... decades, fiber gratings including fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) and long-period gratings (LPGs) have been manufactured mainly by modifying the core refractive index using interferometric or pointby-point ... mainstream tool for the future microtechnology and nanotechnology industry With an increasing awareness about the advantages of manufacturing micro-components indigenously instead of importing ... especially in electrical and electronic devices There are two kinds micro-machining in use i) bulk micromachining, ii) surface micro-maching In the case of bulk micromaching, the structures can be made...
... between casing and multiple strings of tubing, ft3/linft: Annular capacity, ft3/linft = Dh2 - [VJ2+ (T2I2] 183.35 Example: Using three strings of tubing: Dh = casing-9-98 i n lb/ft TI = tubing No ... Example: Using two strings of tubing of same size: Dh = casing-7. 0in. -29lb/ft ID = 6.18 4in TI = tubing No 1-2-3/ 8in OD = 2.37 5in T2 = tubing No 2-2-3/ 8in OD = 2.37 5in Annular capacity, bbVft = 6.1842 ... casing and multiple strings of tubing, ft/bbl: Annular capacity, ft/bbl = 1029.4 Dh2 - [UJ2 (T’)*] + Example: Using two strings of tubing of same size: Dh = casing-7. 0in. -29lb/ft ID = 6.184in...
... review, in addition to communication with leading private industrial research and development laboratories in the state of Iowa (including Winnebago Co in Forest City; Delavan Inc in Des Moines; ... manually inspecting machined surfaces at fixed intervals A surface profilometer containing a contact stylus is used in the manual inspection procedure This procedure is both time-consuming and labor-intensive ... cutting industries to reduce manufacturing costs by eliminating the relatively inefficient off-line quality control aspect of surface roughness inspection Therefore, reductions in manufacturing...
... alone in grappling with this energy–complexity spiral, as we explore in Chap Today, for the first time in human history, almost all of humankind follows in lockstep along a single path of industrialized ... developed 13 “ Ring the bells that still can ring/Forget your perfect offering/There is a crack in everything/That’s how the light gets in, ” sang Leonard Cohen encouragingly in his Anthem 14 In most ... out every day in industrial, medical, military, banking, security, or TV news settings Everything seemed to be under control, with the computers in charge, and their sensors humming The people...
... responsible for inducing chip flow in a direction normal to the lips in accordance with Stabler’s Law The increasing chip flow obliquity can be seen in Fig 45a, by observing the flow lines emanating from ... 3.1 Drilling Technology 3.1.1 Introduction to the Twist Drill’s Development Drilling operations are perhaps the most popular machining process being undertaken today, with their origins being traced ... geometries being: • Conventional – the ‘original’ Morse geometry, having a straight chisel edge, with poor self-centring drilling action (Fig 46a), • Split-point – there are a range of point-splitting...
... withmultiple inserts – particularly when the working clearance is such, that it cannot cope with by the single insert variety The multi-insert counter-boring heads, can have their inserts finely ... guide to allow machining to a correct counter-bored depth Counter-boring heads are employed to open-out existing holes (Fig 55a) The heads were in the past, often of a single insert design, but latterly, ... inserts finely diametricallyadjusted by means of precision wedge and radial adjusting screws A trepanning operation is undertaken in one operation, but instead of machining the complete hole, only...
... boring bar versions, utilised indexable cutting inserts, or replaceable heads (Fig 61) Boring bars having replaceable heads are versatile, with the same bar allowing different cutting head designs ... setting-up times In Fig 62a and b, are illustrated single-point interchangeable boring insert tooling, with Fig 62a giving typical length-to-diameter (i.e L/D) ratios for actual boring and clamping ... drift, resulting from the drill’s path through the workpiece Drilling and Associated Technologies Figure 61. Interchangeable cutting heads for boring bars utilised in machining internal features...
... stability, alleviating many of the potential problematic in- service machining conditions 3.2.3 Multiple- Boring Tools Twin cutting insert tooling, usually consists of a cylindrical shank with slides ... workpiece and insert, resulting in lower tangential and radial cutting forces For fine-boring applications, a good start point is to choose an insert with a 0.4 mm nose radius, with a 0.5 mm DOC It ... increasing under standardised machining conditions, the amplitude will also increase However, if the boring bar was dampened in some way, perhaps by utilising a ‘shock-absorber effect’ , machining...
... Floating Reaming 139 • Cylinder head tappet rail drill-reaming – in a single operation, • Cylinder head valve seats and guides – machining both features, in the parent bore and finish machining, ... line boring tool‘, for the machining of quite long crankshaft bearing housings on both automotive engine blocks and bored cam-seatings for cylinder heads This uniquely-designed ‘Telescopic line-boring ... thereby supporting the machining operation throughout its boring cycle, then retracting on completion, allowing the tool to be held in the machine tool’s magazine, allowing/facilitating an efficient...
... dividing the machining process into either, roughing, or finishing reaming operations Low cutting speed together with high feedrates, in association with good lubrication agents offering adequate ... Kaczmarek, J Principles of Machining by Cutting Abrasion and Erosion Peter Pregrinus Pub (Warsaw), 1976 Kalpakjian, S Manufacturing Processes for Engineering Materials Addison-Wesley Longman, Inc., 1997 ... lead on tooling incorrect (iv) Cutting speed, or feedrate too high (v) If problem is the result of workpiece material, eliminate it by using a weaker coolant medium (i.e by increasing its cooling...
... that of utilising button-style milling inserts, is the spindle power requirement is greater With increasing insert inclination of the approach angles the chip thins, causing the cutting forces to ... is recommended in the literature, as this action could result in over-loading the cutting inserts and breaking their edges 19 ‘Radial chip-thinning’ , is the effect of taking a radial DOC (ae) ... cutting edge inclination increases, the chip becomes both longer and thinner for the same DOC, or ‘ae’ (Fig 83b), with the load being spread over longer edge length – resulting in smoother cutting...
... present [11], in various fields including landfills, cement making and concrete product making such as bricks, blocks and tiles, in road making, in filling of the mines Attempts have been made earlier ... be seen in the variation of peak height with milling time which is shown in Fig The high energy milling decreases the crystallinity of the fly ash, thus increasing the amorphous domains in it [18] ... stretching vibration [19] The crystalline quartz (SiO2) domains are expected to be broken down during ball milling This has been evidenced from the decreased peak intensity with increasing milling...
... boring bar versions, utilised indexable cutting inserts, or replaceable heads (Fig 61) Boring bars having replaceable heads are versatile, with the same bar allowing different cutting head designs ... withmultiple inserts – particularly when the working clearance is such, that it cannot cope with by the single insert variety The multi-insert counter-boring heads, can have their inserts finely ... when machining free-cutting steel grades cutting speeds of up to 400 m min–1 are possible, whereas when drilling low-silicon aluminium grades cutting speeds of 600 m min–1 can be achieved with tool...
... boring bar versions, utilised indexable cutting inserts, or replaceable heads (Fig 61) Boring bars having replaceable heads are versatile, with the same bar allowing different cutting head designs ... withmultiple inserts – particularly when the working clearance is such, that it cannot cope with by the single insert variety The multi-insert counter-boring heads, can have their inserts finely ... when machining free-cutting steel grades cutting speeds of up to 400 m min–1 are possible, whereas when drilling low-silicon aluminium grades cutting speeds of 600 m min–1 can be achieved with tool...
... responsible for inducing chip flow in a direction normal to the lips in accordance with Stabler’s Law The increasing chip flow obliquity can be seen in Fig 45a, by observing the flow lines emanating from ... Axe-shaped – having well-defined margins (Fig 48 –top), • Rounded heel – with increased web, but small margins (Fig 48 – middle), • Rhombic – incorporating a large web, with wide margins (Fig 48 ... geometries being: • Conventional – the ‘original’ Morse geometry, having a straight chisel edge, with poor self-centring drilling action (Fig 46a), • Split-point – there are a range of point-splitting...
... when machining free-cutting steel grades cutting speeds of up to 400 m min–1 are possible, whereas when drilling low-silicon aluminium grades cutting speeds of 600 m min–1 can be achieved with tool ... drills Indexable drills must be set up with care and in the correct relationship to the machine tool’s headstock/ spindle, ensuring that both the drill’s and the spindle’s centrelines are coincident, ... toughened grade is used for the inner insert and a wear-resistant grade for the outer insert However, some discretion should be used when utilising indexable drills with mixed cutting inserts, so...
... machining strategy One of the 30 Burnishing will improve the surface finish and dimensional accuracy, by plastically deforming the machined surface layers – cusps – without removing any additional ... deep-drilling tooling assembly is essentially ‘self-piloting’ , in that the cutting forces generated are balanced, not with respect to the cutting edges – as is the situation with Twist drills – but invariably, ... tooling here seem the obvious solution, as it combines these individual operations in one, it has the advantage of meeting all three of the production criteria listed above, with the added advantages...