... Evaluating Question Answering We used as test inputs 40 questions, which are related to technical terms collected from the Class II exami-nation in the autumn of 1999.The objective here is not only to ... QA system.Since all the questions we used are quadruple-choice, in case the system cannot answer the question, random choice can be performed to improve the cov-erage to 100%. Thus, for each ... respectively.3Produced by NOVA, Inc.Organizing Encyclopedic Knowledge based on the Web and its Application toQuestion Answering Atsushi FujiiUniversity of Library andInformation Science1-2 Kasuga, Tsukuba305-8550,...
... associates with the answers of the expert i, to a certain set of questions related to an objective variable; xi is the ranking of a factor/process with regard to its relatively influential importance, ... knowledge and thought to bear on it. The central purpose of systems analysis is to help public and private decision and policy makers to understand the problem better, so to better manage the ... million tonnes. Together with the sediment load, the Jeneberang carries nutrients and freshwater towards the sea, resulting in a higher nutrient level and lower salinity near the shore, compared to...
... found to be useful for application in the PSS research area. CONCLUSIONS 13The overview of tools for measuring customer satisfaction excluded practical advice on how to develop these tools ... prefer to buy a product instead of leasing it or sharing. The mains reasons to this behaviour are the desire to own things and to have the possibility to use them anytime. When it comes to reasons ... Customer satisfaction surveys are a questionnaire based information collection tool to determine the level of satisfaction with various product or service features. Developing a good questionnaire...
... labelsˆYs=ˆYs∪ YL.722% SVM gSum SSL Hybrid SVM Hybrid gSum SSL#Labeled MRR Top1 Top5 MRR Top1 Top5 MRR Top1 Top5 MRR Top1 Top51% 45.2 33.2 65.8 56.1 44.6 72.8 51.6 40.1 70.8 59.7 47.0 75.25% 56.5 ... analysis. Question- Type Classifier (QC): QC is the taskof identifying the type of a given question amonga predefined set of question types. The type ofa question is used as a clue to narrow ... methods.line represents a converted question, in order to extract the question- type feature, we use a match-ing NER-type between the headline and candidatesentence to set question- type NER match feature.We...
... rating”want in” answer ”in the” in question CA avg asker rating”adenocarcinoma” in question CA History “anybody” in question ”was” in question ”who is” in question Q content typo density”live” ... per-sonalization models.Pers 1 (97 questions) Pers 2 (49 questions) Pers 3 (25 questions)UH total answers received Q avg pos votes Q content kl trecUH questions resolved ”would” in answer ... content insocial media with an applicationto community-based question answering. In Proceedings of WSDM.J. Jeon, W.B. Croft, J.H. Lee, and S. Park. 2006. Aframework to predict the quality of answers...
... Textfield.Additionally, during question analysis, certain question constituents are marked as either Topic orFocus (see Moldovan et al., (1999)). For the earlierexample question “Tom Cruise” becomes the Topicwhile ... most in-terested in, but also to present context informationand to furthermore provide options for the user to find out more about the topic, should he/she want to. 3 Finding Supportive WikipediaParagraphsWe ... Constituents marked as Topic are generally ex-pected to be found in the Headers field. Afterall, the topic marks what the question is about.In a similar manner, titles and subtitles help to structure...
... negativa? 14 F O What country is thought to have rejected the Kyoto Protocol due to corruption? ¿Por qué Bush se retiró del Protocolo de Kyoto? 15 F/O O What alternative environmental ... list of 20 questions for each language. Finally, we produced the Gold Standard, by labeling the corpus with the correct answers corresponding to the questions. 1.1 Questions No TYPE QUESTION ... quién reprocha la gente el fracaso del Protocolo de Kyoto? 8 F F What president is criticized worldwide for his reaction to the Kyoto Protocol? ¿Quién acusa a China por provocar...
... occurrences to accurately estimate pos-itive or negative adaptation.We measure the distribution of rule use to ex-plore if negatively adapted rules owe more to fre-quency effects or to sparse ... plot-ting histograms of the distance between subse-quent rule uses. The basic premise is to look forevidence of an early peak or skew, which sug-gests rule re-use. To ensure that the histogram it-self ... copying account is correct, then we would ex-pect parallelism effects to be restricted to coordi-nate structures and not to apply in other contexts.This paper presents a parsing model which...
... Evidence-Based Medicine: How to Practice and Teach EBM.Churchill Livingstone, second edition.E. Voorhees. 2005. Using question series to eval-uate questionanswering system effectiveness. ... such as CE to as-sess the responses generated by our system? Asurvey of evaluation methodologies reveals short-comings in existing techniques.Answers to factoid questions are automaticallyscored ... be-longed to, based on the CE recommendations. Aswe have discussed previously, a human (with suf-ficient domain knowledge) is required to performthis matching due to synonymy and differences inontological...
... computes an update to the weight vectorbased on the current example. The resulting weightvector tends to be overfit to the last few examples;one way to reduce overfitting is to use the averageof ... incorrect link.Since the history-based feature set used in theparsing algorithm makes it impossible to use inde-pendence to factorize the scoring function, an exactsearch to find the best-scoring ... tuned automatically (Tipping, 2001),and a possible extension to our work could be to adapt those models to the multinomial and cost-sensitive setting.We applied the learning models to three...
... AUTOMATIC SPEECH RECOGNITION AND ITS APPLICATION TO INFORMATION EXTRACTION Sadaoki Furui Department of Computer Science Tokyo institute of Technology 2-12-1, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, ... systems to impose few restrictions on tasks and vocabulary. To solve these problems, it is essential to develop automatic adaptation techniques. Extraction and normalization of. (adaptation to) ... technology. Applications of speech recognition technology can be classified into two main areas, dictation and human-computer dialogue systems. In the dictation domain, the automatic broadcast...
... Utteren. The QuestionAnswering System PHLIQA1. In L. Bolc (editor), Natural Language Question Answering Systems. Macmillan, 1980. [8] Scha, Remko J.H. English Words and Data Bases: How to Bridge ... were never meant to, This does not mean we have to disregard them, however. The right perspective is to view them as attached inference engines to perform limited tasks having to do with their ... the arguments to the SETOF is now completed, and the resulting expression is: (DISPLAY 't(SETOF X:PATIENT (PERSON-I X))) Transformations can now be applied to the SETOF expression...
... may be of any type and in anytopic. Modern QA systems must therefore com-bine the strengths of traditional IR and NLP/IE to provide an apposite way toanswering questions.The QA task in the ... of the MGtool to retrieve up to N (N=50) relevant docu-ments from the QA corpus. We choose Booleanretrieval because of the short length of the que-ries, and to avoid returning too many irrelevantdocuments ... and its Applicability to Question Answering. In Proceedings of the ACL2001 Conference, July 2001.M. A. Pasca and S. M. Harabagiu. 2001. High per-formance question/ answering. In Proceedings...
... with hedonic pricing. In order to get good results, one must take into account all explanatory variables of housing prices. But the inclu- sion of too many explanatory variables will raise the ... em- ployees want higher wages to compensate for higher risk and em- ployers want to see lower wages to compensate for expenditure on higher safety. This leads to a bargaining process resulting ... Belgium additiond to Sofia Pmtoml) 0.1826 Reductionof HCemissbns bf 30% w.r.L 1987 [Geneva Pmtoml) 0.013 Reduction of S02 emissions by 30% wr.t 1980 1 1 (Helsinki Pmtoml) CITY HIGHWAY...