... For example, to determine how similar
(the only sense of) “factory” is to the word “plant,”
we compute the similarity of “factory” to the “in-
dustrial plant” sense of “plant” and to the “living
thing” ... belongs to G
when presented with that word.
To evaluate a particular activelearning algo-
rithm, we can just run the algorithm manually, and
see how many candidate words we say “Yes” to
(note ... Linguistics
An ActiveLearningApproachto Finding Related Terms
David Vickrey
Stanford University
dvickrey@cs.stanford.edu
Oscar Kipersztok
Boeing Research & Technology
oscar.kipersztok
@boeing.com
Daphne...
... and learning
energy can get lost. Learning organisations make conscious efforts to retain
this energy:
A learning company is an organisation that facilitates the learning of all its
members and ... leads to
exploration, discovery and learning. In the learning organisation, leadership
can be defined as learning on behalf of the organisation.
Is Challenge 2: creating a learning organisation ... together with an
action learning process to help you to address any challenge.
xii A Manager’s Guide to Leadership
Pedler00v3_00 21/04/10 09:39 Page xii
This book is anactive guide to leadership...
... experience and deep knowledge of
storage management to help customers create more efficient storage management
operations. Prior to EMC, Joel held technology management and consultant positions ... critical success factor and should be defined according to your
role: storage managers, for example, will likely want to monitor more frequently, perhaps to
publish a quarterly or annual report for ... courses and enhanced, hands-on labs offer practical skills and tips that you can immediately put to use.
Our expert instructors draw upon their experiences to help you understand key concepts and...
... but also to the German NEGRA
and the Chinese CTB. (Zollmann and Sima&apos ;an 2005
propose a different consistent estimator for DOP,
which we cannot go into here).
5 UML-DOP
Analogous to U-DOP, ... estimator corresponds to maximum
likelihood (Chi and Geman 1998), and which we
shall refer to as "ML-PCFG". To this end, we used
a random 90%/10% division of WSJ40 into a
training set and ... parsing technique
by Huang and Chiang (2005), but we have not yet
incorporated this into our implementation.
To give an example of the dependencies that
U-DOP can take into account, consider the
following...
... HCI and HHC and that it is not possi-
ble simply to take the human-human interaction
results and transpose results for one situation to
the other.
The structuring devices of the human -to- human
construction ... human-human interaction
employs a variety of dialogue structuring mech-
anisms, ranging from meta-talk to discourse
markers, and that some of these can usefully be
employed for automatic analysis ... constructor in the
HHC setting was another human interlocutor; in
the other scenario, the participants were seated in
front of a computer but were informed that they
were actually talking toan automatic...
...
An HMM-Based Approachto Automatic Phrasing for Mandarin Text-
to- Speech Synthesis
Jing Zhu
Department of Electronic Engineering
Shanghai Jiao Tong University
zhujing@sjtu.edu.cn
Jian-Hua ... described anapproachto automatic prosodic
phrasing for Mandarin TTS synthesis based on
word format and HMM and its variants. We also
evaluated these methods through experiments
and demonstrated ... structure(Black and Taylor, 1994;
Klatt, 1987; Wightman, 1992; Hirschberg 1996;
Wang, 1995; Taylor and Black, 1998).
To our understanding, POS is a grammar-
based structure that can be extracted...
... form of the anaphor
ana gramrole grammatical role of the
anaphor
ana agr agreement of the anaphor
ana semclass* semantic class of the anaphor
ante npform NP form of the antecedent
ante gramrole ... arts and
entertainment, and travel.
4.2 The MMAX Annotation Tool
The manual annotation of the training data was
done with the MMAX (Multi-Modal Annotation
in XML) annotation tool (M¨uller and ... grammatical role of the an-
tecedent
ante agr agreement of the antecedent
ante semclass* semantic class of the an-
tecedent
dist distance in markables
between anaphor and an-
tecedent (1 20)
same...
...
5 Conclusion
An effective and efficient approachto phrasal
verb identification is presented. This approach
handles both separable and inseparable phrasal
verbs in English. An Expert Lexicon ...
clown blew up the balloon. The overlapping
phenomenon can be handled by assigning both a
transitive feature and an intransitive feature to the
identified PVs in the same way that we treat the ... parser to use.
The representation of a canonical form for an
identified PV is necessary to allow for individual
rules to be associated with identified PVs in
further processing and to facilitate...
... applied in lan-
guage processing to a wide range of linguistic tasks,
from phonology to semantic analysis. Our goal was
to investigate the performance of a memory–based
approach to the event ... Daelemans, A. Van den Bosch, and J. Zavrel. 1999.
Forgetting exceptions is harmful in language learning.
Machine Learning, Special issue on Natural Language
Learning, 34:11–41.
W. Daelemans, J. ... corpus and
modelling the task applying anapproach similar to
the one that has been applied to tasks like semantic
role labeling (Morante et al., 2008) or negation
scope detection (Morante and Daelemans,...
... with semantic affinity patterns and
relevant regions. In Joint Conference on Empirical
Methods in Natural Language Processing.
S. Patwardhan and E Riloff. 2009. A unified model of
phrasal and sentential ... Empirical Methods in Natural Language
Processing (EMNLP).
Slav Petrov, Leon Barrett, Romain Thibaux, and Dan
Klein. 2006. Learning accurate, compact, and
interpretable tree annotation. In Proceedings ... Incrementally Train-
able Statistical Approachto Information Extraction:
Based on Token Classification and Rich Context
Model. VDM Verlag, Saarbr
¨
ucken, Germany, Ger-
many.
295
Ment Acc. Ent. Acc.
INDEP...
... can be some other con-
struction methods which show higher performance.
Still, we believe that this is one of the best ac-
quisition performances achieved ever and will be an
important step to ... of ACL
SIGLEX, 231–238.
Christiane Fellbaum. 1998. WordNet: an electronic lexi-
cal database, MIT Press.
Maayan Geffet and Ido Dagan. 2004. Feature Vector
Quality and Distributional Similarity. ... 268–
275.
Dekang Lin. 1998. Automatic retrieval and clustering of
similar words. Proc. of COLING/ACL 98, 786–774.
Shachar Mirkin, Ido Dagan, and Maayan Geffet. 2006.
Integrating pattern-based and distributional...
... between anaphor and antecedent
13. wdist distance between anaphor and antecedent in words
14. mdist distance between anaphor and antecedent in markables
15. sdist distance between anaphor and antecedent ... have non-NP-antecedents. Many of
these pronouns do not have an antecedent at all. Oth-
ers are vague in that human annotators felt them
to be referential, but could not determine an an-
tecedent. ... the number of anaphorically accessible
4
S-
and VP-markables between anaphor and potential
antecedent.
The feature ante tfifd (23) is supposed to capture
the relative importance of an expression...
... Ken-Ichi Takami, and Yuru Wu. 1999.
Quantifi er scope in English, Chinese, and Japanese.
Language,
75(1):63-111.
M. Marcus, S. Santorini, and M. Marcinkiewicz.
1993. Building a large annotated corpus ... with transformational gram-
mar. In J. Cole, G. Green, and J. Morgan, editors,
Linguistics and Computation,
pages 103-143.
Noam Chomsky. 1957.
Syntactic Structures.
Janua
Linguarum. Mouton, ... in-
terpretation of the sentence, and could contribute
to a natural language understanding or machine
translation application. Since WH dependencies
also tend to distort the surface subcategorization
properties...
... high-level
analysis,
performs like a
human receptionist or operator and passes the
enquiry to the most relevant subclass for a more
detailed
analysis
specific to that subclass.
Any available ... if a transaction
is to be meaningful.
3 Some important system
characteristics
The current prototype (Figure 1 below) focuses on
dialogue management. It is not intended to
transcribe and parse ...
An Object-Oriented Approachto the Design
of Dialogue Management Functionality
Ian M. O'Neill and Michael F. McTear
Faculty of Informatics
University of Ulster
Newtownabbey
Co. Antrim...
... error correction. We
use the Stanford coreNLP toolkit
1
(Toutanova and
Manning, 2000; Klein and Manning, 2003a; Klein
and Manning, 2003b; Finkel et al, 2005) to extract
the features.
2.3. ... the overall performance. The base classifiers
can be expected to become more informative as
more data are provided. We followed the structural
learning approach (Ando and Zhang, 2005), which ...
N.R. Han, J. Tetreault, S.H. Lee, and J.Y. Ha. 2010.
Using an error-annotated learner corpus to develop
an ESL/EFL error correction system. In Proceedings
of LREC.
D. Klein and C.D. Manning....