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A Contrastive Analysis Of Nominal Substitution In English And Vietnamese Discourse Acknowledgements Firstly, I would like to express my deepest thanks to my supervisor- doctor Le Cong Thin for his consultant encouragement valuable advice and support throughout this study. I would also like to thank doctor Phan Mau Canh – teacher of Vinh University, M.A Ho Ngoc Trung and Duong Van Loc – teachers of Ha Noi open University for rich material resources and good advice to my thesis. I am very grateful to all teachers of foreign language department who helped me a lot to finish my thesis. Finally, I want to express my special thanks to my relatives and friends without whose support and encouragement, this paper would not be finished. Graduation thesis - TrÇn Tïng - K40A1 - English 1 A Contrastive Analysis Of Nominal Substitution In English And Vietnamese Discourse Table of contents Acknoledgement .1 Part I introduction 1.1 Justification of the thesis 3 1.2 Aims of the thesis .4 1.3Methods of the thesis 4 1.4 Scope and limitation .4 1.5 Design of the thesis 5 Part II content. Chapter I In general 6 1.1What is substitution and types of substitution 6 1.2 Differences and similarities between substitution and reference .7 1.3 Differences and similarities between substitution and ellipsis .7 1.4 Nominal substitution .8 1.5 General features of English and Vietnamese nominal structure 9 Chapter II 2.1 Personal pronouns .14 2.1.1 Subjective personal pronouns and objective personal pronouns .14 2.1.2 Possessive pronouns .21 2.2 One 24 2.2.1 One as a substitute for a nominal group head/the substitute one 25 2.2.2 Indefinite one 28 2.3 The same .32 2.1.1 Say the same 34 2.3.1 Do the same .37 2.3.2 Linking verbs with the same .38 Part III Conclusion 41 Reference 42 Graduation thesis - TrÇn Tïng - K40A1 - English 2 A Contrastive Analysis Of Nominal Substitution In English And Vietnamese Discourse Part I introduction 1.1. Justification of the thesis. In the heyday of structural linguistics and the partern practice language, which derived insights and justification from such an approach to methodology linguistic description, nothing seemed of greater potential value to language teachers and learners than a comparative and contrastive description of the mother tongue and the target language. If one could juxtapose the structures of the mother tongue against those of the target language. Course designers (teachers and learners) would be better able to plan their learning and teaching: better able to foresee the difficulty and consequently better to husband resources and direct learning and teaching effort. It was such on a basic that the 1960's saw a range of contrastive analyses published (typically between English and other world languages) and a host of language teaching courses make available. Yet, in the 1970's the bubble seemed to bust. Contrastive analysis no longer claimed as much pedagogic attention, although, significantly the decade saw the establishment of major contrastive linguistic project. In English, cohesion plays an important role in building discourse. In fact, cohesion is a means of linking sentences so we can not deal with the problem of discourse without having a look at the factors that create texture within discourse segment. Furthermore, cohesive relation can be maintained through the use of grammatical means. According to Halliday and Hassan, there are four grammatical Graduation thesis - TrÇn Tïng - K40A1 - English 3 A Contrastive Analysis Of Nominal Substitution In English And Vietnamese Discourse devices: reference, substitution, ellipsis and conjunction. Most of them have been carefully studied. However, one minor type of substitution has not been paid attention to. That is why, my concern is drawn to this cohesive device in English and Vietnamese discourse. Vietnamese learners of English often make mistakes when having sentences like: When being asked, "How many pencils would you like?". Instead of saying" I need one" They tend to answer "I need a pencil". That is why, this study is carefully carried out in the hope that it will help Vietnamese learners of English know how to use nominal substitution in discourse. 1.2. Aims of the study. -This thesis is created with the following purposes. -To present and describe the nominal structure in Vietnamese and English. -To make a comparison between two languages in order to find out the similarities and differences between them. 1.3. Scope and limitation. Substitution in this study is considered as a cohesive device in discourse. Within the sentence nominal substitution does not function as a cohesive device. That is why, in this thesis I do not deal with sentences such as: This route is two miles longer than that one or his salary is several times as big as mine. However, such sentences below will be dealt with: Ours houses are on the same hill. Mine is above yours. Or Did a letter come for me? Graduation thesis - TrÇn Tïng - K40A1 - English 4 A Contrastive Analysis Of Nominal Substitution In English And Vietnamese Discourse Yes one came for you this morning. 1.4. Methods of the thesis. -Descriptive method. -Comparative and contrastive method. -Analysis and synthetic method. -Translation method. 1.5. Design of the thesis. The design of the thesis is represented as follow. Part I: Introduction. 1.1. Justification of study. 1.2. Aims of the study. 1.3. Scope of the study. 1.4. Methods of the thesis. 1.5. Design of the thesis. Part II: Content Chapter I: In general. Chapter II: 2.1. Personal Pronoun. 2.2. One. 2.3. The same. Part III: Conclusion. Graduation thesis - TrÇn Tïng - K40A1 - English 5 A Contrastive Analysis Of Nominal Substitution In English And Vietnamese Discourse Part II Content Chapter One: In general 1.1. What is substitution and types of substitution. Much has been said about substitution. Firstly, It was considered a formal feature with its sentence. Then substitution has been seen as cohesive device or grammatical device across sentence. This idea has been shared by many well-known linguists such as Halliday and Hassan, Michael Mc Marthy, Carl James, Brown and Yule .etc. Those influential linguists have their own definitions about substitution. - Substitution is a device for abbreviating and for avoiding repetition. Most of the substitutes of pro-forms within sentences are used across sentence. They are normally stressed. (A university Grammar of English: Randolph Quirk and Sidney Greenbaum: P194). - Substitution is a process in which we replace items which are too long or to be well-known. - Substitution is similar to ellipsis in that, in English it operates at nominal, verbal or clausal level. (Discourse Analysis for language teachers: P45: Michael Mc Carthy). Substitution is a relation within the text on the lexical - grammatical level. A substitute is a sort of counter which is used in place of repetition of a particular item. Graduation thesis - TrÇn Tïng - K40A1 - English 6 A Contrastive Analysis Of Nominal Substitution In English And Vietnamese Discourse In sum, I can say that substitution is an effective way of avoiding repetition. There are four types of substitution which are nominal, verbal, adverbial, and clausal. In this thesis, nominal substitution will be carefully carried out. 1.2. Differences and similarities between substitution and reference. Reference is often thought to be the relationship that holds between a lexical item with a real identity in the world. For example, the referent of "tiger" is a set of objects in the real world that satisfy all the characteristic of what is so called "tiger" (tiger is a kind of animal, feathered, men-eaten .etc). So the difference between substitution and reference is clear: substitution is a relation between linguistic items in the sentence or discourse. Meanwhile reference is a relation between lexical items and the real word. However, It is difficult for us to distinguish between substitution and reference when reference including the relationship of co-reference between expressions in different parts of discourse. To distinguish them, Halliday and Hassan claim that substitution is a relation between linguistic items on the lexico-grammatical level, but reference is a relation between meaning on the semantic level. 1.3. Differences and similarities between substitution and ellipsis. We are easily confused between substitution and ellipsis as they have so many things in common. Ellipsis is the omission of unnecessary words on phrases form sentences because they have already mentioned or referred to. Ellipsis is the omission of elements normally required by the Graduation thesis - TrÇn Tïng - K40A1 - English 7 A Contrastive Analysis Of Nominal Substitution In English And Vietnamese Discourse grammar which the speaker /writer assumes are obvious from the context and therefore need not to be raised. The omitted part is usually present in the previous sentences, so the successful interpretation of the sentence in which ellipsis occurs is, like substitution, dependent on what has gone before. In addition, ellipsis is similar to substitution in that it is an effective means of creating cohesion. The fact that the addressee needs to look back at the previous utterances for what is presupposed to have been known to him sets a link between parts of the discourse and therefore, contributes very much to cohesion of the discourse. Ellipsis and substitution are considered as alternative ways of treating given information, if we want to avoid repetition of given information, we can use some linguistic items which signal the information being dealt with or we can leave out that sort of information. Both ellipsis and substitution operates either at nominal, verbal or clausal level. However, there still exists difference between them. That is: ellipsis is the way we omit unnecessary items whereas as for substitution we replace items which are too long and to be well known to be repeated. In other words, in substitution the given information is replaced by some linguistic items right in the slot, the slot is left empty in ellipsis. From what has been mentioned above, ellipsis and substitution should be seen as two different processes and be dealt with separately. 1.4. Nominal substitution. Nominal substitution takes place mainly in the environment of a nominal group and in English the following items can occur as nominal substitutes. Personal pronoun Graduation thesis - TrÇn Tïng - K40A1 - English 8 A Contrastive Analysis Of Nominal Substitution In English And Vietnamese Discourse One Same In this study, those mentioned above will be carefully examined and at the same time Vietnamese equivalents are also provided. Before dealing with those items. I would like to take a look at the nominal structure both in English and Vietnamese. 1.5. General features of English and Vietnamese nominal structure. According Randolph Quirk and Sidney Greenbaum the structure of the nominal group in its full form consists of 3 components: Head, premodification and postmodification. Eg: The pretty/girl/in the corner. The Head, around which the other components cluster and which distates concord and other kind of congruence with the rest of the sentence outside the noun phrase: eg: the pretty girl: some pretty college girls. -The premodification, which comprises all the items placed before the head - notably adjective and noun: eg - the pretty girl. - Some pretty college girls. - The post modification, comprising all the items placed after the head-notably prepositional phrases, non-finite clauses, and relative clauses. Eg: The girl in the corner. The girl standing in the corner. The girl who stood in the corner. Graduation thesis - TrÇn Tïng - K40A1 - English 9 A Contrastive Analysis Of Nominal Substitution In English And Vietnamese Discourse Like Randolph Quirk and Sidney Greenbaum, Halliday and Hassan also introduce the same structrure of the nominal group in its full form consists of 3 components: Head, premodifier and postmodifier. Premodifier optionally precedes the Head and postmodifier optionally follows the Head. Eg: The two high stone/ walls/ along the roadside Premodifier Head Postmodifier Now, we can come to the conclusion that the standard structrure of the English nominal group has a maximum of three components: one Head and two optional modifiers. The Head what may be a common noun, a pronoun or a proper noun that can be substituted or even omitted and this matter is the purpose of my study. Beside logical structure, Halliday and Hassan give out the experiential of the nominal group. There are six elements in this structure: the Deitic (usually a determiner expressing identity). The Numerative (A numeral or other quantifier expressing quantity) The Epithet (An adjective expressing a property) The Classifier (A common or a proper noun expressing a subclass) The Qualifier (A relative clause of prepositional phrase) The relationship between logical and experiential structure can be illustrated as follow. Logical structrure Premodifier Head Postmodifier Graduation thesis - TrÇn Tïng - K40A1 - English 10 . K40A1 - English 9 A Contrastive Analysis Of Nominal Substitution In English And Vietnamese Discourse Like Randolph Quirk and Sidney Greenbaum, Halliday and. English 6 A Contrastive Analysis Of Nominal Substitution In English And Vietnamese Discourse In sum, I can say that substitution is an effective way of