... ~hglish
Language at the University of Lancaster,
England, to develop a suite of computer
programs which provide a detailed
grammatical analysis of the LOB corpus,
a collection of about 1 million ... Computer Research on the English Language
Bowland College, University of Lancaster
Bailrigg, Lancaster, England LA1 aYT.
ABSTRACT
Research has been under way at the
Unit for Computer Research on ... tag assignment
needed to be modified in the light of the
enormous variety and complexity of
ordinary sentences in the corpus, and
partly to create a databank of manually
parsed samples of...
...
SP, and OM to true and XX to false. All four
annotators agreed upon a true label for 46
instances and a false label for 30 instances, with an
average pairwise Kappa (computed via NTLK) of
0.74. ... York, NY, USA: ACM.
American Psychological Association. 2001. Publication
Manual of the American Psychological Association.
5th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychological
Association.
Anderson, ...
0.74. Kappa between the primary annotator and a
hypothetical “majority voter” of the three
additional annotators was 0.90. These results were
taken as moderate indication of the reliability of...
... Revision Log of
Language Learning SNS for Automated Japanese Er-
ror Correction of Second Language Learners. Proc.
IJCNLP.
Ryo Nagata, Edward Whittaker, and Vera Sheinman.
2011. Creating a Manually Error-tagged ... Feedback in
Second Language Writing: Contexts and Issues, Ken
Hyland and Fiona Hyland (eds). Cambridge Univer-
sity Press.
Clare Furneaux, Amos Paran, and Beverly Fairfax. 2007.
Teacher Stance as ... training of automatic text correction sys-
tems (Dale and Kilgarriff, 2011).
Less attention has been paid to how a language
learner produces a text. Writing is often an iterative
and interactive process,...
... spelling. See
BACHELOR
.
bath or bathe? Use these exemplar sentences as a guide:
IhaveaBATH every morning (= I have
a wash in the bath).
I BATH thebabyeveryday(=washina
bath).
I have had a new BATH fitted.
We ... aq-)
acquiescence (not -ance)
acquire acquired, acquiring, acquisition
(not aq-)
acreage Note that there are three syllables here.
(not acrage)
across (not accross)
adapter or adaptor? Traditional usage would ... seen.
canoe canoed, canoeing, canoeist
See
ADDING ENDINGS (ii)
.
canon See
CANNON OR CANON?
.
can’t Contraction of CANNOT.
canvas or canvass? CANVAS is a rough cloth.
To CANVASS is to ask for...
... Crusoe’s way. He taught Friday English but did
learn any of Friday’s language. Crusoe didn’t point to a goat and say: “this is a
goat” and then signal to Friday to say what it was called in his language. ... way he treated Friday. The
first English word he taught Friday, apart from Friday’s own name, was
“ Master”. In the eyes of Robinson Crusoe, a man of such races as the
cannibals was certainly ... same-named novel
by Daniel Defoe became typical form of people at that time.
4
Friday. Robinson, by his understanding and reasoning, tried to teach Friday a
great deal of the power of God and...
... appendix 1- task 3)
D, Vocabulary Learning.
Active vocabulary learning is an activity that is seldom paid any attention in most language
classrooms. It is here that songs can be of great help. ... is hardly any change in the standard deviation of the two classes. The standard
deviation of 1.62912 and 1.23596 shows that though there is a shift in the mark range, the
range of ability among ... comprehension: grammar,
vocabulary, and phonology and he proves that songs can do well on all of these fields.
Grammatically, songs can be used as a form of reinforcement for the particular structural item...
... pitch, amplitude and pronuncia-
tion and users are given immediate feedback
on the acceptability of each recording. Users
can then rerecord an unacceptable utterance.
Recordings are automatically ... utterance. This alignment is retained so that
each utterance is automatically labeled. Once the
entire corpus has been recorded, alignments are
automatically refined based on specific individual ... by a profes-
sional speaker and manually polished, all other
voices were created by untrained individuals, most
of whom have ALS, in an untrained setting, with
the recordings having no manual...
... remembrance of past
injuries melted away before the sunshine of Christian love; and, before the ship
reached Australia, Ruatara was once again a man, and now almost a Christian.
This meeting was ... more favourable—Preliminary voyage of Active—"Noah's Ark"—Arrival
of mission in New Zealand—Interview with Whangaroans—"Rangihoo"—Landing of
Marsden, &c.—Preparation ... low-water
mark ofEnglish religion and morality. But by 1809—the year of Ruatara's arrival—an
improvement had begun. What is known as the Evangelical movement was changing
the tone of life...
... structure
of a text. Since existing corpora provide no
parallel temporal and causal annotations, we
annotated 1000 conjoined event pairs, achiev-
ing inter-annotator agreement of 81.2% on
temporal relations ... achieving
an F-measure of 49.0 for temporals and 52.4
for causals. Analysis of these models sug-
gests that additional data will improve perfor-
mance, and that temporal information is cru-
cial to causal ... between a verb and a complement clause
could be identified with accuracies of nearly 90%.
Recent work on causal relations has also found
that arbitrary relations in text are difficult to annotate
and...
... re-
search established that even a small amount of ad-
ditional training data can give a substantial im-
provement in question analysis in terms of both
CFG parse accuracy and LFG grammatical func-
tional ... a parse-annotated treebank
from raw data
repeat
Parse a new section of raw data
Manually correct errors in the parser output
Add the corrected data to the training set
Extract a new grammar for ... Brown
corpus) . Gildea also shows how to resolve this
problem by adding appropriate data to the training
corpus, but notes that a large amount of additional
data has little impact if it is not matched...
... language of many
international organizations, such as: ASEAN, WTO, WHO, UN, etc. With the spread of
globalization and the rapid expansion of informational and technologies, there has been an ... practice.
According to Canale and Swain (1980), a learner can not have a satisfactory communicative
competence if not any of his knowledge of probability of occurrence of grammatical forms and ... their speaking ability
and what mistakes they might produce.
IV. Oral language
1. Definition of oral language
oral language consists of short, fragmentary utterances in a range of pronunciation....