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TE AM FL Y Grid Computing Making the Global Infrastructure a Reality WILEY SERIES IN COMMUNICATIONS NETWORKING & DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS Series Editor: David Hutchison, Lancaster University Series Advisers: Harmen van As, TU Vienna Serge Fdida, University of Paris Joe Sventek, Agilent Laboratories, Edinburgh The ‘Wiley Series in Communications Networking & Distributed Systems’ is a series of expertlevel, technically detailed books covering cutting-edge research and brand new developments in networking, middleware and software technologies for communications and distributed systems The books will provide timely, accurate and reliable information about the state-of-the-art to researchers and development engineers in the Telecommunications and Computing sectors Other titles in the series: Wright: Voice over Packet Networks 0-471-49516-6 Jepsen: Java for Telecommunications 0-471-49826-2 Sutton: Secure Communications 0-471-49904-8 Stajano: Security for Ubiquitous Computing 0-470-84493-0 Martin-Flatin: Web-Based Management of IP Networks and Systems 0-471-48702-3 (February 2001) (July 2001) (December 2001) (February 2002) (September 2002) Grid Computing Making the Global Infrastructure a Reality Edited by FRAN BERMAN University of California, San Diego & San Diego Supercomputer Center, USA GEOFFREY FOX Community Grids Lab, Indiana University, USA TONY HEY Director e-Science Core Programme & University of Southampton, UK Copyright 2003 John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England Telephone (+44) 1243 779777 Email (for orders and customer service enquiries): cs-books@wiley.co.uk Visit our Home Page on www.wileyeurope.com or www.wiley.com All Rights Reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except under the terms of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP, UK, without the permission in writing of the Publisher Requests to the Publisher should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England, or emailed to permreq@wiley.co.uk, or faxed to (+44) 1243 770571 This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered It is sold on the understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought Other Wiley Editorial Offices John Wiley & Sons Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA Jossey-Bass, 989 Market Street, San Francisco, CA 94103-1741, USA Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Boschstr 12, D-69469 Weinheim, Germany John Wiley & Sons Australia Ltd, 33 Park Road, Milton, Queensland 4064, Australia John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd, Clementi Loop #02-01, Jin Xing Distripark, Singapore 129809 John Wiley & Sons Canada Ltd, 22 Worcester Road, Etobicoke, Ontario, Canada M9W 1L1 Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Grid computing : making the global infrastructure a reality / edited by Fran Berman, Geoffrey Fox, Tony Hey p cm – (Wiley series in communications networking & distributed systems) Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-470-85319-0 (alk paper) Computational grids (Computer systems) I Berman, Fran II Fox, Geoffrey III Hey, Anthony J G IV Series QA76.9.C58G755 2003 004 36 – dc21 2002192438 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0-470-85319-0 Typeset in 10/12pt Times by Laserwords Private Limited, Chennai, India Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, Wiltshire This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry in which at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production Contents Overview of the book: Grid computing – making the global infrastructure a reality Fran Berman, Geoffrey Fox, and Tony Hey The Grid: past, present, future Fran Berman, Geoffrey Fox, and Tony Hey The Grid: A new infrastructure for 21st century science Ian Foster 51 The evolution of the Grid David De Roure, Mark A Baker, Nicholas R Jennings, and Nigel R Shadbolt 65 Software infrastructure for the I-WAY high-performance distributed computing experiment Ian Foster, Jonathan Geisler, Bill Nickless, Warren Smith, and Steven Tuecke 101 Implementing production Grids William E Johnston, The NASA IPG Engineering Team, and The DOE Science Grid Team 117 The anatomy of the Grid Ian Foster, Carl Kesselman, and Steven Tuecke 171 Rationale for choosing the Open Grid Services Architecture Malcolm Atkinson 199 The physiology of the Grid Ian Foster, Carl Kesselman, Jeffrey M Nick, and Steven Tuecke 217 Grid Web services and application factories Dennis Gannon, Rachana Ananthakrishnan, Sriram Krishnan, Madhusudhan Govindaraju, Lavanya Ramakrishnan, and Aleksander Slominski 251 vi CONTENTS 10 From Legion to Avaki: the persistence of vision Andrew S Grimshaw, Anand Natrajan, Marty A Humphrey, Michael J Lewis, Anh Nguyen-Tuong, John F Karpovich, Mark M Morgan, and Adam J Ferrari 265 11 Condor and the Grid Douglas Thain, Todd Tannenbaum, and Miron Livny 299 12 Architecture of a commercial enterprise desktop Grid: the Entropia system Andrew A Chien 337 13 Autonomic computing and Grid Pratap Pattnaik, Kattamuri Ekanadham, and Joefon Jann 351 14 Databases and the Grid Paul Watson 363 15 The Open Grid Services Architecture, and Data Grids Peter Z Kunszt and Leanne P Guy 385 16 Virtualization services for Data Grids Reagan W Moore and Chaitan Baru 409 17 The Semantic Grid: a future e-Science infrastructure David De Roure, Nicholas R Jennings, and Nigel R Shadbolt 437 18 Peer-to-peer Grids Geoffrey Fox, Dennis Gannon, Sung-Hoon Ko, Sangmi-Lee, Shrideep Pallickara, Marlon Pierce, Xiaohong Qiu, Xi Rao, Ahmet Uyar, Minjun Wang, and Wenjun Wu 471 19 Peer-to-peer Grid databases for Web service discovery Wolfgang Hoschek 491 20 Overview of Grid computing environments Geoffrey Fox, Dennis Gannon, and Mary Thomas 543 21 Grid programming models: current tools, issues and directions Craig Lee and Domenico Talia 555 22 NaradaBrokering: an event-based infrastructure for building scalable durable peer-to-peer Grids Geoffrey Fox and Shrideep Pallickara 579 CONTENTS vii 23 Classifying and enabling Grid applications Gabrielle Allen, Tom Goodale, Michael Russell, Edward Seidel, and John Shalf 601 24 NetSolve: past, present, and future – a look at a Grid enabled server Sudesh Agrawal, Jack Dongarra, Keith Seymour, and Sathish Vadhiyar 615 25 Ninf-G: a GridRPC system on the Globus toolkit Hidemoto Nakada, Yoshio Tanaka, Satoshi Matsuoka, and Satoshi Sekiguchi 625 26 Commodity Grid kits – middleware for building Grid computing environments Gregor von Laszewski, Jarek Gawor, Sriram Krishnan, and Keith Jackson 639 27 The Grid portal development kit Jason Novotny 657 28 Building Grid computing portals: the NPACI Grid portal toolkit Mary P Thomas and John R Boisseau 675 29 Unicore and the Open Grid Services Architecture David Snelling 701 30 Distributed object-based Grid computing environments Tomasz Haupt and Marlon E Pierce 713 31 DISCOVER: a computational collaboratory for interactive Grid applications Vijay Mann and Manish Parashar 729 32 Grid resource allocation and control using computational economies Rich Wolski, John Brevik, James S Plank, and Todd Bryan 747 33 Parameter sweeps on the Grid with APST Henri Casanova and Fran Berman 773 34 Storage manager and file transfer Web services William A Watson III, Ying Chen, Jie Chen, and Walt Akers 789 35 Application overview for the book: Grid computing – making the global infrastructure a reality Fran Berman, Geoffrey Fox, and Tony Hey 805 viii CONTENTS 36 The data deluge: an e-Science perspective Tony Hey and Anne Trefethen 809 37 Metacomputing Larry Smarr and Charles E Catlett 825 38 Grids and the virtual observatory Roy Williams 837 39 Data-intensive Grids for high-energy physics Julian J Bunn and Harvey B Newman 859 40 The new biology and the Grid Kim Baldridge and Philip E Bourne 907 41 eDiamond: a Grid-enabled federated database of annotated mammograms Michael Brady, David Gavaghan, Andrew Simpson, Miguel Mulet Parada, and Ralph Highnam 923 42 Combinatorial chemistry and the Grid Jeremy G Frey, Mark Bradley, Jonathan W Essex, Michael B Hursthouse, Susan M Lewis, Michael M Luck, Luc Moreau, Dave C De Roure, Mike Surridge, and Alan H Welsh 945 43 Education and the enterprise with the Grid Geoffrey Fox 963 Index Views of the Grid Indirect Glossary List of Grid Projects 977 1002 1004 1007 Table of Contents List of Contributors xxxi About the Editors xliii Foreword PART A xlv Overview and motivation Overview of the book: Grid computing – making the global infrastructure a reality Fran Berman, Geoffrey Fox, and Tony Hey Summary of the book Part A: overview Part B: architecture and technologies of the Grid Part C: Grid computing environments Part D: Grid applications References The Grid: past, present, future Fran Berman, Geoffrey Fox, and Tony Hey 1.1 The Grid Box 1.1 Chapter Overview 1.2 Beginnings of the Grid 1.3 A community Grid model 1.4 Building blocks of the Grid 1.4.1 Networks 1.4.2 Computational ‘nodes’ on the Grid 1.4.3 Pulling it all together 1.4.4 Common infrastructure: standards 1.5 Grid applications and application middleware 1.5.1 Life science applications 1.5.2 Engineering-oriented applications 1.5.3 Data-oriented applications 1.5.4 Physical science applications 1.5.5 Trends in research: e-Science in a collaboratory 3 5 9 11 12 15 16 16 23 24 29 30 30 32 34 35 38 INDEX Station Server 889 see also DDSA Statistical Experimental Design 949, 952 Steering – see Computational steering or Parameter steering Storage archival 423, 424 data 394, 852 disk 126, 756 management 792 Resource Broker (SRB) 118, 414, 421, 811, 817 Resource Management (SRM) 793–797 Service Provider (SSP) – see Service provider see also JSRM, Web service Strasbourg ontology 854 Subscription 395, 397 see also Publish–Subscribe Sun Microsystems Enterprise server 913 Grid Engine (SGE) 40, 46 JXTA system 245 Sun ONE 224, 231 Super-SINET Japanese Network 886 SuperJANET (UK Network) 16 Supply Chain Management (SCM) 967 SVD (Singular Value Decomposition) see LSI SURL (Site URL) 792 see also Storage Resource Manager SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics) 486 SWIG (Simplified Wrapper and Interface Generator) 644 SWISS-PROT (Protein sequence database) 813 SWSDL (Simple Web Service Definition Language) 494, 526 see also WSDL (Web Service Definition Language) Synchronous collaboration 481, 482, 484 learning 972 Systems software 266 Tapestry Peer-to-Peer network 496, 533 Task farming – see Farms and farming Task spawning 604, 605 TCP/IP 29 Teachers or Teaching 923, 931, 935–938, 940, 963, 969, 971 Telemicroscopy 30 Teleradiology 925, 935 Telescience Portal 685, 689 999 TENT (Integrated Simulation Environment or Portal) 651 Terabyte (1012 bytes) 810, 812–815 Teraflop (1012 floating point operations per second) 11, 810 TeraGrid 11, 24, 25, 27, 28, 36, 37, 53, 303, 676, 843–845, 874 Terraserver (satellite images on the Web) 840 Testbed 611 Thinking machines 827 Three-tier architecture – see Multi-tier architecture Three-valued logic – see Condor TIBCO and TIB/Rendezvous 586 Tier 0,1,2 Centers 861, 862 see also LCG and Regional centers Tightly-coupled processes or applications 124 Time stamp 502 Time to live (TTL) 593 Timeout 523–525 TLS (Transport Layer Security) 130 Top500 (supercomputer performance ranking) 23 Topic Map 414, 415, 857 Trading service 530 Transaction 527 Transient service see Service Transparency 226, 270, 441 access 270, 280 deployment 774, 775 failure 269, 270 invocation 228 location 127, 147, 226, 228, 268, 269, 280 migration 269, 280 replication 268, 269, 280 Transport File Name (TFN) 393 TrEMBL (Protein database) 813 Triana 604 Trust 131 cross-site 119, 130 shared 131 Tuple 495, 496, 498 TURL (Transfer URL) 792 see also Storage Resource Manager Two-phase 223, 311, 324, 325 open – see Condor UCD (Unified Column Descriptor for astronomy data) 855 UDDI (Universal Description, Discovery and Integration) 225, 513, 530 UDP (User Datagram Protocol) 478 1000 UK e-Science Program 10, 24, 26, 145, 146, 199, 811, 818, 819, 822 architecture task force 199 core programme 32, 199, 206 UK Grid certification authority 26 database task force 383 engineering task force 26 support center 26 Ultrasound 926, 930, 942 Under-demand 762–767 Unicore (Uniform Interface to Computer Resources) 25, 150, 701–707, 709–712 Abstract Job Object (AJO) 704 protocol layer 711 Universal access 472, 487, 489, 678, 967, 968, 974 UNIX shell – see under Shell UPDF (Unified peer-to-peer Database Framework) 497, 515, 527 Uportal (University Portal) 697 URI (Universal Resource Identifier) 252 USCMS Testbed 307 see also CMS User Interface 487, 965 User Portal 547, 658, 670, 677, 686, 692 User services 966 UUID (Universal Unique IDentifier) 392 Versioning 90 Video-on-demand 967, 969 Virtual data 388, 392, 411, 869, 870, 956, 968, 972 data grid projects 411 DBS (Database System) – see Database data materialization 394 digital entities 411 hosting environment 494 machine room 826, 830, 831 mammo (mammography simulation and teaching) 931, 935 network computing (VNC) 957, 974 observatory 151, 837–839 operating environment 271, 272 organization (VO) 172, 176, 385, 387 private network (VPN) 173, 188, 291 reality 46, 56, 68, 69, 103, 112, 183, 641 sky 840–843 user account system 163 Virtualization 226, 227, 245 service 410, 424, 425, 432 INDEX see also Federation service, Semantic integration Virus structure 909 VISTA (Visible and Infrared survey telescope) 813 VISTANET (Gigabit Test bed) 13 Visualization 10–13, 15, 28, 32, 38, 41 Viz5D (Visualization package) 644 VOTable (Virtual Observatory Standard for tabular data) 850–853, 855, 856 VRVS (Virtual Room Videoconferencing System) 889 W3C (Web Consortium) 29, 503 Walras’ Law (of markets) 753, 754 WAN (Wide Area Network) 826 Web Conferencing 974 Web Ontology Language (OWL) 462 Web Service 199, 201, 202, 252, 254 factories 252, 253 file transfer 789, 795, 797 invocation 494 orchestration 225 port – see Port portType – see portType registration 494 ReplicaCatalog 793 specification 494 storage manager 793 Web Service Discovery Architecture (WSDA) 497, 507–509, 512, 513 Web Service Introspection Language (WSIL) 202, 386, 502 WebCT Corporation 973 WebDAV (Distributed Authoring and Versioning) 90, 967 WebEx Corporation 974 WebFlow 82 WebOS (Operating System Services for Wide Area Applications) 187 WebSphere 231 Windows environment 340 Workflow 440, 442, 467 events 123 for coordination 548, 568 virtualization 432 World Wide Web 29, 52, 66, 86, 89 Wrapper C++, 739 COM 485 database 419, 428 Java 75, 327 INDEX TCP 107 XML 479, 951 Wrapping (as objects) 551 WSDL (Web Service Definition Language) 29 see also GSDL and SWSDL WSFL (Web Services Flow Language replaced by BPEL4WS) 225, 257 WSFL (Web Services Flow Language) 255, WSIF (Web Services Invocation Framework) 225 WSIL (Web Service Inspection Language) 225 WSRP (Web Services for Remote Portals) 29 X-BONE 585 X-on-demand 40 X.500 naming 132, 136 X.509 certificate 130, 131, 372 XCAT (component-based programming model for Grid Web Services) 254, 255, 259–261, 651 portal 259 ports 255 see also CCA, Factory and OGSA XDF (eXtensible Data Format for Scientific data) 852 1001 XDR (eXternal Data Representation standard) 293 Xindice (Apache XML Database) 816 XML 29, 90–94, 202–209, 473–475, 500–504, 510–514, 530–534, 714, 715 configuration file 794 data model 498, 530, 532–534 database 391 descriptor 722 Document Type Definition (DTD) 415 Schema 86, 90, 91, 202, 203, 205, 207, 429, 490, 502, 513, 917 tupleset 501–503, 510 wrapper (see under wrapper) see also SOAP, XPath, XQuery, XSLT XPath (XML Address) 510, 511, 532 see also Query language XQuery (XML Query) 503 see also Query language X-Ray Crystallography – see under Applications XSLT (XML Transformation) 852 XSOAP 255 YEEF (Your Enterprise External Framework) 970 YEIF (Your Enterprise Internal Framework) 970 1002 INDEX VIEWS OF THE GRID Here we collect links to parts of the book that describe views of Grid–what it is and what it isn’t: Advanced Networking (Chapter 6) Artificial Intelligence (Chapter 6) Architecture as a Protocol architecture (Chapter 6) Autonomic System (Chapter 13.4) Collaborative Environment (Chapter 2, Section 2.2; Chapter 18) Combining powerful resources, federated computing and a security structure (Chapter 38, Section 38.2) Coordinated resource sharing and problem solving in dynamic multi-institutional virtual organizations (Chapter 6) Data Grids as Managed Distributed Systems for Global Virtual Organizations (Chapter 39) Distributed Computing or distributed systems (Chapter 2, Section 2.2; Chapter 10) Enabling Scalable Virtual Organizations (Chapter 6) Enabling use of enterprise-wide systems, and someday nationwide systems, that consist of workstations, vector supercomputers, and parallel supercomputers connected by local and wide area networks Users will be presented the illusion of a single, very powerful computer, rather than a collection of disparate machines The system will schedule application components on processors, manage data transfer, and provide communication and synchronization in such a manner as to dramatically improve application performance Further, boundaries between computers will be invisible, as will the location of data and the failure of processors (Chapter 10) GCE (Grid Computing Environment) as an integrated set of tools that extends the user’s computing environment in order to provide access to Grid Services (Chapter 26) Grid portal as an effective tool for providing users of computational Grids with simple intuitive interfaces for accessing Grid information and for using Grid resources (Chapter 28) as a specialized portal providing an entry point to the Grid to access applications, services, information, and data available within a Grid (Chapter 26) as a community service with a single point of entry to an integrated system providing access to information, data, applications, and services (Chapter 26) as an infrastructure that will provide us with the ability to dynamically link together resources as an ensemble to support the execution of large-scale, resourceintensive, and distributed applications (Chapter 1) makes high-performance computers superfluous (Chapter 6) metasystems or metacomputing systems (Chapters 10, 37) Middleware as the services needed to support a common set of applications in a distributed network environment (Chapter 6) Next-Generation Internet (Chapter 6) Peer-to-peer network or peer-to-peer systems (Chapters 10, 18) INDEX 1003 Realizing thirty-year dream of science fiction writers that have spun yarns featuring worldwide networks of interconnected computers that behave as a single entity (Chapter 10) Requires a distributed operating system (Chapter 6) Requires new programming models (Chapter 6) Single virtual operating environment (Chapter 10) Services; supporting the integration of many services including Systems Management and Automation, Workload/Performance Management, Security, Availability/Service Management, Logical Resource Management, Clustering Services, Connectivity Management and Physical Resource Management (Chapter 1) Source of free cycles (Chapter 6) Supporting e-Science representing increasing global collaborations of people and of shared resources that will be needed to solve the new problems of Science and Engineering (Chapter 36) Supporting human decision making with a network of at least four large computers, perhaps six or eight small computers, and a great assortment of disc files and magnetic tape units – not to mention remote consoles and teletype stations – all churning away (Chapter 1) Web Portal as a Web Portal is a portal providing users ubiquitous access, with the help of Web-based commodity technologies, to information, data, applications, and services (Chapter 26) 1004 INDEX INDIRECT GLOSSARY The following book links provide succinct description of many key Grid-related concepts TE AM FL Y Access Grid – Pages 92, 93 (Section 3.4.3.2) and Pages 159, 160 (Chapter 5) Agents – Pages 88, 89 (Section 3.4.1.3) AP Grid (Asia Pacific Grid) – Pages 146, 147 (Chapter 5) API (Application Programming Interface) – Page 193 (Chapter 6) AppLeS (Application-Level Scheduling) – Pages 774–775 (Section 33.2.1) Autonomic Computing – Pages 42, 43 (Section 1.6.1) and Pages 351–361 (Chapter 13) Cactus – Page 152 (Chapter 5), Pages 79, 80 (Section 3.3.6.1) and Page 565 (Section 21.3.6.1) and Pages 610–613 (Chapter 23) Common Component Architecture (CCA) – Pages 75, 76 (Section 3.3.3.2) and Pages 251–263 (Chapter 9) Community Authorization Service (CAS) – Pages 161, 162 (Chapter 5) Community Grid (CoG) Kits – Page 566 (Section 21.3.6.3) and Pages 639–654 (Chapter 26) Condor Project – Page 148 (Chapter 5), Page 76 (Section 3.3.4.1) and Pages 299–332 (Chapter 11) Condor-G – Pages 153 and 156 (Chapter 5), Pages 299–332 (Chapter 11) CORBA – Page 74 (Section 3.3.3) and Pages 565, 566 (Section 21.3.6.2) DAML (DArpa Agent Markup Language) – Page 91 (Section 3.4.2.2) Discover Grid Portal – Pages 721–745 (Chapter 31) Distributed Monitoring Framework (DMF) – Pages 152, 153 (Chapter 5) Distributed Parallel Storage System (DPSS) – Page 159 (Chapter 5) DOE Science Grid – Pages 146 and 149 (Chapter 5) Esnet – Page 161 (Chapter 5) EU DataGrid Project – Page 146 (Chapter 5) and Pages 80, 81 (Section 3.3.6.2) Fafner – Pages 66, 67 (Section 3.2.1) GCE (Grid Computing Environment) – Pages 543–551(Chapter 20) Global Access to Secondary Storage (GASS) – Page 158 (Chapter 5) Globus Glide-In – Page 153 (Chapter 5) Globus Replica System – Page 158 (Chapter 5) Globus Project – Page 148 (Chapter 5) and Pages 72, 73 (Section 3.3.2.1) Globus Resource Allocation Manager (GRAM) – Page 152 (Chapter 5) GrADS (Grid Application Development Software) – Page 574 (Section 21.4.9) Grid Data Management Pilot (GDMP) – Page 159 (Chapter 5) GridFTP (File Transfer protocol) – Page 152 (Chapter 5) Grid Information Service (GIS) – Page 151 (Chapter 5) GridLab: A Grid Application Toolkit and Testbed – Pages 147, 148 (Chapter 5) Grid Monitoring Architecture (GMA) Working Group – Page 150 (Chapter 5) GridPort – Page 154 (Chapter 5), Pages 78, 79 (Section 3.3.5.2) and Pages 675–698 (Chapter 28) Grid Portal Development Toolkit – Page 79 (Section 3.3.5.3) and Pages 657–672 (Chapter 27) Team-Fly® INDEX 1005 GridRPC – Pages 562, 563 (Section 21.3.3.1) and Pages 625–637 (Chapter 25) Grid Security Infrastructure (GSI) – Pages 151, 152 and 158 (Chapter 5) GriPhyN (Grid Physics Network) – Pages 150, 151 (Chapter 5) GSIFTP – Page 161 (Chapter 5) Hotpage – Page 78 (Section 3.3.5.1) and Pages 675–698 (Chapter 28) Interoperability – Page 192 (Chapter 6) Ilab – Page 156 (Chapter 5) IP (Internet Protocol) – Page 192 (Chapter 6) I-Way – Page 67–69 (Section 3.2.2) and Pages 101–114 (Chapter 4) Jini – Page 75 (Section 3.3.3.1) JiPANG (Jini-based Portal Augmenting Grids) – Page 155 (Chapter 5) JXTA open source P2P computing infrastructure – Page 84 (Section 3.3.7.1) and Page 565 (Section 21.3.5.1) LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) – Page 192 (Chapter 6) Legion – Pages 149, 150 (Chapter 5), Page 73, 74 (Section 3.3.2.2) and Page 566 (Section 21.3.6.4) and Pages 265–297 (Chapter 10) Load Sharing Facility (LSF) – Page 76 (Section 3.3.4.1) Maui Silver Metascheduler – Page 153 (Chapter 5) MPICH-G2 – Pages 156, 157 (Chapter 5) and Page 561 (Section 21.3.2.1) MDS (Monitoring and Discovery Service) – Page 151 (Chapter 5) NASA’s Information Power Grid (IPG) – Page 146 (Chapter 5) NERSC (National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center) – Page 148 (Chapter 5) Netsolve – Page 155 (Chapter 5), Pages 615–623 (Chapter 24) Nimrod/G – Page 77 (Section 3.3.4.3) Ninf (A Network based Information Library for Global Worldwide Computing Infrastructure) – Page 147 (Chapter 5), Pages 625–637 (Chapter 25) OGSA (Open Grid Services Architecture) Pages 87, 88 (Section 3.4.1.2) and Pages 567, 568 (Section 21.3.7.1), Page 199–213 (Chapter 7), Pages 217–246 (Chapter 8) and Pages 385–405 (Chapter 15) PACX-MPI – Page 157 (Chapter 5) Peer-to-Peer Computing (P2P) – Pages 82–84 (Section 3.3.7), Pages 471–489 (Chapter 18) and Pages 491–536(Chapter 19) Personal Condor – Page 153 (Chapter 5) Portable Batch Scheduler/System (PBS) – Pages 148, 149 (Chapter 5) and Page 76 (Section 3.3.4.1) PPDG (Particle Physics Data Grid) – Page 157 (Chapter 5) Protocol – Page 191 (Chapter 6) PVM – Page 157 (Chapter 5) RDF (Resource Description Framework) – Page 91 (Section 3.4.2.2) RMI (Java Remote Method Interface) – Page 75 (Section 3.3.3.1) and Page 563 (Section 21.3.3.2) Semantic Grid – Pages 94, 95 (Section 3.5.2) Service – Page 192 (Chapter 6) SDK (Software Development Kit) – Pages 193, 194 (Chapter 6) SOAP XML data transfer protocol – Page 86 (Section 3.4.1.1) 1006 INDEX Storage Resource Broker (SRB) – Page 148 (Chapter 5), Pages 76, 77 (Section 3.3.4.2) and Pages 409–433 (Chapter 16) Sun Grid Engine (SGE) – Page 76 (Section 3.3.4.1) TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) – Page 192 (Chapter 6) TLS (Transport Layer Security) – Page 192 (Chapter 6) UDDI (Universal Description Discovery and Integration) – Page 86 (Section 3.4.1.1) UK e-Science Program – Pages 145, 146 (Chapter 5), Pages 24–29 (Section 1.4.3) and Pages 809–822 (Chapter 36) Unicore (Uniform Interface to Computer Resources) – Page 150 (Chapter 5), Pages 81, 82 (Section 3.3.6.3) and Pages 701–712 (Chapter 29) WebFlow (Gateway) – Page 82 (Section 3.3.6.4) and Pages 713–727 (Chapter 30) Web Services Description Language (WSDL) – Page 86 (Section 3.4.1.1) http://www.inria.fr/presse/dossier/gridcomputing/grid2b.en.html http://www.aktors.org/ http://www-itg.lbl.gov/Akenti/homepage.html http://www.apgrid.org/ http://www.astrogrid.org/ http://www.euro-vo.org/ http://birn.ncrr.nih.gov/, http://www.nbirn.net/ http://www.soros.org/openaccess/ http://www.butterfly.net/ http://www.fsl.orst.edu/climdb/ http://www.combechem.org/ http://www.cs.wisc.edu/condor/ http://www.crossgrid.org http://www.cs.york.ac.uk/dame/ Advanced Knowledge Technologies (AKT) Akenti APGrid AstroGrid AVO (Astronomical Virtual Observatory) BIRN Budapest Open Access Initiative Butterfly Grid CLIMDB Comb-e-chem Condor-G CrossGrid DAME Web Link ACI Grid Grid Project List of Grid Projects US Europe UK Asia UK e-Science IRC (Interdisciplinary Research Collaboration) US (Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory) France Affiliation Distributed Aircraft Maintenance, Engine diagnostics Exploitation of Grid concepts for interactive compute and data intensive applications Grid Resource Management for High throughput computing Combinatorial Chemistry Climate Database Project Online games (continued) UK e-Science Pilot Europe UK e-Science Pilot US Industry Initiative aiming at open International access to research articles Biomedical Informatics Astronomy Astronomy Asia-Pacific Grid Distributed Access Control System Management of the knowledge life cycle French Grid (INRIA) Topic INDEX 1007 http://edina.ac.uk/ EDINA EGSO (European Grid http://www.mssl.ucl.ac.uk/grid/egso/egso− top.html of Solar observations) http://www.earthsystemgrid.org/ Earth Systems Grid http://www.dspace.org/ Dspace http://www.dutchgrid.nl http://www.discovery-on-the.net/ DiscoveryNet DutchGrid http://www.cs.sandia.gov/discom/ DISCOM2 (Distance/Distributed Computing) http://caesar.elte.hu/eltenet/projects/demogrid/ http://www.dirc.org.uk/ DIRC http://doesciencegrid.org http://www.datatag.org DataTAG DoE Science Grid http://www.datagrid.cnr.it/, http://eu-datagrid.web.cern.ch/ DataGrid DemoGrid http://www.hlrs.de/organization/pds/projects/damien/ Web Link DAMIEN Grid Project Solar Observation UK digital library of data, information and research resources for education and research Climate Community Grid Dutch Grid Department of Energy Science Hungarian Grid Digital repository to capture, distribute and preserve the intellectual output of MIT Data-intensive Real-time Informatics for biology and earth science Nuclear weapon (ASCI) Grid Dependability of computer-based systems Particle physics, astronomy Particle physics Development of tools for computational grids Topic Europe UK US Netherlands US Hungary US UK e-Science Pilot US UK e-Science IRC (Interdisciplinary Research Collaboration) Europe–US Europe Europe Affiliation 1008 INDEX http://www1.embl-heidelberg.de/ http://www.entropia.com/ http://www.eprints.org/ http://www.equator.ac.uk http://www.eurogrid.org/ http://www.gria.org/ http://www.fusiongrid.org/ http://www.geodise.org http://www.gridforum.org http://www.globus.org http://nhse2.cs.rice.edu/grads/ EMBL Entropia Eprint or e-print Equator EuroGrid European Grid Resources for Industrial Applications FusionGrid GEODISE Global Grid Forum (GGF) Globus GrADS Grid Application Development Software Collaboration producing Globus Toolkit Central Community Grid Activity Engineering optimization and Design Search for Engineering Fusion Energy Grid Industrial applications Bio-molecular simulations, weather prediction, CAE simulations, Structural analysis, Real-time data processing Technological innovation in physical and digital life Southampton University project on electronically published research paper (or other literary items) Peer-to-peer Grid Computing Model European Molecular Biology Laboratory US US International (continued) UK e-Science Pilot Fusion Europe Europe UK e-Science IRC (Interdisciplinary Research Collaboration) UK US Commercial Europe INDEX 1009 http://www.grid-ireland.org/ http://www.grids-center.org/ http://www.grid-interoperability.org/ http://www.griphyn.org/ http://www.gtrn.net http://www.hicb.org/ http://grid.infn.it/, http://server11.infn.it/fabric-grid/ http://www.ipg.nasa.gov/ http://www.ivdgl.org/ http://lhcgrid.web.cern.ch/LHCgrid/ http://legion.virginia.edu/, http://www.avaki.com/ GRIP GriPhyN GTRN HICB (HENP Intergrid Coordination Board) INFN Grid Information Power Grid (IPG) iVDGL (International Virtual Data Grid) LCG (LHC Computing Grid) Legion Grid Resource Broker http://www.gridstart.org/ http://sara.unile.it/grb/grb.html GridPP GridStart http://www.gridpp.ac.uk/ GridLab Web Link GRIDS http://www.gridlab.org/ Grid-Ireland Grid Project International US Europe–US Europe US Italy–US UK Europe Affiliation Distributed Object Grid Software LHC Particle Physics Experiments International Data Grid NASA Applications (Aerospace, Space) Grid Particle Physics US (Avaki is the Commercial version of Legion) CERN US US Italy Coordinates particle physics International Grid projects Global Terabit Research Network Physics Data Grids Interoperability between UNICORE and Globus Coalition of European Grid projects Grid Middleware Software Ubiquitous Grid computing framework Particle physics, astronomy Development of tools for computational grids The National Computational Ireland Grid for Ireland Topic 1010 INDEX Scandinavian Grid SERVOGrid (Solid Earth Virtual Observatory) http://www.servogrid.org Earthquake Modeling environment http://www.scec.org/cme/ SCEC (Southern California Earthquake Center) Grid Scandinavia US (continued) UK e-Science Pilot US Poland International US Solid Earth (Earthquake) US Simulation and Data Grid Particle Physics Condensed matter and materials Astronomy http://www.realitygrid.org/ http://www.us-vo.org/ NVO (National Virtual Observatory) RealityGrid http://www.nordugrid.org/ NorduGrid RPC based Grid Computing Japan Infrastructure http://www.ppdg.net/ http://ninf.apgrid.org/ Ninf UK e-Science Core US UK e-Science Pilot UK e-Science IRC (Interdisciplinary Research Collaboration) Europe RPC-based Grid Computing US Infrastructure PPDataGrid http://icl.cs.utk.edu/netsolve/ NetSolve General Grid Support Earthquake Engineering Polish Grid http://umbriel.dcs.gla.ac.uk/NeSC/ NeSC (UK National e-Science Center) http://www.man.poznan.pl/pol34/pionier/english/ http://www.neesgrid.org/ NEES Grid Bio-informatics PIONIER Grid http://mygrid.man.ac.uk/ MyGrid Medical images, e-Healthcare Content Interoperability Standards http://www.gridoutreach.org.uk/docs/pilots/mias.htm MIAS European Digital Mammography project Open Archives Initiative http://www.openarchives.org/ (OAI) http://www.uwe.ac.uk/research/news.shtml#Mammo Mammogrid INDEX 1011 US US Affliation http://www.dutchgrid.nl/VLAM-G/AM/doclive-vlam.html VLAM Virtual laboratory for experimental physics Support UK e-Science Grid Grid access Portal Netherlands Germany UK e-Science Particle physics, astronomy, UK e-Science engineering, medicine, bio-informatics http://www.unicore.de/ http://www.research-councils.ac.uk/escience/ UK e-Science Grid linking major NSF Supercomputer Centers UNICORE http://www.teragrid.org/ TeraGrid Data Grid technology Topic UK Grid Support Center http://www.grid-support.ac.uk/ http://www.npaci.edu/DICE/SRB/ Web Link SRB (Storage Resource Broker) Grid Project 1012 INDEX WILEY SERIES ON PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING SERIES EDITOR: Albert Y Zomaya Parallel & Distributed Simulation Systems / Richard Fujimoto Surviving the Design of Microprocessor and Multimicroprocessor Systems: Lessons Learned / Veljko Milutinovic Mobile Processing in Distributed and Open Environments / Peter Sapaty Introduction to Parallel Algorithms / C Xavier and S.S Iyengar Solutions to Parallel and Distributed Computing Problems: Lessons from Biological Sciences / Albert Y Zomaya, Fikret Ercal, and Stephan Olariu (Editors) New Parallel Algorithms for Direct Solution of Linear Equations / C Siva Ram Murthy, K.N Balasubramanya Murthy, and Srinivas Aluru Practical PRAM Programming / Joerg Keller, Christoph Kessler, and Jesper Larsson Traeff Computational Collective Intelligence / Tadeusz M Szuba Parallel & Distributed Computing: A Survey of Models, Paradigms, and Approaches / Claudia Leopold Fundamentals of Distributed Object Systems: A CORBA Perspective / Zahir Tari and Omran Bukhres Pipelined Processor Farms: Structured Design for Embedded Parallel Systems / Martin Fleury and Andrew Downton Handbook of Wireless Networks and Mobile Computing / Ivan Stojmenoviic (Editor) Internet-Based Workflow Management: Toward a Semantic Web / Dan C Marinescu Parallel Computing on Heterogeneous Networks / Alexey L Lastovetsky ... Tsukuba Ibaraki 30 5-8 568 Japan and Tokyo Institute of Technology Global Scientific Information and Computing Center 2-1 2-1 Ookayama Meguro-ku Tokyo 15 2-8 550 Japan Anand Natrajan Avaki Corporation... eDiamond: a Grid- enabled federated database of annotated mammograms Michael Brady, David Gavaghan, Andrew Simpson, Miguel Mulet Parada, and Ralph Highnam 41.1 Introduction 41.2 Medical images... Acknowledgments References Grid Web services and application factories Dennis Gannon, Rachana Ananthakrishnan, Sriram Krishnan, Madhusudhan Govindaraju, Lavanya Ramakrishnan, and Aleksander Slominski 9.1