... language learners during the languagelearning process, educators and researchers can gain insights into the metacognitive, cognitive, social, and affective processes involved inlanguage learning. ... speaking, several studies in the field have agreed on the powerful impact of learning strategies on the learningand teaching of foreign andsecond language. Good choice and use of learning ... collection and analysis. Chapter three is devoted to analyzing and discussing the data collected. Finally, in the last chapter- 26 In reviewing current issues and research inlanguage learning...
... contributing factor insecondlanguage (L2) acquisition. Motivation is defined as thelearner's orientation with regard to the goal of learning a second language. Motivation isdivided into ... Teachers In order to make the languagelearning process a more motivating experience instructors need to put a great deal of thought into developing programs which maintain student interest and ... types: integrative and instrumental. Integrative motivation ischaracterised by the learner's positive attitudes towards the target language group and thedesire to integrate into the target language...
... perceptual training ofsounds such as /r/ and /l/, especially in the more phonologicallychallenging areas based on their L1: /r/ and /l/ in final positionfor Korean participants andin initial position ... receive comprehensible input and feedback (e.g., Gass,1997; Long, 1996; Pica, 1994) and to make modifications in theiroutput (Swain, 1995). Introducing gestures inlanguage learning also improves ... pottery and involved description and gesture use.Materials recording and editing. Two video-recording ses-sions using the same lecture outline were scheduled, each last-ing approximately 20 min....
... reading and memorizing, describ ing and classifying, and representing and visua-lizing. In data management, I organized files and units of verbal reports manually,using index cards including ... journal. Journal of Reading Education 36(1):27–34.Koda, K. 2007. Reading andlanguage learning: Crosslinguistic constraints on secondlanguage reading development. Language Learning 57: 1–44.Krauss, ... thinking, and so forth. This networking is crucial forschooling andlanguage learning. Practicing these domains using think-aloud teachingprotoc ols (Weaver 2002) must be embedded in daily teaching,...
... reading and memorizing, describ ing and classifying, and representing and visua-lizing. In data management, I organized files and units of verbal reports manually,using index cards including ... suchas cultural domain, critical thinking, and so forth. This networking is crucial forschooling andlanguage learning. Practicing these domains using think-aloud teachingprotoc ols (Weaver ... journal. Journal of Reading Education 36(1):27–34.Koda, K. 2007. Reading andlanguage learning: Crosslinguistic constraints on secondlanguage reading development. Language Learning 57: 1–44.Krauss,...
... successful insecondlanguage learning. The importance of motivationinsecondlanguage learning Languagelearning is remarkably different from other kinds of learning because of its social nature. Learning ... organized into six parts : (1) Definition of motivation, (2) The importance of motivation insecondlanguage learning, (3) Types of motivationinsecondlanguage learning, (4) Literature inlanguage ... confident in their use of secondlanguage and their ability of discussing, debating, suggesting interpretation, offering opinions, agreeing and disagreeing also become more naturally. In addition,...
... social informa-tion sources during word learning. 1 IntroductionFrom learning sounds to learning the meanings ofwords, social interactions are extremely importantfor children’s early language ... thedetermination of reference in cross-situational word learning. Language, Learning, and Development.Eric A. Hardisty, Jordan Boyd-Graber, and Philip Resnik.2010. Modeling perspective using adaptor ... Computational Linguistics.Patricia K. Kuhl, Feng-Ming Tsao, and Huei-Mei Liu.2003. Foreign -language experience in infancy: Effectsof short-term exposure and social interaction on pho-netic learning. ...
... Theory”. In his theory, he mentioned that rst language literacy andlearning can be a benet to L2 acquisition. Language devices and concepts learned in a rst language make learning the secondlanguage ... re-learn, in the new language, what they already know in their native language. Understanding a concept in the rst language requires only a re-labelling of terms in the secondlanguageand not ... language learning, Pergamon Retrieved September 20, 2007 from http://www.sdkrashen.com/SL_Acquisition _and_ Learning/ index.htmlKrashen, S. (1982). Principles and Practice inSecondLanguage Learning...
... and Semantic Pro-cessing in Parsing and Generation In parsing and generation, case and seman-tic processing occurs by unification withoutany procedural programming.The initial tree structure ... of the linkword be the first argument and retain-ing the second argument, generate2 iscalled. In the following, searching of the au-tonomous word and handing their 2 nodes offto generate2 are ... stack have been examined,the SATs recorded in the temporary stack arereturned into the main stack. And then theSAT constructed as explained in the above ispushed into the main stack. If, later...
... automatic spoken language understanding in such a theory. Most obviously, where in the past parsing and phono- logical processing have tended to deliver conflicting structural analyses, and have had ... Dependency and Co- ordination in the Grammar of Dutch and En- glish, Language 61.523-568. [16] Steedman, Mark: 1987. Combinatory grammars and parasitic gaps. Natural Language & Lin- guistic ... 153-198. [5] Grosz, Barbara, Aravind Joshi, and Scott We- instein: 1983, 'Providing a Unified Account of Definite Noun Phrases in Discourse, Proceed- ings of the 21st Annual Conference...
... the TextEncoding Initiative (TEI).1 IntroductionLearner corpora have been playing an increasinglyimportant role in both SecondLanguage Acquisition and Foreign Language Teaching research (Granger,2004; ... revision process by language learners.2.1 Feedback inLanguage Learning Receiving feedback is a crucial element in language learning. While most agree that both the form and content of feedback ... Technol-ogy.Cerstin Mahlow and Michael Piotrowski. 2008. Linguis-tic Support for Revising and Editing. Proc. Interna-tional Conference on Computational Linguistics and Intelligent Text Processing.Tomoya...
... Engineering and Electrical EngineeringUniversity of WashingtonSeattle, WA 98195, USA{karim@cs,bilmes@ee}.washington.eduAbstractSitting at the intersection between statis-tics and machine learning, ... for the automatic learning ofedit costs, such as in (Ristad and Yianilos, 1998) in the case of string edit distance andin (Neuhaus and Bunke, 2004) for graph edit distance. In this paper we ... of its frame index. We are investigatinggeneric ways of exploiting this constraint. In practice, however, state space pruning can sig-nificantly reduce the running time of DBN infer-ence. Ukkonen...
... Descriptions, and Individuals in Natural Language Understanding Ronald J. Brachman Bolt Beralmek and Newman Inc. KLONE is a general-purpose language for representing conceptual information. ... needs in understanding and complying vith them. Thus, it is Finally, not only are parse structures and semantic interpretations represented in KLONE, but the data base the ATN being discussed ... guide parsing by ruling out semantically meaningless paths, (2) it provides a general way of organizing and invoking semantic interpretation rules, and (3) it allows algorithmic determination...
... ReliabilityWritingsampleSignifi-canceL1 L2 Level Intrarater Interrater Results and DiscussionHolistic ScaleAn initial scoring of all 38 essays resulted in the intra -and interrater reliabilities in ... Language Writ-ing, Language Learning, Modern Language Journal, Studies in Second Language Acquisition, Language Testing, and TESOL Quarterly. I includedKroll’s (1990) study in the list as well. Database ... learn-ing, but also, they help us devise methods of eliciting language forresearch. Similarly, those involved inlanguage testing must elicitsamples of language for evaluation. Do certain tests...