofdebt Because their hypothesis about the cost ofdebt is unsupported, they call for further ... environmental risks andthe cost of capital The link between ERM andthe cost ofdebt is of strong interest for companies, as they have heavily relied on debt to finance their projects since 2002 Debt accounted ... of their study It may not be appropriate for the cost ofdebt measure o The choice of a one-year lag between the measurement of ERM andthe cost of debt, based on meaningful results with the...
... the food stocks, andthe mood ofthe garrison The tactics ofthe Daily Mail captured the attention ofthe nation; the newspaper dramatized the situation ofthe town by emphasizing the danger that ... examine both the role ofthe press in the formation of public opinion about imperialism andthe role ofthe press in the formation ofthe concept of public opinion itself Mafeking Night marks the powerful ... powerful beginning ofthe New Journalism at the same time as it marks the beginning ofthe end ofthe New Imperialism The coincidence of these occasions arises from the nature ofthe South African...
... of individual, hand-to-hand combat Grand strategy, on the other hand, remained the preserve of Tiw.11 In India, too, much the same phenomenon was apparent in the role of Indra, the chief ofthe ... the mainstream of legal analysis, largely as a result ofthe crumbling of older conceptions of legitimacy andthe rise of new aspirations for democracy andthe self-determination of peoples The ... testimony both to the warlike character ofthe Greeks and to their feeling of cultural unity, the cities ofthe Amphictyonic League of Delphi agreed that, in the event of war, the combatant states...
... creating and advancing liquidity to producers; along the circuit, the financial system governs the supply and demand of funds and, at the end ofthe process, it determines the condition for the closure ... institutions and strengthen the complementarity between the formal andthe informal sectors The poorest people of rural and urban societies live beyond the frontier of formal finance, or outside the formal ... affected by the creation and use of fiat-money Crucial to this purpose is the functional separation that the theory operates between banks and firms The macroeconomic focus ofthe theory, however,...
... zero even at the 95% level in Canada, Finland, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, the UK andthe US Moreover, while in some countries, (including Finland, the UK andthe US) residential ... precision ofthe estimates, we thus follow Goodhart and Bean (2004) and Kohn (2006) discuss the implications of lags for the use of monetary policy in the face of asset price bubbles Sutton (2002) and ... also for these countries the existence of cointegration could not be rejected We therefore specify the VAR models in the level ofthe variables Nevertheless, we neither impose the number of cointegrating...
... kinds: + The change of consumer-demand modal, market andthe attitude to the availability and diversity of goods + The pressure of reducing cost + The development of Information technology + The pressure ... learning and expanding With their experiences, they have learned the value of offering quality services In the way of growing, they have also open branches to establish a worldwide presence These ... The Association has the role of coordinating the activities ofthe members in order to protect the interests ofthe members and improve the position of Vietnam in the international freight forwarding...
... the amount consumed in lians (50g/lian) per unit of time A lian is the unit of weight in China equivalent to 50 g The reproducibility and validity ofthe FFQ was assessed in a random sample of ... For other participants the average ofthe baseline and follow-up FFQ data were used in the analyses The average daily intake of individual food items (g/day) was combined to compute intake of red ... knowledge there are no other reports of a direct link between poultry consumption and risk of diabetes or of interactions between poultry consumption and BMI andthe risk of type DM Red meat consumption...