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Oracle8
i
Parallel Server
Concepts and Administration
Release 8.1.5
February 1999
Part No. A67778-01
Oracle8i Parallel Server Concepts and Administration
Part No. A67778-01
Release 8.1.5
Copyright © 1999 Oracle Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
Primary Author: Mark Bauer.
Primary Contributors: Wilson Chan, Andrew Holdsworth, Anjo Kolk, Rita Moran, Graham Wood, and
Michael Zoll.
Contributors: Christina Anonuevo, Lance Ashdown, Bill Bridge, Sandra Cheever, Carol Colrain, Mark
Coyle, Sohan Demel, Connie Dialeris, Karl Dias, Anurag Gupta, Deepak Gupta, Mike Hartstein, Ken
Jacobs, Ashok Joshi, Jonathan Klein, Jan Klokkers, Boris Klots, Tirthankar Lahiri, Bill Lee, Lefty Leverenz,
Juan Loaiza, Sajjad Masud, Neil Macnaughton, Ravi Mirchandaney, Kant Patel, Erik Peterson, Mark Por-
ter, Darryl Presley, Brian Quigley, Ann Rhee, Pat Ritto, Roger Sanders, Hari Sankar, Ekrem Soylemez,
Vinay Srihari, Bob Thome, Alex Tsukerman, Tak Wang, and Betty Wu.
Graphic Designer: Valarie Moore.
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Oracle8
i
Parallel Server Concepts and Administration, Release 8.1.5
Part No. A67778-01
Oracle Corporation welcomes your comments and suggestions on the quality and usefulness of this
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Preface
This manual describes the Oracle Parallel Server (OPS) and supplements the
Oracle8i Administrator’s Guide and Oracle8i Concepts.
This manual prepares you to successfully implement parallel processing by
providing a thorough presentation of the concepts and procedures involved.
Information in this manual applies to OPS as it runs on all operating systems.
For information about the differences between Oracle8i and the Oracle8i Enterprise
Edition and the available features and options, please refer to Getting to Know
Oracle8i.
Note: Oracle8i Parallel Server Concepts and Administration contains
information that describes the features and functionality of the
Oracle8i and the Oracle8i Enterprise Edition products. Oracle8i and
the Oracle8i Enterprise Edition have the same basic features.
However, several advanced features are available only with the
Oracle8i Enterprise Edition, and some of these are optional. For
example, to use client application failover, you must have the
Enterprise Edition and the Parallel Server Option.
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Intended Audience
This manual is written for database administrators and application developers who
work with Oracle Parallel Server.
Structure
Part I: Parallel Processing Fundamentals
Part II: Oracle Parallel Server Concepts
Chapter 1, "Parallel Processing and Parallel
Databases"
This chapter introduces parallel processing and
parallel database technologies that offer great
advantages for online transaction processing and
decision support applications.
Chapter 2, "Implementing Parallel Processing" This chapter explains how to attain the goals of
speedup and scaleup by effectively implementing
parallel processing and parallel database
technology.
Chapter 3, "Parallel Hardware Architecture" This chapter describes the range of available
hardware implementations that allow parallel
processing, and surveys their advantages and
disadvantages.
Chapter 4, "How Oracle Implements Parallel
Processing"
This chapter gives a high-level view of how OPS
provides high performance parallel processing.
Chapter 5, "Oracle Instance Architecture for
Oracle Parallel Server"
This chapter explains features of Oracle multiple
instance architecture that differ from an Oracle
server in exclusive mode.
Chapter 6, "Oracle Database Architecture for the
Parallel Server"
This chapter describes features of Oracle database
architecture that pertain to the multiple instances
of OPS.
Chapter 7, "Overview of Locking Mechanisms" This chapter provides an overview of internal
OPS locking mechanisms.
Chapter 8, "Integrated Distributed Lock
Manager"
This chapter explains the role of the Integrated
Distributed Lock Manager in controlling access to
resources in OPS.
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Part III: OPS System Development Procedures
Part IV: OPS System Maintenance Procedures
Chapter 9, "Parallel Cache Management
Instance Locks"
This chapter provides a conceptual overview of
PCM locks. The planning and allocation of PCM
locks is one of the most complex tasks facing the
Oracle Parallel Server database administrator.
Chapter 10, "Non-PCM Instance Locks" This chapter describes some of the most common
non-PCM instance locks.
Chapter 11, "Space Management and Free List
Groups"
This chapter explains space management
concepts.
Chapter 12, "Application Analysis" This chapter provides a conceptual framework for
optimizing OPS application design.
Chapter 13, "Designing Databases for Parallel
Server"
This chapter prescribes a general methodology for
designing systems optimized for OPS.
Chapter 14, "Creating a Database and Objects
for Multiple Instances"
This chapter describes aspects of database creation
that are specific to OPS.
Chapter 15, "Allocating PCM Instance Locks" This chapter explains how to allocate PCM locks to
datafiles by specifying values for parameters in the
initialization file of an instance.
Chapter 16, "Ensuring IDLM Capacity for
Resources and Locks"
This chapter explains how to reduce contention for
shared resources and gain maximum performance
from OPS by ensuring that adequate space is
available in the Integrated Distributed Lock
Manager for all the necessary locks and resources.
Chapter 17, "Using Free List Groups to
Partition Data"
This chapter explains how to allocate free lists and
free list groups to partition data. By doing this you
can minimize contention for free space when using
multiple instances.
Chapter 18, "Administering Multiple
Instances"
This chapter describes how to administer instances of
OPS.
Chapter 19, "Tuning to Optimize
Performance"
This chapter provides an overview of tuning issues.
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Part V: Reference
Chapter 20, "Cache Fusion and
Inter-instance Performance"
This chapter describes Cache Fusion in detail and
explains how to monitor Cache Fusion and
inter-instance performance.
Chapter 21, "Backing Up the Database" This chapter explains how to protect your data by
archiving the online redo log files and periodically
backing up the datafiles, the control file for your
database, and the parameter files for your instances.
Chapter 22, "Recovering the Database" This chapter describes Oracle recovery features on a
parallel server.
Chapter 23, "Migrating from a Single
Instance to Parallel Server"
This chapter describes database conversion from a
single instance Oracle database to a multi-instance
Oracle database using the parallel server option.
Appendix A, "Differences Among Versions" This appendix describes the differences between this
release and previous releases of the Oracle that
pertain to OPS.
Appendix B, "Restrictions" This appendix lists restrictions for OPS.
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Related Documents
Before reading this manual, you should have already read Oracle8i Concepts and the
Oracle8i Administrator’s Guide.
Conventions
This section explains the conventions used in this manual including the following:
■ Text
■ Syntax diagrams and notation
■ Code examples
Text
This section explains the conventions used within the text:
UPPERCASE Characters
Uppercase text is used to call attention to command keywords, object names,
parameters, filenames, and so on.
For example, "If you create a private rollback segment, the name must be included
in the ROLLBACK_SEGMENTS parameter of the parameter file."
Italicized
Characters
Italicized words within text are book titles or emphasized words.
Syntax Diagrams and Notation
The syntax diagrams and notation in this manual show the syntax for SQL
commands, functions, hints, and other elements. This section tells you how to read
syntax diagrams and examples and write SQL statements based on them.
Keywords
Keywords are words that have special meanings in the SQL language. In the syntax
diagrams in this manual, keywords appear in uppercase. You must use keywords in
your SQL statements exactly as they appear in the syntax diagram, except that they
can be either uppercase or lowercase. For example, you must use the CREATE
keyword to begin your CREATE TABLE statements just as it appears in the
CREATE TABLE syntax diagram.
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Parameters
Parameters act as place holders in syntax diagrams. They appear in lowercase.
Parameters are usually names of database objects, Oracle datatype names, or
expressions. When you see a parameter in a syntax diagram, substitute an object or
expression of the appropriate type in your SQL statement. For example, to write a
CREATE TABLE statement, use the name of the table you want to create, such as
EMP, in place of the table parameter in the syntax diagram. (Note that parameter
names appear in italics in the text.)
This list shows parameters that appear in the syntax diagrams in this manual and
examples of the values you might substitute for them in your statements:
Parameter Description Examples
table The substitution value must be the
name of an object of the type
specified by the parameter.
emp
’text’ The substitution value must be a
character literal in single quotes.
’Employee Records’
condition The substitution value must be a
condition that evaluates to TRUE or
FALSE.
ename > ’A’
date
d
The substitution value must be a
date constant or an expression of
DATE datatype.
TO_DATE (
’01-Jan-1996’,
DD-MON-YYYY’)
expr The substitution value can be an
expression of any datatype.
sal + 1000
integer The substitution value must be an
integer.
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rowid The substitution value must be an
expression of datatype ROWID.
00000462.0001.0001
subquery The substitution value must be a
SELECT statement contained in
another SQL statement.
SELECT ename
FROM emp
statement_name
block_name
The substitution value must be an
identifier for a SQL statement or
PL/SQL block.
s1
b1
[...]... v Part I 1 Parallel Processing Fundamentals Parallel Processing and Parallel Databases What Is Parallel Processing? Parallel Processing Defined Problems of Parallel Processing Characteristics of a Parallel System Parallel Processing for SMPs and MPPs Parallel Processing for Integrated Operations What Is a Parallel Server? ... Elements of Parallel Processing? s What Are the Benefits of Parallel Processing? s What Are the Benefits of Parallel Databases? s What Is the Role of Parallel Execution? s Do You Need Parallel Server? What Is Parallel Processing? This section defines parallel processing and describes its use s Parallel Processing Defined s Problems of Parallel Processing s Characteristics of a Parallel System s Parallel Processing... ELAPSED TIME Processor 1 task (runtime) Figure 1–2 illustrates parallel processing in which a query is divided into multiple, smaller tasks, and each component task executes on a separate instance 1-2 Oracle8i Parallel Server Concepts and Administration What Is Parallel Processing? Figure 1–2 Parallel Processing: Executing Component Tasks in Parallel TOTAL ELAPSED TIME Processors 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10... Restoring and Recovering Redo Log Files 22-9 Disaster Recovery 22-10 Parallel Recovery 22-14 Parallel Recovery Using Recovery Manager 22-14 Parallel Recovery Using Operating System Utilities 22-15 Fast-start Parallel Rollback in OPS 22-16 Managed Standby and Standby Databases 22-16 23 Migrating from a Single Instance to Parallel. .. Parallel Processing s Characteristics of a Parallel System s Parallel Processing for SMPs and MPPs Parallel Processing and Parallel Databases 1-1 What Is Parallel Processing? s Parallel Processing for Integrated Operations Parallel Processing Defined Parallel processing divides a large task into many smaller tasks and executes the smaller tasks concurrently on several nodes As a result, the larger task... The Export and Import Utilities B-1 Compatibility Between Shared and Exclusive Modes B-1 Restrictions B-2 xxviii Maximum Number of Blocks Allocated at a Time B-2 Restrictions in Shared Mode B-2 xxix xxx Part I Parallel Processing Fundamentals 1 Parallel Processing and Parallel Databases This chapter introduces parallel processing and parallel. .. parallel" s Preserving task sequencing for tasks that must execute serially Characteristics of a Parallel System A parallel processing system has the following characteristics: s Each processor in a system can perform tasks concurrently s Tasks may need to be synchronized 1-4 Oracle8i Parallel Server Concepts and Administration ... Overview of Shared Nothing Systems Massively Parallel Systems Summary of Shared Nothing Systems Shared Nothing /Shared Disk Combined Systems Part II 4 3-3 3-5 3-6 3-7 3-7 3-8 3-9 Oracle Parallel Server Concepts How Oracle Implements Parallel Processing Enabling and Disabling Parallel Server Synchronization Block Level... (OLTP) and Decision Support Systems (DSS) The administrator’s challenge is to selectively deploy these technologies to fully use their multiprocessing powers To do this successfully you must understand how multiprocessing works, what resources it requires, and when you can and cannot effectively apply it This chapter answers the following questions: s What Is Parallel Processing? s What Is a Parallel. .. 8.0.4 and 8.1 Cache Fusion Architecture Changes New Views Removal of GMS Parallel Transaction Recovery is now "Fast-Start Parallel Rollback" Changes to Instance Registration Listener Load Balancing Diagnostic Enhancements Oracle Parallel Server Management (OPSM) Parallel Server Installation and . Oracle8
i
Parallel Server
Concepts and Administration
Release 8.1.5
February 1999
Part No. A67778-01
Oracle8i Parallel Server Concepts and Administration
Part. between Oracle8i and the Oracle8i Enterprise
Edition and the available features and options, please refer to Getting to Know
Oracle8i.
Note: Oracle8i Parallel
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