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Present and past tenses
Present continuous diễn tả 1. hành động đang diễn ra ở hiện tại ngay lúc nói • The phone is ringing. Can you answer it? • It’s raining, so take an umbrella. 2. hành động tạm thời trong một khoảng thời gian nhất đònh ở hiện tại nhưng không nhất thiết ngay lúc nói. • He’s studying French this year. • We’re working on a new project this month. • The secretary is sick today so I’m doing her job. 3. trạng thái hay tình hình đang có chuyển biến hay thay đổi ở hiện tại • Language is changing all the time. • The weather is getting hotter these days. A. Simple present – Hiện tại đơn diễn tả một sự thật hiển nhiên, lúc nào cũng vậy thường dùng trong các câu phát biểu chung. ( a )Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen. ( b )The world is round. ( c )The earth goes round the sun. ( d )Nurses look after patients in hospitals. thói quen hay hoạt động hằng ngày ( e )I usually go away at weekends. ( f ) I study for two hours every night. ( g )My classes begin at nine. Một số động từ không dùng ở thì tiếp diễn mặc dù diễn ra ngay lúc nói. ( h )I have only a dollar right now. ( i ) I don’t recognize that man. ( j ) He needs a pen now. B. ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY – Dùng trạng từ chỉ sự năng xảy ra 100% 0% always usually often sometimes seldom rarely never adverbs of frequency đứng sau động từ “to be” và trước động từ thường ở hiện tại đơn. • I always come to school on time. • We don’t usually buy that brand • It is never late to love. • I am rarely upset about his bad behavior. • We aren’t usually out in the evening. một số adverbs như usually, sometimes, often có thể đứng ở đầu câu hay cuối câu. • She sometimes goes climbing. • She goes climbing sometimes. • Sometimes he wants to stay, sometimes he is eager to leave. • It often rains a lot at this time of year. • They see their son in prison very often. page 1 ACTION VERBS diễn tả hành động, có thể ở dạng tiếp diễn: eat, run, play, study… STATIVE VERBS (NON-ACTION VERBS) diễn tả trạng thái, tình trạng không dùng ở thì tiếp diễn. SAI: I am liking music. ĐÚNG: I like music. 1. Động từ chỉ nhận thức, tinh thần know realize recognize understand believe feel suppose imagine doubt remember forget want need prefer mean 2. Động từ chỉ xúc cảm love like appreciate hate dislike fear envy (ganh ghét) mind care 3. Động từ chỉ sở hữu possess have own belong to (thuộc về) 4. Động từ chỉ cảm quan taste smell hear feel see 5. Các động từ khác seem look appear cost owe (nợ) weigh be exist (tồn tại) consist of contain (chứa đựng) include Một số động từ vừa là ACTION VERBS vừa là STATIVE VERBS với ý nghóa có khác nhau: ACTION VERBS STATIVE (NON-ACTION) VERBS have I sometimes have problems with my car. (gặp vấn đề) I’m having a backache (bò đau lưng). I have (có) a new car. I don’t have any news. think I thought of the last holiday. (suy nghó) I’m thinking about him. I think you are right. (tin rằng, cho rằng) I don’t think so. look He sometimes looks at his watch. He is looking at me. He looked (trông có vẻ) angry. They look like (trông giống) their mother. appear The actors are appearing on the stage. (xuất hiện) She appears to be cold. (có vẻ) feel He feels (sờ, rờ) his hands when he’s The doctor is feeling my forehead. He feels (cảm thấy) cold. My forehead feels hot. taste My mother is tasting the milk. The chef is tasting the soup. (nếm) The milk tastes sour. (có vò) The soup tastes sweet. smell He is smelling the flowers. (ngửi) I’m smelling the cake. The flowers smell good. (có mùi) The cake smells burning. sound Let’s sound the “s” in “style”. (phát âm) He is sounding the bell. (nhấn chuông kêu) The alarm sounds loud. (nghe có vẻ) You sound angry. page 2 see The doctor is seeing the patients. (khám) They’re seeing the manager. (gặp) I see a butterfly. (thấy) Do you see anybody there? weigh The nurse is weighing her baby. (cân) Her baby weighs 4 kilograms. (cân nặng) *** Một số thành ngữ với HAVE có thể sử dụng thì continuous: They are having a good holiday. have a good holiday have a nice weekend have a headache have a party have a good trip have a bath have a meeting have breakfast/ lunch/ dinner have a good time have a lesson have trouble have a cup of coffee . QUÁ KHỨ ĐƠN diễn tả hành động đã xảy ra trong quá khứ Các từ ngữ chỉ thời gian quá khứ như: yesterday, last night, last Saturday, last week, two days ago, the day before yesterday, in 1990 . She said goodbye to me two days ago . I didn’t write my blog yesterday evening . Did you sign your names on the poster last week ? When did you last see him? He was born in 1954. Were you late for the product promotion again? Hai hành động simple past kết hợp với when : hành động đi với when là hành động thứ nhất, dẫn tới hành động kia • When it began to rain, I ran into a building. • I answered the phone when it rang . • The door broke when he pushed it. Past Continuous diễntả hành động đang diễn tiến ở 1 thời điểm xác đònh trong quá khứ I was listening to music at this time yesterday. She wasn’t sleeping at that time. What were you doing at midnight two days ago? hành động đang diễn tiến trong bối cảnh của câu chuyện Last night when I was trying to concentrate on my study, my roommates were chatting and playing the radio noisily. It was a beautiful day. The sun was shining , and we were getting ready for our ski trip. Everyone was having a lot of fun. Past continuous diễn tả hành động đang diễn tiến thì bò gián đoạn vì một hành động khác cũng trong quá khứ xảy ra (Past simple) • When it began to rain, I was standing at the bus stop. • We were playing chess when the phone rang . • She saw a mouse under her foot when she was driving . • He twisted his ankle when he was running downstairs. Past continuous diễn tả 2 hành động đang diễn tiến đồng thời • While / When they were sleeping , a burglar was stealing the money. page 3 HIỆN TẠI HOÀN THÀNH diễn tả hành động đã xảy ra trong quá khứ ở một thời điểm nào đó không xác đònh rõ. We have done a report. They have produced rice in this country. His mother has left the family. thường đi với các từ ngữ thời gian: recently/ lately (gần đây, mới đây) already (rồi), yet (chưa) just (vừa mới), so far/ until now (cho tới giờ) Recently they have seen a UFO. They’ve just cleaned the house. The students have already learnt about it. Robert hasn’t done his homework yet. I have read 400 pages of this book so far. She has typed 4 letters until now. hành động đã xảy ra một hoặc nhiều lần hơn trong quá khứ tính tới hiện tại từ ngữ thời gian: once, twice, three times, several times I’ve been to Nha Trang twice. My father’s visited my sister several times. We’ve eaten this dish once. diễn tả tình trạng đã bắt đầu từ trong quá khứ được 1 khoảng thời gian nào đó tính tới thời điểm ở hiện tại. Từ ngữ thời gian: for + thời lượng since + thời điểm I’ve been a receptionist for 2 years. She and I have known each other for 5 months. They’ve had the house since 1890. We haven’t seen each other since he left for Paris. diễn tả hành động đã băt đầu từ trong quá khứ và làm được một kết quả nào đó tính tới thời điểm ở hiện tại. Thời gian đi với for hoặc since They started saving money a year ago. They’ve already saved $1,000. You have already typed 2 reports. The children have learned half of their lesson so far. have/ has + been + present participle ( V-ing ) They’ve been driving She’s been cooking How long has it been moving? HIỆN TẠI HOÀN THÀNH TIẾP DIỄN diễn tả hành động đã bắt đầu từ trong quá khứ và diễn tiến được một khoảng thời gian tính tới hiện tại. Từ ngữ thời gian: since, for, all day, all afternoon… They’ ve been driving for 2 hours . My foot is hurting. I’ ve been standing for hours. She’ s been cooking since 10.05 . How long has the fan been moving ? All day . Peter has been dancing all evening. HIỆN TẠI HOÀN THÀNH TIẾP DIỄN diễn tả hành động đã bắt đầu từ trong quá khứ và vừa chấm dứt ở hiện tại. Why is Laura tired? She’ s been sweeping the yard. I don’t want to anything else. I’ ve been doing too much work today. page 4 PRESENT PERFECT PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS Nhấn mạnh kết quả của hành động: • I have read 400 pages so far. • She has typed 4 letters until now. • We have done a report. • How much money have they saved? Nhấn mạnh thời gian hành động diễn ra: • I have been reading for 2 hours • She has been typing all morning. • We have been doing a report since 9.15. • How long have they been saving money? Chú ý Một số động từ có thể dùng thì present perfect thay vì present perfect continuous learn, study, teach, work, stay, live, lie, rain, snow… He has been learning how to drive for two years. has learned She has been teaching in this school since she graduated. has taught We have been living here since we were born. have lived here since we were born. EXERCISE 1: Present perfect or Present perfect continuous? 1. My brother (photocopy) a pile of documents. 2. He (photocopy) for 10 minutes. 3. Mark (watch) several TV programs. 4. He (watch) TV since 7 o’clock 5. Mick (sell) newspapers for two months. 6. He (sell) thousands of papers. 7. We (do) 3 grammar exercises. 8. We (do) these exercises for half an hour. 9. Scott and Rebecca (play) volleyball for this club since they left university. 10. I (not finish) my physics experiments yet. 11. My daughter (wear) contact lenses for 4 years. 12. My teacher (teach) hundreds of pupils for this school 13. The little child (eat) two bowls of soup already. 14. He (eat) for half an hour. 15. I’m tired! I (walk) running around the city all the morning. EXERCISE 2: 1. Son: Look! Your hands are so dirty. Dad: Do you know why? I _______ your bicycle! A. am repairing B. 've repaired C. repaired D. 've been repairing 2. The passengers are very annoyed and irritable because they _______ in the airport for three and a half hours. A. are waiting B. wait C. have been waiting D. have been waited 3. Those buildings _______ in 1946. A. built B. was built C. were built D. were being built 4. I'm afraid there _______ bad news for you today. A. is a B B. are some C. are D. is some 5. He's a famous author. He_______ two best sellers. A. was writing B. has written C. has been writing D. wrote . 6. The Mayan Indians _______ an accurate and sophisticated calendar more than seven centuries ago. A. developed B. were developed C. is developed D. are developed 7. My friends always ______ me advice when I need it. A. gives B. is giving C. are giving D. give 8. Do you know who _______ the telephone? A. invented B. is invented C. invents D. was invented 9. She met a prince, fell in love and_____ to marry him. A. agrees B. agreeing C. agree D. agreed 10. How long _______ you _______ your motorbike? A. have / been having B. did / have C. have / had D. are / having page 5 11. In recent years, more and more people _______ for things with credit cards. A. pay B. paid C. are paying D. have been paying 12. Laura: Oh, how I hate this weather! Nancy: Oh, I do too. It _______ three times this week. A. has rained B. is raining C. have been raining D. rains 13. I'm very tired. I _______ all morning. A. work B. was worked C. am working D. have been working 14. 'How long ______ your secretary?' 'Since 1990.' A. have you known B. did you know C. have you been knowing D. do you know 15. There's smoke and I _______ something burning. There must be a fire nearby. A. smells B. smelled C. smell D. am smelling 16. His illness got worse and worse. In the end; he _________ go into hospital for an operation. A. has to B. must C. had to D. should 17. I think we are lost. I'm pretty sure we _________ around in circle. A. were walking B. walked C. walk D. have been walking 18. Supercook _________ on TV for the first time in the winter of 2001. A. showed B. is showed C. was shown D. shows 19. Jack's classmates _________ him constantly since the school announced his championship victory. A. is ringing B. rang C. have been ringing D. has rung 20. A lot of rice in Japan _________ from Vietnam. A. imports B. is imported C. is importing D. are imported 21. That lady has been waiting for you _________. A. an hour ago B. for an hour C. since an hour D. one hour 22. A lovely bunch of flowers _________ Mr. Taylor yesterday morning. A. were given to B. was given for C. has been given to D. was given to 23. The letter _______ a week ago and it _______ yesterday. A. was posted / arrived B. is posted / arrives C. has posted / has arrived D. was posted / was arrived 24. Why don't you take some time off? You _______ too hard lately. A. worked B. work C. were working D. have been working 25. "Nice picture" -"Yes, _______ ." A. my grandmother painted B. it was painted by my grandmother C. my grandmother has painted D. it has painted by my grandmother 26. A number of first-year students _______ the English tests each year. A. fail B. fails C. has failed D. both B and C are correct 27. The earth _______ into existence about 7 billion years ago. A. came B. was come C. was coming D. was being come 28. All the information that we find on the Internet ________ not necessarily accurate. A. are B. do C is D. does 29. We ________ for two months now. A. have been travelling B. are travelling C. travelled D. travel 30. We haven't kept in touch with Mary ________. A. for leaving school B. since we left school C. for we left school D. since leave school 31. I feel so tired this evening. I've been working hard ________. A. each day B. day by day C. every day D. all day 32. “Why are you so muddy?” “I ________in the garden all day.” A. have worked B. have been working C. work D. am working page 6 had + past participle They’d met each other. She’d cooked curry. QUÁ KHỨ HOÀN THÀNH diễn tả hành động hay tình trạng đã bắt đầu từ trong quá khứ và kết thúc trước một thời điểm nào đó cũng trong quá khứ. I’d never heard about it until yesterday. We'd known each other before 2000 We had had dinner by 6 o’clock. (by = before) Tim arrived home at 5.30. His wife had cooked dinner already. QUÁ KHỨ HOÀN THÀNH diễn tả hành động hay tình trạng đã bắt đầu từ trong quá khứ và kết thúc trước một hành động khác cũng trong quá khứ. Từ thời gian: when, after, before When I arrived at the party, Tom had left. (I didn’t meet him) I wasn’t hungry because I’d just had lunch. At the exam this morning, he was nervous because he hadn’t studied anything. The door was unlocked. Someone had broken into my flat and stolen everything. I had brushed my teeth before I went to bed. After I had brushed my teeth, I went to bed. Present perfect được tính tới thời điểm ở hiện tại Past perfect được tính tới thời điểm ở quá khứ I’m not hungry. I’ve just had lunch. The house is dusty. We have been away for weeks. Ann isn’t at home. She’s gone to the market. I wasn’t hungry. I’d just had lunch. The house was dusty. We had been away for weeks. Ann wasn’t at home. She’d gone to the market EXERCISE 1: 1. When I returned, most of my friends were no longer there. They ______. A. have left B. left C. were leaving D. had left 2. I didn’t recognize Mrs Johnson. She_______ a lot. A. has changed B. had changed C. changes D. changed 3. I don’t recognize Mrs Johnson. She_______ a lot. A. has changed B. had changed C. changes D. changed 4. Bill has no longer his car. He _________ it. A. has been selling B. has sold C. had sold D. sold 5. Bill had no longer his car. He _________ it. A. has been selling B. has sold C. had sold D. sold 6. The woman is a complete stranger to me. I_______ her before. A. don’t see B. didn’t see C. haven’t seen D. hadn’t seen 7. The woman was a complete stranger to me. I_______ her before. A. don’t see B. didn’t see C. haven’t seen D. hadn’t seen 8. I called the fire brigade. I ______ a fire nearby. A. have seen B. had seen C. see D. saw 9. The fire _______ out because someone _______ a lighted cigarette into the dustbin. A. had broken / threw B. had broken / had thrown C. broke / had thrown D. break / has thrown 10. The police ______ the man who ____ my bike. A. arrested / had stolen B. had arrested / stole C. arrested / is stealing D. are arresting / steals 11. The house _____ very quiet when I arrived. A. has been B. had been C. was D. is page 7 QUÁ KHỨ HOÀN THÀNH TIẾP DIỄN diễn tả hành động đã bắt đầu từ trong quá khứ và diễn tiến được một khoảng thời gian tính tới một hành động quá khứ khác xảy ra. When I arrived at the party, everybody had been eating for ten minutes. He gave up after he had been smoking for 20 years. At the exam this morning, he was nervous when he hadn’t been doing anything for fifteen minutes. I was very tired when I arrived home. I’d been working hard all day. The boys looked dirty. They had been fighting. The yard was wet. It had been raining. I’ve been waiting for you for ten minutes (so far). He’s out of breath. He’s been running. We’ve been studying since 7.00. I’d been waiting for you for ten minutes when you came in. He was out of breath. He’d been running. We’d been studying for an hour when the bell rang. EXERCISE 2: 1. There was a smell of cigarettes in the empty room. Somebody _________ here. A. had been smoking B. has been smoking C. was smoking D. smoked 2. She was frightened when she woke up. She________. A. is dreaming B. has dreamed C. has been dreaming D. had been dreaming 3. The boys had a football and they were both tired. They________ football. A. had played B. had been playing C. have been playing D. were playing 4. When Mary came back from the beach, she looked red from the sun. She _________ in the sun too long A. had been lying B. has been lying C. has lain D. lay 5. I love this poem. My friend ________ it to me before he left for Paris. A. writes B. had written C. had been writing D. has written 6. The orchestra________ for ten minutes when a man from the audience suddenly began shouting. A. had played B. was playing C. had been playing D. have been playing 7. The orchestra________ two symphonies when a man from the audience suddenly began shouting. A. had played B. was playing C. had been playing D. have been playing 8. I _______ to meet Tom in a restaurant. After 20 minutes I realized that I _______ to a wrong restaurant. A. had arranged/ had been B. arranged / had been C. arrange / was D. has arranged / am 9. Mr and Mrs Jenkins had been living in France for six months when she_______. A. has died B. had died C. died D. dies 10. Tom was leaning against the wall, out of breath. He _______ very fast. A. has run B. had run C. was running D. had been running 11. I tried to catch Tom but I couldn’t. He _______ very fast. A. has run B. had run C. was running D. had been running 12. Jim was on his hands and knees on the floor. He _______ for his cigarette lighter. A. was looking B. looked C. has been looking D. had been looking 13. We _______ along the road since the sun rose. A. have been walking B. had been walking C. were walking D. are walking 14. We _______ along the road for about half an hour when a stopped and gave us a lift. A. have been walking B. had been walking C. were walking D. are walking page 8 page 9