170 Ace the TOEFL Essay (TWE) Adjective Phrases Realized by Adjectives I lent encouragement to the blind (students). IO/adj or adj/adj I taught a lesson to the stupid (animals) . IO/adj or adj/adj Both examples can be the IO without the final noun. Adjective Phrases Realized by Adverb The town money was allotted for the slowly developed (section). Adv + V3 = adj He waged an effectively run (campaign). Adv V3 = adj Adjective Phrases Realized by Prepositions He delivered the speech to the in-your-face generation. Prep poss pro = PP = adj They finalized an under -the-counter proposition. Prep det N = PP = adj TOEFL Internals flowed 7/13/07 3:36 PM Page 170 Irregular Verbs list Forms Verb1 (v1) verb2 (v2) verb3 (v3) Base Simple Past Perfect is, am, are was, were been become became become begin began begun blow blew blown bring brought brought build built built buy bought bought catch caught caught choose chose chosen come came come do did done draw drew drawn drink drank drunk drive drove driven eat ate eaten CHAPTER SIX: Odds and Ends TOEFL Internals flowed 7/13/07 3:36 PM Page 171 172 Ace the TOEFL Essay (TWE) Verb1 (v1) verb2 (v2) verb3 (v3) Base Simple Past Perfect fall fell fallen feel felt felt fight fought fought find found found fly flew flown forget forgot forgotten get got gotten give gave given go went gone grow grew grown have had had hear heard heard hold held held keep kept kept know knew known leave left left lend lent lent lose lost lost make made made mean meant meant meet met met pay paid paid read read read ride rode ridden ring rang rung run ran run say said said see saw seen sell sold sold send sent sent shake shook shaken shoot shot shot sing sang sung sit sat sat TOEFL Internals flowed 7/13/07 3:36 PM Page 172 173 Odds and Ends Verb1 (v1) verb2 (v2) verb3 (v3) Base Simple Past Perfect sleep slept slept speak spoke spoken spend spent spent stand stood stood steal stole stolen take took taken teach taught taught tear tore torn tell told told think thought thought throw threw thrown understand understood understood wear wore worn win won won write wrote written cost cost cost cut cut cut hit hit hit hurt hurt hurt put put put shut shut shut set set set Verbs + Gerund/Infinitive Use a Gerund after the Following Verbs (gerund = verb + -ing; example: enjoy walking) Enjoy Mind Finish Keep Be accustomed to Look forward to TOEFL Internals flowed 7/13/07 3:36 PM Page 173 174 Ace the TOEFL Essay (TWE) Am used to (adj) Appreciate Avoid Consider Dislike Delay Deny Help Mention Miss Postpone Quit Regards Risk Suggest Understand Use a Gerund after the Following Prepositions Of He is afraid of flying. After After working, he took a shower. By He lost weight by exercising. For He got a badge for camping. About We learned about skydiving. In He is interested in writing. On They insist on coming. Before I eat before exercising. While I smoke while watching movies. From I was delivered from smoking. Upon Upon returning, he was arrested. When When arriving, call your mother. While He got hurt while playing. With With exercising, losing weight is easy. Within He was within shouting distance. Without He was speeding without realizing it. TOEFL Internals flowed 7/13/07 3:36 PM Page 174 175 Odds and Ends Use a Gerund or Infinitive after These Verbs (infinitive = to + v1; example: intend to walk) Intend, start, begin, continue, stop, cease, leave, remember, like, love, hate, study, prefer, forget, agree, try, admit, propose Two-Part Verbs Account for To explain the reason Call up To telephone Call down To be angry with, to correct in public Call in To require someone to see you, to ask for assistance Call on To go see a person, to ask for assistance Call for To ask for something to be given Call off To cancel Call out To announce, to yell Call over To announce using an intercom or machine Catch up To get to the same place of progress after being behind Catch on (to) To understand Check in To get a room at a hotel, to make your official pres- ence known, to call home to make sure things are OK Check out To leave a hotel, to inspect or examine, to borrow a book from a library, to find out the truth Check up To get an examination from a doctor, dentist, etc. Check up on To see if things are OK Clear up To become nice and sunny (e.g., the weather), to solve a problem Clear out To leave a place taking the possessions, to delete information from a computer or file Cut in (on) To interrupt, to break in a line before the person ahead Cut off To stop service, to cut a piece of something, to stop someone in the middle of a sentence Cut away To trim the excess from Cut out To stop a habit, to cut a paper or cloth with scissors Cut down (on) To reduce, to lessen in amount TOEFL Internals flowed 7/13/07 3:36 PM Page 175 176 Ace the TOEFL Essay (TWE) Account for To explain the reason Cut up To cut into small pieces End up To finish, to obtain a final result Figure (out) To think, to solve a problem, to find an answer Figure up To find the total (e.g., of a bill) Figure in To think of all the things that must be included Go over To review, to go to a place Go along with To agree Get along with To interact with a person politely Get over To heal from a sickness, to recover from a bad time or sadness Get under To take shelter, to support an idea or person Go on To continue Get around To go near Get on with To continue Get by with To do something without punishment, to use careful- ly due to a small supply Give in To agree to do something you do not want to do Give up To give a thing you do not want to give, to surrender Give out To allow someone to have something free, to get tired and stop Give away To allow someone to take something free, to divulge (tell) information Hand over To give something that does not belong to you Hand in To give assignment to the teacher Hand out To give something to a person, to distribute to people Hand down To give something to someone in your family (i.e., a younger person gets something of value from the older person) Jot down To quickly write something Keep out To prevent from entering Keep up To make progress at the same rate as others, to con- tinue Keep on To continue Keep in To not allow to go outside Keep away To not go near TOEFL Internals flowed 7/13/07 3:36 PM Page 176 177 Odds and Ends Account for To explain the reason Keep at it To continue to try something difficult Look up To find information (e.g., in a book) Look up to To admire, to respect Look to To use something or someone for an example Look at To watch, to observe Look in on To see if things are OK, to see personally Look out To be careful Look after To assist a person, to maintain something Look over To review Look around To see an area (e.g., as a tourist) Look for To search for something or someone, to wait for Make out To see clearly, to recognize, to get the final result Make up To lie, to imagine, to become friends again after a fight, to take a test or do work that was missed Make over To create something again, to be better Mess up To make an error, to ruin something Mess around To waste time, to be unfaithful Pick out To choose, to select Pick up To go and get, to get something that was dropped Pick on To start problems with a weaker person again and again Pick over To look at a pile of things very slowly to decide what you want Point out To indicate, to show Put on To wear something Put off To delay Put up To invite someone to sleep at your house Put up with To tolerate, to endure Put out To set outside, to extinguish a fire, to bother someone Run into To see someone by chance Run short of To run low on a supply Run out of To use up a supply Run up To cause the cost (e.g., of a bill) to get higher Run away To leave a problem Run over To hit with a vehicle, to use someone wrongly TOEFL Internals flowed 7/13/07 3:36 PM Page 177 178 Ace the TOEFL Essay (TWE) Account for To explain the reason Take over To get control Take on To acquire Take up To start something enjoyable, to shorten (e.g., pants) Take in To help someone or something by allowing the per- son or thing to live with you Take around To show someone a place, to give a tour Take out To go on a date, to buy food at the restaurant and take it Take apart To disassemble Try on To wear and see if something is the right size Try out To see if something is acceptable Turn out To get a result Turn up To increase the volume, to arrive unexpectedly, to show evidence, to find out secret information Turn down To refuse, to reject, to reduce the volume Turn in To go to bed, to report information or something that is found to the police, to give an assignment to the teacher Turn around To position the body or face in a different direction, to discontinue certain actions Turn over To place a thing in the opposite direction Used to To have done something in the past but to have quit Use up To finish the supply of something Wind up To finish, to become angry Wind away To continue a task that is boring Work (it) out To solve a problem Work out To exercise Work up (to) To slowly try to achieve something Work up To become angry, to make something Work over To do something again to make better, to beat some- one Work around To avoid an existing problem Work under To work despite the existence of a problem TOEFL Internals flowed 7/13/07 3:36 PM Page 178 179 Odds and Ends More on Adjectives The following adjectives do not take gradation: perfect, real, utter, only, same, precise, exact, pregnant, dead, alive, rotund, afraid. Rules: 1. If an adjective has seven letters or more, modify it with more or most. Exceptions: wealthy, naughty, healthy, handsome, obscure, handsome, friendly. 2. If the adjective is formed by adding -ed or -ing, do not add -er or -est to make the comparative or superlative. Modify it with more or most. 3. With gradable adjectives, if the adjective ends in y, change y to i, and add -er or -est. Examples: friendlier, happiest, and lonelier. 4. Use more and most with adjectives ending in ous. 5. Do not pluralize an adjective that has been turned into a noun. Example: Rich = rich people. Do not write The riches live on the hill. Do write The rich live on the hill. (Better yet, write The rich live next door.) Irregular gradation: Little, less, least Bad, worse, worst Good, better, best Far, farther/further, farthest/furthest Some suffixes for adjectives: -al: adjectival, lexical -ic: phonemic, chiropractic, hectic -like: childlike -en: wooden -ish: boyish -able, -ible: retractable -ful: wonderful -ous: continuous More on Nouns Some of these words fall into both categories. THE : RE N OTE : TOEFL Internals flowed 7/13/07 3:36 PM Page 179 . delivered the speech to the in-your-face generation. Prep poss pro = PP = adj They finalized an under -the- counter proposition. Prep det N = PP = adj TOEFL. reduce, to lessen in amount TOEFL Internals flowed 7/13/07 3:36 PM Page 175 176 Ace the TOEFL Essay (TWE) Account for To explain the reason Cut up To cut