... knowledge and thought to bear on it. The central purpose of systems analysis is to help public and private decision and policy makers to understand the problem better, so to better manage the ... associates with the answers of the expert i, to a certain set of questions related to an objective variable; xi is the ranking of a factor/process with regard to its relatively influential importance, ... million tonnes. Together with the sediment load, the Jeneberang carries nutrients and freshwater towards the sea, resulting in a higher nutrient level and lower salinity near the shore, compared to...
... read the (introduction) to this book.72. I have an (invitation) to party tonight.73. Are you going to the (meeting) tomorrow?74. That (painting) is by Picasso.75. (Photography) is my favourite ... plane.61. There was a (competition) to find the best cook.62. We must make a (decision) about where to go.63. The train made a late (departure).64. The boss wants you to take some (dictation).65. ... might go to prison.53. There’s a new (lodger) in the room upstairs.54. His ambition is to be a (millionaire) one day.55. Agatha Christie is a (novelist) famous for her detective stories.56....
... found to be useful for application in the PSS research area. CONCLUSIONS 13The overview of tools for measuring customer satisfaction excluded practical advice on how to develop these tools ... prefer to buy a product instead of leasing it or sharing. The mains reasons to this behaviour are the desire to own things and to have the possibility to use them anytime. When it comes to reasons ... how to blueprint the service process and provides some hints on how to evaluate customer satisfaction by operationalising the Kano Model of Customer Satisfaction. A relevant example of tool...
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... due to botherrors of the ranking reorder model and errors from word alignment and parser.Another thing to note is that the crossing-linknumber of manual alignment is higher than auto-matic alignment. ... the word order in target language. To this end, wepropose a simple but effective ranking-based ap-proach toword reordering. The ranking model isautomatically derived from the word aligned ... procedure後者liesの 手順 問題で は …in…に ある(a) gold alignment (b) auto alignment Figure 2: Fragment of a sentence pair. (a) showsgold alignment; (b) shows automatically generated alignment which contains errors.spans....
... wordalignment models. We expectthe latent topics to be useful for modeling poly-semous words included in synonym pairs and to enable us to incorporate synonym information ef-fectively into ... modelwith topic z, alignment a and topic weight vec-tor θ as latent variables. Topic variables suchas ‘science’ or ‘economy’ assigned to individualsentences help to disambiguate the meanings ofwords. ... atarget word fjngiven an aligned source word and topicwhere alignment ajn= i denotes source word eiand target word fjnare aligned. α is a parame-ter over the topic weight vector θ,...
... Another WordAlignment ToolUlrich GermannUniversity of Torontogermann@cs.toronto.eduAbstractYawat1is a tool for the visualization and ma-nipulation of word- and phrase-level alignmentsof ... and al-lows the annotator to focus on one item at atime. For a bird’s-eye view of alignment pat-terns within a sentence, the tool is also able to display alignments as alignment matrices. Inaddition, ... the term wordalignment 1Yawat was first presented at the 2007 Linguistic Annota-tion Workshop (Germann, 2007). to refer to any form of alignment that identifies wordsor groups of words as...
... technique for evaluating word alignments is to represent alignments as a set oflinks (i.e., pairs of words) and to compare the gen-erated alignment against manual alignment of thesame data at the level ... algorithms to generate word alignments. However, evaluating word alignmentsis difficult because even humans have difficultyperforming this task.The state-of-the art evaluation metric— alignment ... measuresof alignment and we propose a new measure to evaluate word alignments within phrase-based MTframework. We then present several experiments to measure the impact of different word align-ments...
... CRF to model many -to- one word alignments,where each source word is aligned with zero orone target words, and therefore each target word can be aligned with many source words. Eachsource word ... approach toword alignment. In Proceed-ings of HLT-EMNLP, pages 73–80, Vancouver, BritishColumbia, Canada, October.K. Toutanova, H. Tolga Ilhan, and C Manning. 2002. Ex-tentions to HMM-based ... translationtask into two phases. The first phase induces word alignments over a sentence-aligned bilingual cor-pus, and the second phase uses statistics over thesepredicted word alignments to decode...
... (2000), make word- by -word measurements of the time taken to read2In addition to incremental parsing, a characteristic someof psycholinguistic models of sentence comprehension is to parse deterministically. ... may be considered to be a sen-tence processing model via a ‘linking hypothesis’,which links the parser’s word- by -word behavior to human reading behavior. We discuss this topic inmore detail ... instead of words. For our first model, thiscontext is the previous sentence. Thus, the modelcan be said to capture the degree to which rule useis primed between sentences. We henceforth refer to this...
... isbased on automatic word alignment. Context vec-tors are built from the alignments found in a paral-lel corpus. Each aligned word type is a feature inthe vector of the target word under consideration.The ... satisfactoryand we see plenty of future directions. We wouldlike to use linguistic processing such as PoS-tagging for wordalignmentto increase the accu-racy of the alignment itself, to deal ... vectors are populated with the links to words in other languages extracted from automatic word alignment. We applied GIZA++ and the in-tersection heuristics as explained in section . Fromthe word...