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© 2001 by CRC Press LLC
5
Intelligent Set-Up
Planning Systems for
Parts Production in
Manufacturing Systems
Abstract
Keywords
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Machine and Component Levels Set-Up Planning
5.3 Two Viewpoints of Set-Up Planning
The Machining Viewpoint • The Fixturing Viewpoint
5.4 Factors and Constraints in Set-Up Planning
Approach Directions of Features • Geometrical
Relationships • Design Specifications • Machining
Requirements • Fixturing Requirements
5.5 Features Interactions in Set-Up Planning
5.6 Artificial Intelligence and Set-Up Planning
5.7 Open Research Issues
Set-Up Validity and Optimization • Set-Up Planning and
Product Design • Set-Up Planning and Shop Floor Control
5.8 Summary
References
Abstract
Set-up planning is the task of organizing and determining a sequence necessary to make the features in
certain workpiece orientations. It is a pivotal step in automated process planning as it greatly influences
machine and tool selections, machining sequences, and fixture configurations. This paper reviews the
methodologies and techniques in the development of computer-aided set-up planning systems. It exam-
ines the status of, and suggests some future directions for, research efforts in computer-aided set-up
planning—an area that is of premier importance in integrated manufacturing planning. Most of the
published papers have implemented set-up planning from either one of the following micro-viewpoints:
the machining or the fixturing viewpoint. This paper examines these two different viewpoints of set-up
planning and discusses the merits and limitations of the work done in these areas. The set-up planning
problem is analysed at two levels: the machine and the component levels, to determine the essential
factors and constraints in set-up planning. Recent work in computer-aided set-up planning has attempted
to simultaneously adopt these two views, and to achieve the integration with design evaluations and shop
S.K. Ong
National University of Singapore
Andrew Y.C. Nee
National University of Singapore
© 2001 by CRC Press LLC
floor control systems. This paper presents these recent developments and discusses a few open issues in
set-up planning.
Keywords
Process planning, fixture planning, set-up planning, features
5.1 Introduction
Since the beginning of the 1980s, manufacturing planning has been recognized by both academia and
industry to be vital in achieving the ultimate goal of unmanned and integrated factories of the future.
Planning is an intrinsic part of intelligent behaviour, often performed subconsciously by human beings.
It can be viewed as the activity of devising means to achieve desired goals under given constraints and
limited resources [Ham and Lu, 1988].
Manufacturing planning is the process of coordinating the various activities in the design and man-
ufacturing processes. It is traditionally performed in two stages that communicate through an interface
called a process plan, as shown in Figure 5.1. In the first stage, an operations planner and a fixture planner
collaborate to produce a process plan, which is usually a concise document specifying a sequence of
FIGURE 5.1
Traditional two-stage approach to manufacturing planning.
Part and Stock Specifications
and Drawings
Operations
Planner
Fixture
Planner
NC
Programmer
Part
Programs
Process Plan
Stage 1 Planning
Interface
Stage 2 Planning
Cutter, Fixture, and Machine
Tool Specifications and Drawings
Process
Specifications
Set-up
Specifications
Set-up
Instructions
© 2001 by CRC Press LLC
operations. In the second stage, a numerical control (NC) programmer generates detailed specifications
for each operation in the plan. These are typically part programs for NC machines plus set-up instructions
for human operators.
Currently, manufacturing planning has generally been viewed as a hierarchically structured activity for
achieving factory integration through bridging design and manufacturing. Most current planning systems,
however, are not well integrated. Current efforts tend to focus on specific planning functions for specific
workpieces [ElMaraghy, 1993; Bullinger, Warnecke, and Lentes, 1986]. For example, one group of research
studies the extraction and representation of part features from solid models of workpieces [Salomons, Van
Houten, and Kals, 1993; Shah, 1988; Shah, 1991], and features modeling and conversion [Bronsvoort, and
Jansen, 1993; Shah, Mäntylä, and Nau, 1994; Shah, 1992]. A second group concentrates on Stage-I planning
in Figure 5.1, i.e., the selection and sequencing of operations for machining the features on a part, often using
artificial intelligence methods [Weill, Spur, and Eversheim, 1982; Ham and Lu, 1988; Zhang, and Alting, 1994].
Another group covers systems that support the programming of machine tools and contain some automatic
operations planning facilities. These micro-viewpoint planning approaches produce computer-aided sys-
tems that perform individual tasks in isolation from other planning activities. These computer systems
tend to focus on a narrow range of activities that severely limit their applicability in practice. For example,
many computer-aided process planning (CAPP) systems that have been reported to date are aiming at
generating the machining sequences of features and the selection of machining operations [Alting and Zhang,
1989; Zhang, and Alting, 1994]. The same can be said of the many computer-aided fixture planning (CAFP)
systems that have been developed to automate the fixture design and planning process [Hargrove and Kusiak,
1994; Nee and Senthil Kumar, 1991; Trappey and Liu, 1990]. Other areas such as sheet metal forming processes
and plastic moulding processes are all challenging domains for planning systems, but have received only
minor attention so far [ElMaraghy, 1993].
Broadly speaking, the entire process planning domain for the machining environment can be divided
into three levels, namely (a) operations planning, (b) set-up planning, and (c) fixture planning [Sood,
Wright, and MacFarlare, 1993]. The most important of these is set-up planning because almost all the
processes in machining are set-up dependent, as illustrated in Figure 5.2. The set-up process has been
estimated to make up to 60% of the production time on a CNC turning center, and greater than 60%
for a CNC machining center [Venjara, 1996]. Thus, the reduction of the set-up time and cost of a set-
up plan is vital for achieving efficient production. Set-up planning is a link to integrate operations
planning with fixture planning as both activities can be considered concurrently [Ong and Nee, 1994a].
An automated process planning system should strictly encompass all three levels of planning. A critical
review shows that many of these systems do not address the entire planning problem, but instead
concentrate on the automation of one of these planning functions. Many of the reported CAPP systems
can solve the first planning function successfully, which is operations planning. These systems perform
functions such as selecting the least cost operation for each feature on a workpiece, determining the
feeds, speeds, and processes for generating the individual feature, and sequencing the operations for
generating these features [Westhoven et al., 1992; Züst and Taiber, 1990; Nevrinceanu and Donath, 1987a;
Nevrinceanu, 1987b]. Another group of micro-viewpoint CAFP systems solves the third planning func-
tion, which is fixture planning. These CAFP systems plan the locating, clamping, and supporting posi-
tions, and design the fixture configurations to hold workpieces during the machining operations
[Hargrove and Kusiak, 1994; Nee, and Senthill Kumar, 1991; Trappey, and Liu, 1990]. Both groups of
micro-viewpoint systems do not address planning at the higher level, i.e., set-up planning [Ong and Nee,
1994b], although a few of them do perform a certain level of set-up planning in their implementation.
The premier set-up planning problem is automatic design of set-ups and set-up sequences. As men-
tioned earlier, set-up planning is a function of process planning that has been largely neglected by
researchers working on CAPP. In this paper, techniques that have been applied to computer-aided set-
up planning are discussed. This paper also examines the status of, and suggests some future directions
for, research efforts in computer-aided set-up planning. Tables 5.1 and 5.2 give respectively the CAPP
and CAFP systems that have
incorporated set-up planning in their implementation. Table 5.3 gives a list
of computer-aided set-up planning systems.
© 2001 by CRC Press LLC
5.2 Machine and Component Levels Set-Up Planning
Set-up planning can be split into (a)
component set-up level
, which considers the set-up planning problem
in relation to a single component, and (b)
machine batch set-up level
, which considers the batch and
machine requirements on the machine tools.
Component set-up level planning
is concerned with identifying an ordered sequence of set-ups for a workpiece
where each set-up contains (a) regions to be machined, (b) operations to be performed, (c) possible tools and
processing parameters for each operation, (d) regions for location, (e) regions for clamping, and (f) orientation
of the set-up. Majority of the systems listed in Tables 5.1, 5.2, and 5.3 tackle the set-up planning problem at
this level. Factors and constraints that are of importance at this level are essentially the design specifications
of the features on a workpiece, the geometry and topology of the workpiece, tolerance values, etc. These
constraints are analysed to determine the relations between the features on the workpiece for formulating the
set-ups that are needed to machine the required features and the sequence of generating these features. This
level of set-up planning has a very close link with design evaluation and cost analysis of workpieces [Ong and
Nee, 1994a]. The features on a workpiece can be redesigned by analysing the set-up plans so that fewer set-
ups will be needed to machine the workpiece [Hayes, Desa, and Wright, 1989; Mäntylä, Opas, and Puhakka,
1989; Ong, and Nee,1994a], thus reducing the cost of the design. Table 5.4 gives two design systems that have
incorporated set-up planning during the design evaluation process based on this concept.
Hayes, Desa, and Wright, [1989] reported an iterative redesign methodology as a means of using set-up
planning information to find ways of reducing the cost of a design by combining and/or eliminating set-ups.
FIGURE 5.2
General operations planning and fixture planning frameworks.
3D CAD Model
Feature Recogniser
Feature-Based Model
Processes & Tools
Machine Tool Selection
3D CAD Model
Feature Recogniser
Feature-Based Model
Operations Sequencing
Machining Parameters
Selection
Tool Path Planning
NC Part Program
Generation
Locating, clamping,
supporting schemes
determination
Stability Analysis
Fixture
Configuration
Assembly Sequence
SET-UP PLANNING
-Grouping of features
-Sequencing of set-ups
SET-UP PLANNING
-Grouping of features
-Set-up orientation
-Set-up position
relative to tools
© 2001 by CRC Press LLC
TABLE 5.1
CAPP Systems with Set-up Planning
Authors
Functions/
Name Viewpoint
Fixturing
System Parts Criteria
Solid-model
Integration
Machining
Environment
Reasoning
Techniques
Level of Set-up
Planning
Armstrong et al.
1984.
automatic
NC code
generation
machining prismatic 1. maximum material removal
directions
2. tool cutting paths
yes; PADL-1;
spatially
ordered
representation
3-axis vertical
machining
centre
rules; features
grouping
based on
ADs; set-up
sequencing
based on
criterion
component
level; set-up
forming and
sequencing
Chan and
Voelcker, 1986.
process
planning
fixturing machining
vise
prismatic 1. part positioning requirements
2. part clamping requirements
yes; PADL-2;
CSG solid
models
3-axis vertical
machining
centre
rules component
level;
interactive set-
up planning
Joshi et al. 1988. process
planning
machining prismatic 1. geometrical relations
2. spindle axis directions
3. precedence relations
yes; BREP solid
models
rules; features
clustering;
set-ups
sequencing
based on
precedence
relations
component
level; set-up
forming and
sequencing
Bond and
Chang, 1988.
process
planning
machining prismatic 1. machines requirements
2. fixturing requirements
3. spatial relations
yes; UCLA
Intelligent
CAD models
rules; features
clustering
machine level;
set-up forming
Mantyla and
Opas, 1988;
Mantyla et al.
1989.
process
planning -
HUTCAPP
machining prismatic 1. machining directions
2. cutting tools
no; feature-
based models
3-axis vertical
machining
centre
rules; features
grouping
based on
ADs; set-ups
sequencing
based on
number of
cuts in each
set-up
component
level; set-up
forming and
sequencing
Bell and Young,
1989.
process
planning -
Machine
Planner
machining machining
vise
2 D
prismatic
1. critical tolerances
2. maximum material removal
3. clamping strategy
yes; CSG solid
models
3-axis vertical
machining
centre
rules; features
clustering
based on ADs
component &
machine levels;
set-up forming
and sequencing
(
continued
)
1
/
2
© 2001 by CRC Press LLC
TABLE 5.1
CAPP Systems with Set-up Planning (Continued)
Authors
Functions/
Name Viewpoint
Fixturing
System Parts Criteria
Solid-model
Integration
Machining
Environment
Reasoning
Techniques
Level of Set-up
Planning
Joneja and
Chang, 1989;
Anderson and
Chang, 1990;
Joneja and
Chang, 1991.
process
planning -
QTC
fixturing machining
vise
prismatic 1. geometrical relations
2. tolerance constraints
3. ADs of features
4. machining precedence relations
5. fixturing requirements
yes; BREP solid
models;
TWIN solid
modeler
rules; features
clustering
based on
ADs; set-up
sequencing
based on
precedence
relations
component
level; set-up
forming and
sequencing
Gindy and
Ratchev, 1991.
process
planning -
GENPLAN
machining prismatic 1. ADs of features
2. precedence relations of features
3. maximum number of features
no; feature-
based models
3-axis vertical
machining
centre
rules; features
clustering
based on ADs
component
level; set-up
forming and
sequencing
Mayer
et al,
1992.
process
planning -
IMPA
machining machining
vise
prismatic 1. tool directions
2. maximum material removal
3. clamping requirements
4. interference checks
yes; interface
via IGES file;
BSPT data
structure
3-axis vertical
machining
centre
rules; features
clustering;
breadth-first
search
strategy
component
level; set-up
forming and
sequencing
Warnecke and
Muthsam,
1992;
Muthsam and
Mayer, 1990.
process
planning -
EXPLAN
machining machining
vise
prismatic 1. obligatory machining sequence
2. spindle directions
3. dimensional tolerances
4. clamping requirements
IGES 3D
interface;
conversion to
IAOGraphs
3-axis vertical
and
horizontal
machines;
boring and
drilling
machines
rules; features
clustering
based on
ADs; set-up
sequencing
based on
limiting
conditions
set-ups
component
level; set-up
forming and
sequencing
Delbressine
et al., 1993.
process
planning -
IDM
machining modular
fixture
elements
prismatic 1. tolerance specifications
2. geometric reachability of
features with respect to tools
yes; hybrid of
BREP and
CSG solid
models
3-axis vertical
machining
centre
rules; merging
of tolerance
and
precedence
graphs
component
level; set-up
forming and
sequencing
© 2001 by CRC Press LLC
TABLE 5.1
CAPP Systems with Set-up Planning (Continued)
Authors
Functions/
Name Viewpoint
Fixturing
System Parts Criteria
Solid-model
Integration
Machining
Environment
Reasoning
Techniques
Level of Set-up
Planning
Opas, 1993;
Opas et al.,
1994.
process
planning -
MCOES
machining modular
fixture
elements
prismatic 1. machining directions of
features
2. tolerance specifications
yes; BREP
GWB modeler
3-axis vertical
machining
centre
rules component
level;
interactive set-
up planning
Gu and Zhang,
1993.
process
planning -
OOPPS
fixturing machining
vise
prismatic 1. machine requirement
2. fixturing requirement
3. features accessibility
4. maximum features machining
5. tolerance specifications
yes; Autosolid
solid modeler
3-axis vertical
machining
centre
rules; recursive
approach
machine and
component
levels; set-up
forming and
sequencing
Jung and Lee,
1994.
process
planning
machining
and
fixturing
machining
vise
prismatic 1. datum requirements
2. ADs of features
3. set-up interference
4. clamping requirements
no; feature-
based models
rules; branch
& bound
optimisation
component
level; set-up
forming and
sequencing
Hwang and
Miller, 1995.
process
planning
machining prismatic 1. tolerance requirements
2. geometric reasoning
no; feature-
based models
blackboard
architecture;
backtracking
component
level; set-up
forming and
sequencing
© 2001 by CRC Press LLC
TABLE 5.2
CAFP Systems with Set-up Planning
Authors
Functions/
Name Viewpoint
Fixturing
System Parts Criteria
Solid-model
Integration
Machining
Environment
Reasoning
Techniques
Level of Set-up
Planning
Englert and
Wright,
1986.
fixture
planning -
Expert
Machinist
fixturing machining
vise or toe
clamps
prismatic 1. machining practices
2. ADs of features
3. maximum number of features
no; CML
language
3-axis vertical
machining
centre
rules; tables of
cuts and
orientations
component
level; set-up
forming and
sequencing
Young and
Bell, 1991.
fixture
planning
machining machining
vise
2 D
prismatic
1. critical tolerances
2. maximum material removal
3. clamping strategy
yes; spatially
divided
solid
models
3-axis vertical
machining
centre
rules; features
clustering based
on ADs
component
level; set-up
forming and
sequencing
Boerma and
Kals, 1988;
Boerma and
Kals, 1989;
Boerma,
1990.
fixture
planning -
FIXES
fixturing modular
fixture
elements
prismatic 1. tolerance specifications evaluation
2. face orientation of features
3. machine tool directions
4. fixturing requirements
5. most accurate tolerance machined
yes; BREP
solid
models,
GPM
3-axis vertical
machining
centre
rules; features
grouping based
on tolerance
relations; set-
ups sequencing
based on
criterion
component
level; set-up
forming and
sequencing
Ferreira and
Liu, 1988.
fixture
planning
fixturing modular
fixture
elements
prismatic 1. maximum number of features
machining
2. ease of fixturing
3. release of precedence relations
4. dimensional tolerances
specifications
5. workpiece stability
yes; BREP
solid
models;
feature-
based
models
3-axis vertical
and
horizontal
machines;
boring and
drilling
machines
rules; features
clustering;
generate-and-
evaluate
strategy
component
level; set-up
forming
Sakurai, 1990;
Sakurai and
Gossard,
1991;
Sakurai,
1992.
fixture
planning
fixturing modular
fixture
elements
prismatic 1. datum requirements
2. maximum number of features first
3. ADs of features
4. clamping requirements
yes 3-axis vertical
machining
centre
rules; back-
tracking
strategy with
kinematics
analysis
component
level; set-up
forming and
sequencing
Lee et al. 1991;
Kambhampati
et al. 1993.
process
planning
and fixture
planning -
Next-Cut
fixturing
and
machining
modular
fixture
elements
prismatic 1. fixturing requirements
2. ADs of features
3. minimum material removal
4. geometric interactions
yes 3-axis vertical
machining
centre
rules; features
clustering based
on AD of
features
component
level; set-up
forming and
sequencing
1
/
2
© 2001 by CRC Press LLC
TABLE 5.2
CAFP Systems with Set-up Planning (Continued)
Authors
Functions/
Name Viewpoint
Fixturing
System Parts Criteria
Solid-model
Integration
Machining
Environment
Reasoning
Techniques
Level of Set-up
Planning
Fuh et al.
1993.
fixture
planning
fixturing modular
fixture
elements
prismatic 1. locating datums
2. fixturing constraints
3. tool orientations
yes; CADAM 3-axis vertical
machining
centre
rules; step-by-
step features
planning;
generate-when-
needed strategy
component
level; set-up
forming and
sequencing
Dong, et al.
1991; Dong
et al. 1994.
fixture
planning
fixturing modular
fixture
elements
prismatic 1. ADs of features
2. user-defined fixturing precedence
constraints
3. minimum number of orientation
changes
yes; ICAD
Surface
Designer
surface
models
rules; insertion
method of
sequencing
component
level; set-up
sequencing
Yue and
Murray,
1994.
fixture
planning
fixturing machining
vise
2 D
prismatic
1. clamping requirements
2. tool ADs
yes; ACIS
solid
modeller
3-axis
machining
centre
rules; kinematics
forces analysis
component
level; set-up
forming
Jeng and Gill,
1995.
fixture
planning
operation modular
fixture
elements
prismatic 1. tool approach direction of features
2. reference and location constraints
3. good manufacturing practices
yes 3-axis vertical
machining
centre
rules component
level; set-up
forming
1
/
2
© 2001 by CRC Press LLC
TABLE 5.3
Set-Up Planning Systems
Authors
Functions/
Name Viewpoint
Fixturing
System Parts Criteria
Solid-model
Integration
Machining
Environment
Reasoning
Techniques
Level of Set-up
Planning
Hayes and
Wright, 1986;
Hayes and
Wright 1988.
set-up
planning -
Machinist
fixturing
and
machining
machining
vise
2 D
prismatic
1. geometric features relations
2. machining heuristics
3. stock squaring-up operations
no; feature-based
models
3-axis vertical
machining
centre
rules; features
interactions
graph and
squaring
graph merging
component
level; set-up
forming and
sequencing
Chen and
LeClair, 1994.
set-up
planning -
RDS
machining machining
vise
prismatic 1. machining heuristics
2. ADs of features
3. tool commonality
yes 3-axis vertical
machining
centre
rules; neural
network
algorithm
component
level; set-up
forming and
sequencing
Ong,
et al. 1993;
Ong and Nee,
1994a; Ong and
Nee, 1994b.
set-up
planning -
CASP
fixturing
and
machining
machining
vise;
modular
fixture
elements
prismatic 1. geometric relations
2. fixturing requirements
3. tolerances specifications
4. machining heuristics
5. ADs of features
no; feature-based
models
3-axis vertical
machining
centre
rules; fuzzy set
theory
modeling
component
level; set-up
forming and
sequencing
Zhang et al.
1995.
set-up
planning
machining prismatic 1. machining precedence feature
relations
2. ADs of features
no; feature-based
models
3-axis vertical
machining
centre
rules;
mathematical
optimization
algorithm
component
level; set-up
forming and
sequencing
Mei, Zhang and
Oldham, 1995;
Mei and Zhang,
1992.
set-up
planning
machining
and
fixturing
three-jaws
chucks
rotational 1. geometric tolerance
requirements
2. workpiece support
no; 11-digit code neural network component
level; set-up
forming and
sequencing
Yut and Chang,
1995.
set-up
planning
fixturing
and
machining
2 D
prismatic
1. feasible spindle directions of
operations
2. cutting tools
3. roughing and finishing
operations
yes; BREP solid
models
rules; heuristic
algorithm
component
level; set-up
forming and
sequencing
Chu and Gadh,
1996.
set-up
planning
fixturing
and
machining
machining
vise
prismatic 1. ADs of features
2. fixturing and referencing
requirements
3. machining heuristics
yes rules component
level; set-up
forming and
sequencing
Sarma and
Wright, 1996.
set-up
planning,
IMADE
fixturing
and
machining
machining
vise
prismatic 1. access directions of features
2. tool changes
3. stock squaring-up operations
4. machining requirements
yes 3-axis vertical
machining
centre
graph-theoretic
model; DAG
graphs
component
level; set
forming and
sequencing
1
/
2
1
/
2
[...]... 1994a] Many existing systems do not consider the set-up planning process as a multi-objective problem as stated above These systems used criteria such as minimizing the number of set-ups required and maximizing the number of critical tolerances attained Most reported set-up planning methodologies produce acceptable, but not optimal, set-up plans Hence, multi-objective optimal set-up planning is still... features using tools and fixturing elements Several fixture planning systems have incorporated set-up planning Available fixtures Kinematic conditions Available locating elements Locating constraints Set-up optimisation criteria Available clamping elements Feedback from operation planning Set-up Planning Feedback from design evaluation Feedback from fixture planning Clamping scheme design program Locating scheme... setup planning on this basis Young and Bell [1991] also assumed that the set-up plan formed can be fixtured This assumption gives these systems an edge over other systems that perform computationally intensive fixture design and planning activities during set-up planning However, fixturing a set-up is a time-intensive activity [Wiendahl and Fu, 1992] Thus, this assumption limits the feasibility of the set-up. .. Automating set-up planning is therefore crucial for integrating the activities in manufacturing a part As mentioned in Section 5.2, a few reported set-up planning systems have incorporated redesign suggestions However, these systems are presently restricted to providing redesign suggestions only at the end of the set-up planning process The task of concurrently performing set-up planning and design... requirements for these set-ups, (f) select machining parameters for the operations required, (g) plan the tool paths, and (h) generate the NC part program [Ham and Lu, 1988; Ray and Feenay, 1993; Hetem et al., 1995] Thus, set-up planning is a part of the generic process planning framework Table 5.1 shows the CAPP systems that have included set-up planning, although many listed systems do not associate... configurations according to these set-up plans [Ong et al., 1993; Ong and Nee, 1994a; Chang, 1992] Table 5.2 lists the CAFP systems that have included set-up planning in their implementation The fixturing viewpoint set-up planning approach uses fixturing criteria and work-holding requirements of the workpieces for generating set-ups A critical analysis of the fixturing viewpoint systems listed in Table 5.2... fixture-features on the modular fixture elements 5.4 Factors and Constraints in Set-Up Planning The objectives of set-up planning are to (a) identify groups of features that can be machined in a single set-up, (b) determine a desirable workpiece orientation for each set-up, (c) determine an appropriate fixturing method for each set-up, and (d) determine set-ups order for machining A set of features to be generated on... Fuzzy Systems Artificial Intelligence Intelligent Technologies Rule Induction Expert Systems Symbolic (Knowledge) Processing Intelligent Problem-Solving Technologies FIGURE 5.8 Problem-solving methods for manufacturing [Adapted from Madey, G.R., Weinroth, J., and Shah, V., 1994, Hybrid intelligent systems, tools for decision making in intelligent manufacturing, in Artificial Neural Networks for Intelligent. .. not associate formulating and sequencing the set-ups as set-up planning These systems essentially implemented set-up planning from the machining viewpoint Factors and criteria used are the cutting tools for machining the features, tool cutting paths, dimensional and tolerance requirements, machining directions, etc The earliest work of implementing set-up planning in a CAPP system was reported by Armstrong,... 5.4 In fixture planning, set-up planning is concerned with the grouping of features and the determination of the orientations of the workpiece for these groups; while in process planning, set-up planning is concerned with the clustering of features into groups and the determination of a machining sequence of these clusters of features/operations This difference in the concepts of set-up planning has . Interactions in Set-Up Planning
5.6 Artificial Intelligence and Set-Up Planning
5.7 Open Research Issues
Set-Up Validity and Optimization • Set-Up Planning and. and Component Levels Set-Up Planning
Set-up planning can be split into (a)
component set-up level
, which considers the set-up planning problem
in
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