Đang tải... (xem toàn văn)
TECHNICAL AND BUSSINESS WRINTING
TECHNICAL AND BUSSINESS WRINTINGPRESENTATION ONTECHNICAL WRITING STYLEWrite Clear Sentences for your Reader Submitted By:Mohsin ShoaibRoll# 917BS(SE) 2nd Semester Submitted To:Miss Saira To Write Clear Sentences you should follow the following steps:Place The Main Idea FirstTo put the main idea first is the key principle for writing sentencesthat are easy to understand. Place the sentence’s main idea firsti.e. its subject. The subject makes the rest of the sentence accessible.Use Normal Word OrderThe normal word order in English is subject-verb-object. This order makes reading easier, because it reveals the topic first and then develops the idea for the reader.Normal Modems transmit data between two computers.Inverted Data between two computers is transmitted by modems.Use Active VoiceThe active voice emphasizes the performer of the action rather thanthe receiver. The active voice helps readers grasp ideas easily because it adheres to the subject-verb-object pattern and it puts theperformer of the action first.Employ ParallelismUsing parallelism means to use similar structure for similar elements. Careful writers use parallel structure for coordinate elements. Coordinate elements are connected by coordinating conjunctions (and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so) phrases or clauses that appear in a series. Write Sentences of 12 to 25 WordsAn easy-to-read sentence is 12 to 25 words long. Shorter and longer sentences are weaker because they become too simple or too complicatedUse There are Sparingly Over use of indefinite phrase there are and its related forms (there is , there will be and so on) weaken sentence by burying the subject in the middle of a sentence. Most sentences are more effective if the subject is placed 1st. Ineffective There are 22 different container sizes that lie in this range. Effective This range includes 22 different container sizes.Avoid Nominalizations Avoid using too many nominalizations ---- verbs turned into nouns by adding suffix such as –ion, -ity, -ment or –ness. Nominalizations weaken sentences by presenting the action as a static nouns rather then as an active verb. TECHNICAL AND BUSSINESS WRINTINGPRESENTATION ONTECHNICAL WRITING STYLERevise For Clarity Submitted By:Mohammad AzharRoll# 907BS(SE) 2nd Semester Submitted To:Miss Saira During Revising you should keep in mind the following guidelines:Avoid Strings Of Choppy SentencesA string of short sentences results in choppiness. To avoid this combine the short sentences to make a single sentence to make it clear. Avoid WordinessIdeas are most effective when they are expressed concisely. Try to prune excess wording by eliminating redundancy and all unnecessary intensifiers (such as very), repetition and prepositional phrases. Avoid Redundant Phrases Here is a list of some common redundancies. A better way to express the ideas follows each.Redundant Phrase More concise word or phrase.due to the fact that Because employed the use of Usedin a few words as Possible Concisely etc.Avoid Noun ClustersNoun clusters are three or more nouns joined in a phrase. Try to break them up.Use You CorrectlyDo not use you in formal reports. Use you to mean ”the reader”; it should not mean “any one” or “I”.Avoid Sexist LanguageLanguage is considered sexist when the word choice suggests only one sex even though both are intended. Avoid such phrases as he/she. TECHNICAL AND BUSSINESS WRINTINGPRESENTATION ONTECHNICAL WRITING STYLEWrite Clear Paragraphs For Your Reader Submitted By:Adnan AhmadRoll# 914BS(CS) 2nd Semester Submitted To:Miss Saira To write clear paragraphs you should follow the strategies given below:Put the Topic Sentence FirstAlmost all paragraphs begin with a topic sentence which is followed by several sentences that explains its central idea. State the central idea of each paragraph in a topic sentence at the beginning of a paragraph. Then follow with details that support and clarify the central idea.Structure Paragraphs CoherentlyIn a paragraph that exhibits coherent structure, each sentence amplifies the point of topic sentence. You can indicate coherence by using words in four ways: Repeat terms: Repeat terms in order to emphasize them. Use the Dominant Position:Placing terms in dominant position means to repeat a key term as the subject, or main idea, of a sentence. Maintain Class or Membership Relationships: To indicate class or membership relationships, use words that show that the subsequent sentences are subparts of the topic sentence. Provide Transitions: Using transitions means connecting sentences by using words that signal a sequence or pattern. For example:Sequence first….second… then….nextArrange Sentences by LevelYou can develop coherence by the way you place sentences in a paragraph. The first level is that of the topic sentences, second level consists of sentences that support or explain the topic sentence. The third in the fourth level further explains the second level. For instance, 1 First Level 2 Second Level 3 Third Level 4 Fourth LevelOR 1 First Level 2 Second Level 3 Third Level 4 Fourth Level TECHNICAL AND BUSSINESS WRINTINGPRESENTATION ONTECHNICAL WRITING STYLEChoosing A Tone For The Reader&Organize Documents Clearly Submitted By:Abdul BasitRoll# 919BS(CS) 2nd Semester Submitted To:Miss Saira Choose A Tone For The ReaderThere are four types of tones:• Forceful Tone• Passive Tone• Personal Tone• Impersonal ToneForceful ToneThe forceful tone implies that the writer is in control of situation. To write forcefully :• Use the Active Voice• Use the subject-verb-object structure.• Do not use “weasel words”(possibly, may be, perhaps).• Use imperatives.• Clearly indicate that you are the responsible agent. Passive ToneThe passive tone implies that the reader has more power than the writer. To make the tone passive :• Avoid imperatives.• Use the passive voice.• Use “weasel words”.• Use longer sentences.• Do not explicitly take responsibility.Personal ToneThe personal tone implies that the reader and writer are equal. To make a style personal :• Use the active voice.• Use first names.• Use personal pronouns.• Use short sentences.• Use contractions.• Direct questions at the reader.Impersonal ToneThe Impersonal tone implies that the writer is not important. To make the tone impersonal :• Don’t use names, especially first names.• Don’t use personal pronouns.• Use the passive voice.• Use longer sentences. Organize Document ClearlyTo Organize documents clearly you should use the following strategies:Use Context-Setting IntroductionsIntroduction should supply an over all frame work so that the reader can grasp the details that latter explain and develop it. You can use an introduction to orient readers to the contents of the documents in one of three ways :• Define terms: You can include definitions of key terms and concepts, especially if you are describing a machine or a process.• Tell why you are writing: Although you know why you are writing, the reader often doesn’t know. To orient the reader to your topic, mention the reason why you are writing. • State the purpose of document: The purpose of the document refers to what the document will accomplish for the reader.Placing The Important Material FirstPlacing the important material first emphasizes its importance. This strategy orients readers quickly and gives them the context so that they know what to look for as they read further. Put statement of significance, definitions, any key terms at the beginning.Use Preview ListsPreview lists contain the key words to be used in the document. The basic list has three components : an introductory sentence that ends in a “control word”, a colon and a series of items. The items in a list are italicized.Use Repetition And Sequencing Repetition means restating key subject words or phrases from the preview list; sequencing means placing the key words in the same order in the text as in the list.Use Structural ParallelismStructural parallelism means that each section of a document follows the same organizational pattern. TECHNICAL AND BUSSINESS WRINTINGGROUP PRESENTATION ON TECHNICAL WRITING STYLE Submitted By: Roll # 907 BS(SE) 2nd Semester Roll # 914 BS(CS) 2nd Semester Roll # 917 BS(SE) 2nd Semester Roll # 919 BS(SE) 2nd Semester Submitted To:Miss Saira . TECHNICAL AND BUSSINESS WRINTINGPRESENTATION ONTECHNICAL WRITING . then as an active verb. TECHNICAL AND BUSSINESS WRINTINGPRESENTATION ONTECHNICAL WRITING