... important subtask for
many natural language processing applications,
such as partial parsing, information retrieval and
machine translation. A baseNP is a simple noun
phrase that does not contain other ... pp.218-224.
COLING-ACL’98
Lance A. Ramshaw and Michael P. Marcus ( In
Press). Text chunking using transformation-based
learning. In Natural Language Processing Using
Very large Corpora. Kluwer. Originally appeared
in ... Treebank II,
and the definition of baseNP is the same as
Ramshaw’s, Table 1 summarizes the average
performance on both baseNP tagging and POS
tagging, each section of the whole Penn
Treebank was...
...
represented by a bag-of-word. Among the words,
there is a topic term Avatar (t
1
) occurring twice,
i.e. Avatar in A and Avatar in C, and two senti-
ment words comfortable (o
1
) and favorite (o
2
) ...
4.1.1
Benchmark Datasets
Our experiments are based on the Chinese
benchmark dataset, COAE08 (Zhao et al., 2008).
COAE dataset is the benchmark data set for the
opinion retrieval track in the ... Vital
<
性能
不
>
Performance No
1373
fortable (o
1
) are also regarded as relevant opi-
nion mistakenly, creating a false positive. In re-
ality comfortable (o
1
) describes “the seats...
... needs a word dictionary and takes long
time for searching many character combinations.
61
4.2 Experiment Results and Analyses
We used two separate Eumjeol n-grams as lan-
guage models for experiments. ... be divided into
statistical algorithms and rule-based algorithms.
Statistical algorithms generally use character n-
gram (Eojeol
1
or Eumjeol
2
n-gram in Korean)
(Kang and Woo, 2001; Kwon, ... single Jaso tran-
3
Jaso is a Korean character.
4
‘Transition’ means the correct character is changed to other
character due to some causes, such as typographical errors.
sition case (나와욧Æ나와요...
... river basin management and/or ecosystem-based river basin
management (Nakamura, 2003). Embedded in these approaches are the concepts of
participatory management and adaptive management (Miser and ... actions.
1.2.3. Integrated management and policy analysis
Integrated management
Rapid changes of objectives and methodological approaches towards the management
of natural resources and ... criterion.
A performance criterion defines what aspect of the model we want to examine and what
references are used for this examination. For example, a certain performance criterion
was drafted as...
... system
learns this as a non-transliteration but it is wrongly
annotated as a transliteration in the gold standard.
Arabic nouns have an article “al” attached to them
which is translated in English as ... International
Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC’10), Val-
letta, Malta.
Sittichai Jiampojamarn, Kenneth Dwyer, Shane Bergsma,
Aditya Bhargava, Qing Dou, Mi-Young Kim, and
Grzegorz Kondrak. ... non-transliterations by N.
3.2 Implementation Details
We use the Forward-Backward algorithm to estimate
the counts of multigrams. The algorithm has a for-
ward variable α and a backward variable...
... a consensus translation technique to bootstrap
parallel data using off-the-shelf translation sys-
tems for training a hierarchical statistical transla-
tion model for general domain instant ...
normalization as a translation problem
from the SMS language to the English
language
1
and we propose to adapt a
phrase-based statistical MT model for the
task. Evaluation by 5-fold cross validation ... SMS normalization.
2.3 SMS Normalization versus Text Para-
phrasing Problem
Others may regard SMS normalization as a para-
phrasing problem. Broadly speaking, paraphrases
capture core aspects...
... block-based model for statis-
tical machine translation. A block is a pair of phrases
which are translations of each other. For example, Fig. 1
shows an Arabic-English translation example that uses
blocks. ... Koehn, Franz-Josef Och, and Daniel Marcu.
2003. Statistical Phrase-Based Translation. In Proc.
of the HLT-NAACL 2003 conference, pages 127–133,
Edmonton, Canada, May.
J. Lafferty, A. McCallum, and ... Annual Conf. of the Association for Computa-
tional Linguistics (ACL 02), pages 311–318, Philadel-
phia, PA, July.
Charles Schafer and David Yarowsky. 2003. Statistical
Machine Translation Using Coercive...
...
evaluation metrics are able to closely approximate
human evaluations for various applications. Given
an application app and an evaluation guideline
package eval, the faithfulness/compactness ...
separately evaluated. Each version was evaluated
by a human evaluator, with no reference answer
available. For this evaluation 115 test questions
were used, and the human evaluator was asked ... same family of
metrics explain best the variations obtained
with human evaluations, according to the
application being evaluated (Machine
Translation, Automatic Summarization, and
Automatic...
... Agreement in Arabic:
Gender, Number and Rationality
Sarah Alkuhlani and Nizar Habash
Center for Computational Learning Systems
Columbia University
{salkuhlani,habash}@ccls.columbia.edu
Abstract
We ... a Large-Scale Annotated Arabic Corpus. In
NEMLAR Conference on Arabic Language Resources
and Tools, pages 102–109, Cairo, Egypt.
Yuval Marton, Nizar Habash, and Owen Rambow. 2011.
Improving Arabic ... Rambow,
Yuval Marton, Tim Buckwalter, Otakar Smrž, Reem
Faraj, and May Ahmar for helpful discussions and
feedback. We also would like to especially thank
Ahmed El Kholy and Jamila El-Gizuli for...
... AStatistical Parser for Czech*
Michael Collins
AT&T Labs-Research,
Shannon Laboratory,
180 Park Avenue,
Florham Park, NJ 07932
mcollins@research, att.com
Jan Haj i~.
Institute ... of a morphological analy-
sis program, and also with the single one of those
tags that astatistical POS tagging program had
predicted to be the correct tag (Haji~ and Hladka,
1998). Table ... morphological
analyzer. The PDT also contains machine-assigned
tags and lemmas for each word (using a tagger de-
scribed in (Haji~ and Hladka, 1998)).
For evaluation purposes, the PDT has been...
... evaluate data from a study
statistically forces an investigator to sharpen the focus of the study. It makes one translate
intuitive ideas into an analytical model capable of generating data that ... 3.3. A qualitative variable has values that are intrinsically nonnumerical (cate-
gorical).
As suggested earlier, the values of a qualitative variable can always be put into numerical
form. The ... first
two authors and add the new authors in alphabetical sequence.
This second edition adds a chapter on randomized trials and another on longitudinal data
analysis. Substantial changes have been made...
... Cunchillos, Juan-Pablo Vita, and Jose-
´
Angel Zamora. 2002. Ugaritic data bank. CD-
ROM.
Gregoria del Olo Lete and Joaqu
´
ın Sanmart
´
ın. 2004.
A Dictionary of the Ugaritic Language in the Alpha-
betic ... morphological
segmentation was carried out with the guidance of
a standard Ugaritic grammar (Schniedewind and
Hunt, 2007). Although Ugaritic is an inflectional
rather than agglutinative language, in ... this
research has similar goals, it typically builds on
information or resources unavailable for ancient
texts, such as comparable corpora, a seed lexi-
con, and cognate information (Fung and McKe-
own,...
... common approach is to build image
pyramids by repeated blurring and downsampling (Lucas
and Kanade 1981; Glazer et al. 1983;Burtetal.1983;
Enkelman 1986; Anandan 1989; Black and Anandan 1996;
Battiti ... equations are linear in du and dv
and solved using a sparse linear solver. The estimates of u
and v are then updated appropriately and the next iteration
applied.
One disadvantage of variational algorithms ... the data and prior terms through the introduction
of two sets of flow parameters, say (u
data
,v
data
) for the data
term and (u
prior
,v
prior
) for the prior:
E
Global
= E
Data
(u
data
,v
data
)...
... Rabobank
■ Rand Merchant Bank (SA)
■ Rating Agency Malaysia
■ Raiffeisen International and RZB
■ Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency
■ Shell
■ Société Générale
■ Standard Chartered Group
■ State Bank ... techniques after all these years”
Selling Project Finance Services – Asian bank
■ ABSA
■ Alpha Bank
■ Axa Investment Managers
■ Bank BPH SA
■ Bank of America
■ Bank of China
■ Bank of Kuwait and the ... the Middle East
■ Bank Pekao SA
■ Bank Zachodni WBK SA
■ BBVA Group
■ BNP Paribas
■ Calyon
■ Central Bank of Kuwait
■ Caixa Geral de Depositos
■ China International Capital Corporation
■ Citigroup
■...
... terms and locating instances of time
where the count of chain starts and ends (boun-
dary strength) achieves local maxima. Chan et al.
(2007) enhanced this approach through statistical
modeling ...
(4)
4 Modeling of Lexical Chain Features
4.1 Chain starts and ends
We follow (Chan et al. 2007) to model the lexi-
cal chain starts and ends at a story boundary with
a statistical distribution. ... consideration and statistically modeled.
2 Experimental Setup
Experiments are conducted using data from the
TDT-2 Voice of America Mandarin broadcast.
In particular, we only use the data from...