... electrical
connectivity of each component of the system. Essentially, the
ETN operates based on the information regarding the states of
the components, e.g. open/closed for circuit breakers, out -of-
order/working ... consequences depending on the powersystem state.
In conclusion, the reliability of protection schemes, understood
as the union of dependability and security, and its dependency
on the system operating conditions, ... designing modern power systems [12].
The Petri Net (PN) paradigm is suitable to represent event-
driven systems, which are characterized by a set of states
(configurations) and a set of evolution...
... reliability of the powersystem will be
analyzed by the
multi -state system theory in this paper. The procedure of
applying the multi -state system theory to the reliability analysis
of the powersystem ... generating function of the
system; is the number of subsystems in the system;
N
sys
M
is
the number of possible states of the system;
s
G
is the
performance of the system;
s
q
is the ... other systems, and the reliability of this powersystem is
very important. To analyze the reliability of the powersystem
using the traditional system reliability theory, the reliability of
the...
... esti-
mation ofpower consumption characteristics of HW systems
modeled at the behavioral level using SystemC modeling lan-
guage.
3. ESTIMATIONOFPOWER AT BEHAVIORAL LEVEL
3.1. Macromodeling
The estimation ... library to enable powerestimationof digital systems
built upon a set of primitive logic gates. Minor modifications
of SystemC modules enable the calculation of the dynamic
power component due ... level ofpower modeling, for the estimationof power
at the behavioral level of design.
In the analy tical power macromodeling, a function maps
the space of input signal properties to the power...
... forklift operation; (b): distance measurement
using four distance sensors and feedback force
implementation using a DC motor.
The essential components of an OBW system are
distance sensors associated ... term of the sense of touch.
2.2 Feedback force implementation:
According to previous research [9], [10], the steering
system of forklifts is developed. Moreover, driving
torque of forklift ... which can transmit the view of forks’
environment in term of force feedback information, and
we named it as observe-by-wire system.
(a)
(b)
Fig. 2 The OBW system configuration, a forklift...
... forklift operation; (b): distance measurement
using four distance sensors and feedback force
implementation using a DC motor.
The essential components of an OBW system are
distance sensors associated ... term of the sense of touch.
2.2 Feedback force implementation:
According to previous research [9], [10], the steering
system of forklifts is developed. Moreover, driving
torque of forklift ... novel
Development of an Observe-By-Wire System for Forklifts
Using Haptic Interfaces
Ba Hai Nguyen
1
and Jee-Hwan Ryu
2
1
School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University of Technology and...
... aspects of
the various elements of the system [2].In general, the system is
of two types (depending on the structure of the system) , a
simple structure system and a complex structure system. ... kV transmission line powersystem that
energized by 33 kV system reduces the reliability of the system.
Therefore, in order to improve the reliability of the 132 kV power
systems, these lines ... Sulaimani-Erbil Electrical PowerSystem Reliability
Evaluation
Fig.8 shows the single line diagram of the 132 kV systems
for Sulaimani-Erbil electrical power system.
For the purpose of reliability...
... (smoothing, offline estimation) .
Online estimation is the estimationof the present stateusing all the
measurements that are available, i.e. all measurements up to the present
time. Prediction is the estimation ... the estimationof future states. Retrodiction is the
estimation of past states.
This section sets up a framework for the online estimationof the states
of time-discrete processes. Of course, most ... examples of discrete stateestimation are speech recognition,
printed or handwritten text recognition and the recognition of the
operating modes of a machine.
An example of real-valued state estimation...
... summation of PCSA of all
flexor muscles, ΣPCSA
extensors
is the summation of
PCSA of all extensor muscles, PCSA
flexor
is the PCSA of
the flexor muscle u sed for training, PCSA
extensor
is the
PCSA of ... Mechanics of the Hand. Mosby 1999.
44. Buchanan TS, Lloyd DG, Manal K, Besier : Neuromusculoskeletal Modeling:
Estimation of Muscle Forces and Joint Moments and Movements From
Measurements of Neural ... this article as: Ziai and Menon: Comparison of regression models
for estimationof isometric wrist joint torques using surface
electromyography. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation 2011
8:56.
Submit...
... low validity of the results because of
the small number of subjects. There was also a limitation
about discussion of concerning the mechanism of USN
because of the damaged part of the brain and ... of a real image and has lowered capabilities of vis-
ual acuity. By contrast, the HMD has the possibility of
obtaining various fields of view without deterioration of
visual acuity.
The HMD system ... delay of response between the computer and
the HMD regarding a transformation of data. The system& apos;s
delay time is 50 m seconds. Therefore, the HMD system
needs a higher level of technology of...
... parameters of GGD-based measurement noise to provide
the valuable information about the respiratory models fit to
the measured signals.
3.1.1. Measurement Noise Variance Estimation. A common
way of estimating ... of the measurement noise, respec-
tively. However, (14) cannot be solved in the explicit form.
Thus, a lookup table was generated for the inversion of the
Kurtosis equation.
3.2. Estimationof ... variance
and the shape factor of the measurement noise are estimated,
parameters of the respiratory models can be computed with
the MLE algorithm. Maximization of (12)withrespectofΘ
is computed with the...
... for the study of any digital communication
system performance. This method is based on the use of
nonparametric pdf estimationof the soft decision of the
received bit. Small length of transmitted ... The soft BER
estimation, by using only 3000 samples, gives a value of the
BER with an error of 0.2dB.
7. Conclusions
In this paper, we have suggested a new iterative soft bit error
rate estimation ... receiver.
Appendices
A. Proof of (15)
Proof. Using the definition of J( f
X
), we have
J
f
X,N
=
+∞
−∞
f
X,N
(x)
2
dx. (A.1)
For Gaussian Kernel K, we have, K
(x) = (x
2
−1)K(x). Then,
using (11),...