aids drugs and history
báo cáo khoa học: " Dangerous medicines: Unproven AIDS cures and counterfeit antiretroviral drugs" ppsx
... counterfeit drugs and unproven therapies, and a requirement on states to report to the international body steps taken to restrict the dissemination of such drugs and therapies Finally, WHO and UNAIDS ... identical packaging and pills and using false batch code information These fake drugs easily pass customs inspections and are accepted and distributed by pharmaceutical supply companies and pharmacies ... highest attainable standard of health" [68] Steps forward The first step towards addressing unproven AIDS treatments and counterfeit drugs must be to increase our knowledge and understanding of the...
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Command-Line Editing and History
... 100 CHAPTER 15 ■ COMMAND-LINE EDITING AND HISTORY When you enter command mode you start at the bottom of your history and press the K key to move back up through the ... forward (down) through the history list Once you have found the desired command, you can make any appropriate modifications and press Enter to run the command One last command -history function that ... the command line is command and file completion With this feature, you can start to type a path or command, and once you’ve typed a sufficient number of characters for the path or command to be...
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Drugs and Poisons in Humans - A Handbook of Practical Analysis (Part 17)
... amyl, butyl, and isobutyl nitrites J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 16:317–329 2) Haverkos HW, Kopstein AN, Wilson H et al (1994) Nitrite inhalants: history, epidemiology, and possible links to AIDS Environ ... µg) and isobutyl alcohol (injected amount 10 µg); they appeared at 3.4 and 7.4 of retention times, respectively The solvent acetone appeared at about The detection limits of isobutyl nitrite and ... nitrite (A) and isobutyl alcohol (B) um between the hydrolysis and esterification [7] Under the present HS conditions, the decomposition of alkyl nitrites by hydrolysis is minimized, and the esterification...
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Drugs and Poisons in Humans - A Handbook of Practical Analysis (Part 67)
... in environmental and biological samples using gas chromatography/negative-ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry J Mass Spectrom 30:1133–1143 VX and its decomposition ... NaCl and mL acetonitrilei, shaken and centrifuged The resulting acetonitrile layer is transferred to another test tube To the remaining aqueous phase, mL acetonitrile is again added, shaken and ... metabolism and decomposition in human bodies The detection limits of DAEMS in serum are about 50 ng/mL in the scan mode and about ng/mL in the SIM mode > Figure 2.3 shows a TIC, mass chromatograms and...
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Drugs and Poisons in Humans - A Handbook of Practical Analysis (Part 20)
... d3- and d10- substitution products of the acid are used When ∆9-THC11-oic acid-d3 is used, the mass spectrum shows ions at m/z 433, 418 and 374 with the Derivatization-2, and at m/z 491, 476 and ... as eluting solvent for getting each cannabinoid standard ∆9-THC, CBD and CBN are separately dissolved in ethanol to prepare 0.05–0.5 mg/mL standard solution for each compound b 5α-Cholestane ... spectra of ∆9-THC, CBD, CBN and 5α-cholestane (IS) are shown in > Fig 2.3 ⊡ Figure 2.3 EI mass spectra of ∆9-THC, CBD, CBN and 5α-cholestane 189 190 Cannabinoids and their metabolites GC/MS analysis...
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Drugs and Poisons in Humans - A Handbook of Practical Analysis (Part 21)
... morphine, heroin and codeine The thick and thin arrows show the main and minor metabolic pathways, respectively ⊡ Figure 3.1 196 Morphine and its analogues GC and GC/MS analysis • • • • • Standard solutions ... HPLC analysis Reagents and their preparation • • Standard solutions of morphine for a calibration curve (2, and 20 µg/mL): see “Reagents and their preparation”, above of GC and GC/MS analysis section ... urine specimen obtained from a healthy subject and the urine specimens spiked with 0.1 mL each of the standard solutions (2, and 20 µg/mL) are also handled in the same way as above ii Each of the...
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Drugs and Poisons in Humans - A Handbook of Practical Analysis (Part 70)
... wide-bore and medium-bore capillary columns With the medium-bore capillary column, a big and broad peak due to mesitylene appears The detection limits are about 0.3 and 0.1 µg/mL for wide-bore and ... addition of 0.5 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid f and 0.5 mL of mesitylene Nitrate and nitrite compounds iv The mixture is vortex-mixed for and centrifuged at 3,000 rpm for v A 0.2-mL volume ... cyanosis headache, dyspnea, tachypnea, tachycardia and hypertension mental derangement, listlessness and metabolic acidosis coma, convulsive attack and hypotension death A poisoning case [4] An unidentified...
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Drugs and Poisons in Humans - A Handbook of Practical Analysis (Part 71 and End)
... B, C and D v To cuvettes A and B, a 0.5-mL volume each of distilled water is added To cuvettes C and D, a 0.5-mL volume each of % potassium ferricyanide solution is added vi To cuvettes A and ... allowing the cuvettes to stand for min, the absorbances of cuvettes B and D at 630 nm are read using cuvettes A and C as references, respectively These readings are A2 and A4, respectively x The ... S-2-diisopropylaminoethyl methylphosphonothiolate 619 OHMA 181 OHnorBZP 171, 179, 183 oleandrigenin 519 oleander poisoning 524 oleander toxins 519 oleandrin 519, 521, 523, 525 on-column derivatization 238 on-column...
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Drugs and Poisons in Humans - A Handbook of Practical Analysis (Part 22)
... sampling, and processed for extraction and derivatization procedure Good recoveries of cocaine and its metabolites can be obtained with a mixed type extraction column (Bond Elut Certify®) and a diatomite ... solution; EME and BE, 10 mg each, are dissolved in 100 mL methanol respectively These stock solutions are appropriately diluted just before use to serve for standard solutions As internal standard (IS) ... recoveries with simple procedure and thus is useful in forensic toxicology Cocaine and its metabolites a) Procedure I (Bond Elut Certify®) [6–8] i Extraction from urine and derivatization A 5-mL volume...
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Drugs and Poisons in Humans - A Handbook of Practical Analysis (Part 23)
... 214 and at m/z 285 (M+) plus 217 were used for detection of IS and pentazocine, respectively When SIM with a single ion is made, ions at m/z 217 and 271 (M+) should be used for pentazocine and ... cases of pentazocine poisoning, its concentrations were 9.2 and 3.3 µg/mL in blood, 43 and 34 µg/g in the liver, and not detectable and 4.5 µg/mL in urine, respectively [12] The blood concentrations ... maternal history of intravenous use of pentazocine and tripelennamine, T,s and Blues J Forensic Sci 28:489–495 3) Kintz P, Tracqui A, Lugnier AJ et al (1990) Simultaneous screening and quantification...
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Drugs and Poisons in Humans - A Handbook of Practical Analysis (Part 24)
... (ed) (1992) Standard Methods of Chemical Analysis in Poisoning – With Commentary – Nanzando, Tokyo, p 43 and p 151 (in Japanese) 3) Cody JT (2000) Hallucinogens In: Bogusz MJ (ed) Handbook of Analytical ... described for seized items, and not for human specimens It is actually not easy to detect LSD from blood and urine, because its amount to be ingested is as small as about 10 µg and LSD is rapidly metabolized ... of LSD, 2-oxo-LSD, 3-, 13- and 14-hydroxy-LSDs and an N-de-ethyl-LSD are known [3] After oral ingestion of 160 µg LSD, the maximum blood concentration of LSD was ng/mL and its half-life is said...
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Drugs and Poisons in Humans - A Handbook of Practical Analysis (Part 25)
... designer drugs Biochem Pharmacol 59:1563–1571 Symptoms, and toxic and fatal concentrations 9) Pizarro N, Ortuño J, Farré M et al (2002) Determination of MDMA and its metabolites in blood and urine ... Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) is 250 ng/mL Symptoms, and toxic and fatal concentrations MDMA causes increased catecholamine (including serotonin) release and blockade ... cerebrovascular disorders, and drug-related accidents or suicides The effects of other MDAs are similar to those of MDMA Symptoms, and toxic and fatal concentrations ⊡ Table 7.2 Acute and chronic effects...
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Drugs and Poisons in Humans - A Handbook of Practical Analysis (Part 26)
... fluid, vitreous humor and urine than in blood Villain et al [21] and Elliott [31] have tentatively set positive cutoff limits of GHB at 50 and 30 µg/mL for postmortem blood, and 10 and 20 µg/mL for ... (PCP) and at m/z 246 plus 232 plus 218 (IS) were used at the retention time of 4–12 The amounts of PCP and IS spiked into mL blank whole blood were 25 and 100 ng, respectively Poisoning case, and ... PCP and IS In this method, combined ions at m/z 242 ([M–1]+) plus 200 and those at m/z 246 ([M–1]+) plus 232 plus 218 are used for PCP and IS, respectively The mass chromatograms of PCP and IS...
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Tài liệu Introduction and history of cage culture ppt
... Philippines (Quinitio and Toledo, 1991) Thailand (Tookwinas, 1990a) Thailand (Tookwinas, 1990a) Thailand (Chaitanawisuti and Piyatiratitivorakul, 1994b) Introduction and History of Cage Culture ... Sayong (1981) Tuan and Hambrey (2000) Chao and Lim (1991) Chao and Lim (1991) Yongjia et al (1996) Kungvankij et al (1986) Chao and Lim (1991) Chao and Lim (1991) Chua (1979); Chua and Teng (1979, ... observation of stocks for better management and early detection and treatment of parasites and diseases Reduces fish handling and mortalities Easy fish harvest Storage and transport of live fish facilitated...
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Tài liệu Drugs and Poisons in Humans - A Handbook of Practical Analysis (Part 27) ppt
... TIC and MCs for phenothiazine drugs obtained by GC/MS Panels A and B show a TIC and an MC for the authentic compounds, respectively; panels C and D those for extracts of human whole blood and ... mL and toxic level 0.05 µg/mL; promazine: therapeutic levels 0.1–0.4 µg/mL and toxic levels 2–3 µg/mL; thioridazine: therapeutic levels 0.2–1 µg/mL and toxic level µg/mL [10] The therapeutic and ... prochlorperazine, thiethylperazine and perphenazine were small and also interfered with by impurity peaks; low concentrations of these compounds in human whole blood and urine cannot be analyzed by...
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Tài liệu Drugs and Poisons in Humans - A Handbook of Practical Analysis (Part 28) pptx
... TICs and SIM chromatograms by GC/MS for the authentic standards of butyrophenone drugs (100 ng/mL each) (A) and for a serum extract from a poisoned patient (B) m/z 224: haloperidol (HP) and reduced ... haloperidol (HP) and bromperidol (BP) (100 ng/mL each) (A) and for a serum extract from a poisoned patient (B) m/z 376.5: HP; m/z 378.5: HP and RHP; m/z 422.4: BP=IS Poisoning cases, and toxic and fatal ... Poisoning cases, and toxic and fatal concentrations ⊡ Figure 2.3 HPLC-DAD chromatograms for the authentic haloperidol (HP) and reduced haloperidol (RHP) (100 ng/mL each) (A) and for a serum extract...
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Tài liệu Drugs and Poisons in Humans - A Handbook of Practical Analysis (Part 29) ppt
... separated; but mianserin and setiptiline could 275 276 Tricyclic and tetracyclic antidepressants ⊡ Figure 3.3 Chromatograms for tricyclic and tetracyclic antidepressants and carbamazepine obtained ... lofepramine Poisoning cases, and toxic and fatal concentrations In > Table 3.1, the therapeutic and toxic blood concentrations of each compound are shown [4] For all drugs, the toxic levels were ... due to drug poisoning was suspected As her past history, hypotension, depression and insomnia were disclosed; antidepressants and antianxiety drugs had been prescribed by a doctor Among the empty...
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Tài liệu Drugs and Poisons in Humans - A Handbook of Practical Analysis (Part 30) doc
... is dissolved in 50 µL methanol and a 2-µL aliquot is injected into GC/MSe i Assessment and some comments on the method The recovery rates of the drugs from blood and urine were not less than 60 ... chlordizepoxide, between flutoprazepam and bromazepam and between flurazepam and nitrazepam could not be achieved; the peak of tofisopam showed tailing The separation of other drugs was relatively good The ... etizolam and brotizolam for both blood and urine The detection limits of these 13 drugs were 1–5 ng/mL For nitrazepam, mexazolam, nimetazepam, clonazepam, bromazepam, tofisopam, estazolam and triazolam,...
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Tài liệu Drugs and Poisons in Humans - A Handbook of Practical Analysis (Part 31) ppt
... of the mobile phase, and a 10-µL aliquot is injected into HPLC Bromisovalum ⊡ Figure 5.2 HPLC chromatograms for blood extracts in the presence and absence of bromisovalum and IS The concentration ... As over-the-counter drugs containing bromisovalum, Rislon (100 mg bromisovalum per tablet, Sato Pharmaceutical, Tokyo, Japan) and Wutt (83 mg bromisovalum, 50 mg apronalide and 8.3 mg diphenhydramine ... Matsubara et al [14], and 31.5 and 40.8 µg/mL by Yashiki et al [15] Poisoning cases Many cases of poisoning by bromisovalum were reported In this section, representative clinical and medicolegal cases...
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Tài liệu Drugs and Poisons in Humans - A Handbook of Practical Analysis (Part 32) ppt
... phenobarbital, promethazine and Survived and fatal poisoning cases chlorpromazine) and one capsule of Insumin (flurazepam) were found From the stomach contents, phenobarbital, promethazine and chlorpromazine ... concentrations in blood, the liver and kidney were: phenobarbital, 98.0, 106 and 105 µg/g; promethazine, 5.05, 38.2 and 6.92 µg/g; chlorpromazine, 1.68, 22.1 and 3.03 µg/g, respectively Case [28]: ... bromisovalum and levomepromazine were detected The drug concentrations in blood, the liver, brain and urine were: amobarbital, 25, 47, 30 and µg/mL (g); bromisovalum, 37, 70, 57 and µg/mL (g);...
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