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- Dieãn taû haønh ñoäng tröôùc moät thôøi haønh ñoäng khaùc trong quaù khöù.. Before he came to school yesterday, he had locked the door.[r]
(1)Lesson one : TENSES
1 Simple present :
Key words: always, sometimes, often, usually, everyday, every morning/ afternoon/ evening,
- Diễn tả hành động thói quen, tập quán tại a Mr Brown often starts work at o’clock
b Everyday, she does morning exercises c She always prepares lessons before class - Diễn tả chân lí, thật
a. Water freezes at Oo c.
b. The earth moves around the sun
- Diễn tả hành động xảy rong tương lai, đặc biệt mệnh đề thời gian: when, as, as soon as
a When she finishes the test, she will come home
b As you see me tomorrow, remember to ask me to that c The bell rings as soon as Nam comes out
Notes:
S(ít) + Vs
es (ch, sh, s, ss, o, y)/ is, am/ have
S(nhieàu) + V/ are/ have 2 Present continuous :
Key words: now, at the moment, immediately, straight away, right now… - Diễn tả hành động diễn tại.
a. We are waiting for you now b. Look! It is raining at the moment.
- Diễn tả hành động diễn tiến hành động khác tại. a When Anne comes to me, I am doing exercises at home.
b As I pass by, she is listening to music
- Diễn tả hành động xảy tương lai gần. a What are you doing tomorrow evening?
b We are spending next summer at Dalat c I am listening to music at the moment. 3 Present perfect :
- Diễn tả hành động khứ mà thời gian rõ. a We have lost my pen somewhere
b Have you done your exercises at home? S is, are, am + V-ing
S has/ have + Ved3
S + - V, Vses
(2)- Diễn tả hành động xảy khỏang tg chưa qua. a I have seen her this morning
b We have gone to the movie twice a week
- Diễn tả hành động khứ tiếp tục đến tại. a He has learnt English for years
b She has lived in Dongthap since 1979 NOTES:
Key words: since, for, just, already, not…yet, never, ever, this morning/ year/ month, lately, several, twice, recently…
4 Present perfect continuous :
- Diễn tả hành động bắt đầu khứ mà liên tục đến đến tương lai (since, for)
a He has been waiting for her for two hours but now he doesn’t meet b I have been writing this letter since o’clock this morning
c How many tests have you done?
d I have been doing at the fourth one on paper 5 Simple past :
Key words: ago, yesterday, last week/ month/ year/ time, in 1999, 2000… - Diễn tả hành động xảy khứ có thời diểm xác định.
a She worked very hard yesterday b The train started leaving hours ago c He didn’t go to class last week
- Thói quen khứ.
a When I was a student, I played table tennis
b As he worked for that company, he smoked 20 cigarettes a day - Có thời gian kéo dài chấm dứt.
a. Ten years ago, I studied French for a year
b. My friend was in the army for years but now he is a student 6 Past continuous :
Key words: yesterday morning, at that time, at
o’clock yesterday.
- Đang xảy thời điểm khứ. a I was watching TV at o’clock last night b What were you doing at o’clock yesterday
S has/ have been V- ing
S - was/ were - Ved2
- Had
(3)c She was eating dinner at last week.
- Cùng lúc với hành động kkác khứ (when, as, while) a When the phone rang, I was doing exercises at home
b As I came to her house yesterday, she was having dinner with her family
c While he was listening to music, it began to rain 7 Past perfect :
Key words: By 2000, before, after, when, as, as soon as…. - Diễn tả hành động trước thời điểm khứ.
a. He had gone to school before 10 o’clock yesterday. b. By o’clock last night I had finished my homework. c. By world war two, he had been a doctor.
- Diễn tả hành động trước thời hành động khác khứ. a Before he came to school yesterday, he had locked the door
b When I reached into the house, I found that the robbers had broken in and taken money away
8 Simple future :
Key words: Tomorrow, next week/ month/ year/ time, in 15 minutes, in 2010… - Diễn tả hành động xảy tương lai.
a. I will finish these exercises tomorrow
b. He will sell the house when he lacks of money Notes:
1. S has/ have V3ed ………… Since S + V2ed………
2. After S had V3ed………, S V2ed ………
3. Before S V2ed ……… , S had V3ed………
Lesson two RELATIVE CLAUSES
1. Who : - Person - Subject
2. Whom : - Person - Object
3. Which : - Things - Subject or object 4. Whose : - Possession
- Subject or Object 5. That :
S + had V3ed
(4)a Must use “THAT”:
Superlative: the most, …est
Key words: only, few, all, a few, several, some, very, most, most of,
every, little, a little,…
Indefinite pronouns: someone, somebody, something, none, nobody,
nothing, everyone, everybody, everything, anyone, anybody, anything.
Many mixed nouns: dog and man, a book and cat
b Can’t use “THAT”:
Before “preposition” Before “comma”
6. When: indicates “time”
7. Where: indicates “places”
8. Why: indicates “reason”
Exercise 1: fill in the blank with a relative pronoun (who, whom, which, whose, that) 1. This is a man………works here very hard
2. The man ………… we met yesterday is a teacher
3. The book……… I bought at that store last week is nice 4. Here is Mr Pike………….helps me exercises very much 5. The house……we were born is now very old
6. This is the largest river……….we know 7. This is the man…… people like much
8. There is somebody………… wants you on telephone 9. The policeman………you see is on the table 10. This is Mrs Daisy,………… son is a nurse
11. This is my friend,……….studied with me at university 12. This is the book the cover of……… is red
13. My brother,…… house we came, is a lawyer Exercise 2: combine the sentences using a suitable pronoun or adverb
1 Here was the man We met him in the street last night This is the chair You gave it to me
3 The man is standing over there He works here for a long time That is the woman I told you about her
5 The school is so bad Many pupils complained about it A man answered on telephone He said that Nam was out The teacher is excellent I am taking his course
8 I met many friends and cars They appeared in front of the gate That is the reason I tell you about that reason
10 Sunday is a good day We should meet on that day
(5)Lời nói gián tiếp câu tường thuật từ lời nói trực tiếp dạng khác, bao gồm số thay đổi: thì động từ, trạng từ nơi chốn, thời gian, đại từ Tuy nhiên, ý nghĩa câu nói giữ nguyên There are three essential kinds of sentences: commands, questions, and
statements.
COMMANDS: (câu mệnh lệch, đề nghị)
Là câu người nói yêu cầu người nghe làm đừng làm việc đó. 1 Affirmative command: (mệnh lệnh khẳng định)
Examples:
a. The teacher said, “Come at 7: 30 o’clock in the morning, the pupils” The teacher told the pupils to come at 7: 30 o’clock in the morning b. He said, “Hurry up, Lan”
He told Lan to hurry up
c. “Please open the door for me and turn the computer on ”, she said She told me to open the door for her and turn the computer on d. “Drive the bicycle carefully on the street”, Daisy said to her son
Daisy told her son to drive the bicycle carefully in the street 2 Negative command: (mệnh lệch phủ định)
Examples:
a “Don’t wear boots in the house.”, she said to us She told us not to wear boots in the house
b “Please don’t tell anyone what happened”, he said to the man He told the man not to tell anyone what happened
c The teacher said: “ Don’t make noise in class any more, Nam” The teacher ordered Nam not to make noise in class any more
d “Don’t leave my house without taking any advice”, Mr Bob said to his son Mr Bob asked his son not to leave his house without taking any advivce e Tom said Jane, “Don’t wait for me at the school gate.”
Tom told Jane not to wait for him at the school gate Notes:
1. said/ said to told/ asked
2. always have Object (S + told/ asked + O ) 3. “please” omitted.
4. “should/ ought to, if i were, could you please, would you like ”: được xem lời khuyên: được đơn giản.
Examples:
a He said, “You should see a doctor.”
S + Said, “ Vo +
O ”
S + told/ asked O To
S + said, “ Don’t Vo +
O ”
(6) He advised me to see a doctor
b “If I were you, I would take the exam.”, she said to me She encouraged me to take the exam
c “Could you please show me the way to the post office?” the man said The man asked me to show him to the post office
QUESTIONS: (câu hỏi) 1 Yes-no questions:
Examples
a They said, “Are you tired, Tom?” They asked Tom if he was tired
b “Have you seen that film?”, Jack said to Jane
Jack asked Jane whether she had seen that film c “Did you want to need help from me, Linda?” said John
John asked Linda if she had wanted to need help from him d Jim said to me, “Do you see this thief today?”
Jim asked me if I saw that thief that day Notes:
1 said/ said to asked.
2 Thêm if or whether mệnh đề giới thiệu.
3 Trật tự câu hởi câu trần thuật.(V + S : S + V )
4 Động từ lùi thì.
2 Wh- Questions: (who, when, where, which, what, )
Examples:
a He said, “Why didn’t you tell me about that, Lan?” He asked Lan why she hadn’t told him about that b “When will you go?”, she said to us
She asked us when we would go
c She said to Tom, “where can I buy a stamp?” She asked Tom where she could buy a stamp
d “What time does this film begin today?”, said the girl The girl wanted to know what time that film began that day e “What did you at school yesterday, Nam?” said his mother
Nam’s mother asked him what he had done at school the day before f “Who causes the accident?”, the man said to me
The man asked me who caused the accident
g “What will happen if you can’t find your passport”, the man said to me. S + said, “ V + S + O ?”
S + asked if/ whether S V(luøi một
thì)+ O
S said, “Wh- V + S ?”
(7) The man asked me what would happen if I couldn’t find my passport Notes:
1 said/ said to asked/ wanted to know/ inquired/ wondered
2 giữ lại WH- S + V (lùi thì) or WH- V (lùi thì) 3. cấu trúc “ shall I ?” có thể hai nghĩa:
+ Dùng để hỏi thông tin: shall I : I would
Examples:
- “Shall I be in London in time if I catch the 10: 30 train?”, he said
He asked if he would be in london in time if he catched the 10:30 train + Dùng để bày tỏ sự giúp đở: shall I : I should
Examples:
- “Shall I carry the bag for you?” he said. He asked if he should carry the bag for me.
STATEMENTS: (câu trần thuật)
Examples :
1 She said, “I am very tired of staying here this morning” She said that she was very tired of staying there that morning
2 “I took a trip to Dalat with my family yesterday”, said Johny Johny said (that) he had taken a trip to Dalat with his family the day before.
3 Nam said to Ann, “I will introduce you to my friends at seaside next week”
Nam told Ann he would introduce her to his friends at seaside the following week “I was having dinner with my family when you came last week”, she
said to me
She told me she had been having dinner with her family when I had came the week before
SOME ESSENTIAL NOTES:
a. Nếu động từ mệnh đề giới thiệu dùng hiện đơn, hiện tại tiếp diễn, hòan thành tương lai đơn:
“thì” câu gián tiếp khơng đổi.
Examples:
1 He says: “The tests are very difficult” He says that the tests are very difficult
2 He says: “I start going to school at o’clock ” He says he starts going to school at o’clock
b. Khi câu nói trực tiếp thể chân lí, hành động lập lại thường xuyên:
“thì” trong câu trực tiếp khơng đổi.
S + said, “ S + V + O ”
S + told + O that S + V (lùi
thì) + O
(8)Examples:
1 Yesterday the teacher said: “the earth goes round the sun” Yesterday the teacher said the earth goes round the sun “My father always drinks coffee after dinner.” said he
He said that his father always drinks coffee after dinner
c. Caùc modal verbs: would, could, might, ought to, should, used to, would rather, had better, :
khơng thay đổi ( cịn must had to )
Examples:
1 Tom said to me, “You had better not contact her” Tom told me that I had better not contact her
2 He said, “I must go because I have got an appointment in half an hour” He said he had to go because he had got an appointment in half an hour d. Động từ câu câu nói có thời gian xác định:
“thì” câu khơng đổi
Examples:
1 He said, “I was born in 1980” He said that he was born in 1980
2 “I moved to Hong Ngu in 2001”, she said
She said that she moved to Hong Ngu in 2001
e. Câu điều kiện loại 2, và past subjunctive (trong wish, as if ):
“thì” câu khơng đổi
Examples:
1 “If I were you, I wouldn’t come here”, he said He said if he were me, he wouldn’t come there Mary said, “I wish I were a boy.”
Mary said thet she wished she were a boy
3 “You acted as if you had much money ”, she said to me She told me that I had acted as if I had much money
4 “If you had done the test well, you would have passed the exam”, Tom said Tom told me if I had done the test well, I would have passed the exam
f. Thêm liên từ vào câu gián tiếp để nguyên nhân: (and/ because/ as )
1 She said, “I am tired I have been waiting for you for hours”
She told me that she was tired because she had been waiting for me for hours “I stood at the shcool gate at o’clock I came to class at 7:30”, he said
He said that he had stood at the school gate at o’clock and he had come to class at 7:30
g. So and such : đổi thành very
Examples:
1 “I played valleyball so well yesterday”, Bob said
(9)2 They said, “Mr Smith is such a famous doctor” They said that Mr Smith was a very famous doctor h. Một số thay đổiû câu cảm thán:
Examples:
1 He said, “How pleasant! Daisy comes to dinner with me.”
He cried joyfully/ delightedly/ with joy that Daisy came to dinner with him He said, “I am sorry! I have no money.”
He said sadly/ sorrowfully/ with deep sadness that he had no money She said to him, “excuse me for my rudeness.”
She apologized him for her rudeness “Thank you for your help.” she said them
She thanked them for their help
i. Một số thay đổi tính từ định, trạng từ nơi chốn thời gian:
Exercise: Change the following sentences into indirect sentences
1 “Sit down, Nam”, the teacher says
2 “Open the book” Lan says to Daisy
3 “Please come to class in time” she says to me
4 “Look at me, Tom” Mary said
5 “Carry me a book” Mary said to Tom
6 “Make me a cup of tea” Dick said to Mary “Give me your book now, Tom” Jane said He said to her “help me this exercise now” “Go to school with me tomorrow, Alice” John said 10 She siad to me “bring me your handbag this week” 11 “Don’t make noise in class now” teacher said to me 12 Ann said “don’t cause me a problem, Tom”
13 “Don’t stay at your house today, dick” teacher said 14 “Don’t mention this exercise with me” she said to him 15 He said to her “don’t lend me your money here”
Trực tiếp Gián tiếp Trực tiếp Gián tiếp This that These those
Here there Now then Ago before Today that day Tonight that night The day before yesterday two days
before
Yesterday the day before/ the previous day Next week the following week/ the week after The day after tomorrow two days after
(10)16 “I meet you at school today” Lan said to Tom 17 “You need to study harder” Lan said to Tom
18 “I have finished your test yesterday, Nam” Mary said 19 “You made a mistake in your letter” Tom said to Jane 20 “I don’t like these flowers from my friends now” Anna said 21 “You didn’t look at this fault because it was my task, Jane” he
said
22 “Where is the pen?” he said to her
23 “Where you go on these days?, Mary” he said
24 “When did you come back to hometown?” I asked Jollie 25 “Where did you call me yesterday? Nam” Daisy
26 “What are you looking for?” he said to her
27 “What have you done with my requirement? Lan” he said 28 “Do you want to meet me at school?” Ann asked me
29 “Can you help me this exercise tomorrow? Tom” she said 30 “Did you see my answer on the board yesterday?” John said to
Anne
31 “Have you studied english for years? Long” teacher asked 32 “Are you making an essay from your teacher? Lan” He asked 33 “Don’t cause me a suprising news? Nam” she said
34 “You run faster than i do.” She said to me
35 “Look for me immediately if i am late” Tommy said to Daisy 36 “Don’t listen to me on these days, Lorry” Peter said
37 “Are you listening to my words on telephone now? Linda” Tommy
38 ‘Come here and take your way, boy” they said
Lesson 4 CONDITIONAL CLAUSE
There are three basic conditional clauses 1. Present real action:
Example:
1 If she gets up early, she will feel happy You will get a high mark if you work hard If i have much money, i will buy a house 2. Present unreal action:
Example:
1 If you went to school today, you would meet me there He would write enough lessons if he attended the class
3 If he won a lottery tecket today, he would help the poor
If S + - V, Vses……., S will + Vo
- is, are, am - have, has
(11)3. Past unreal action: Example:
1 If i had worked hard last year, i would have passed the exam
2 They would have gone abroad, if they had had a chance
3 If the weather hadn’t been bad yesterday, we would have gone camping
Notes:
1. If……not = unless
2. S V O S V O If a Present: type2 b Past: type 3
Exercise: Rewrite the sentences without changing meaning If he doesn’t work hard, he will fail the exam
2 If she doesn’t go to school, she will not meet friends If she didn’t meet me, she would be angry
4 They would go if they didn’t watch TV
5 Lan will visit Dalat if she doesn’t have a class If the weather weren’t good, we can’t go fishing Unless Ann saw me, she would come here Unless she finishes the test, she will stay there Unless she comes early, she will be punished
10 Unless he had done the test well, he would have failed
11 Unless the teacher gave exercises, the students would be laxy 12 They will be late unless they catch the bus
13 If they hadn’t been good friends, they wouldn’t have agreed together 14 Unless she were good at English, she wouldn’t apply for a job
Lesson 4 CLAUSE AND PHRASE OF REASON
1 Because + clause (S1 + V…), S2 + V
because of + - V-ing………(S1= S2)
- the A+ N
- possive adj + N Mary can’t go to school because she is sick Because he works very hard, he passes the exam Nam is admired because he studies vry well
4 Pupils don’t finish the test because the test is difficult We can’t go camping because the weather is bad She didn’t go fishing because the water was rough I like him because he I kind
8 Because it rains, we can’t go out
9 Because it rains heavily, the pupils come to class late 10 She didn’t love him because he behaved badly
(12)11 The train was late because the fog was thick 12 Bob gets an accident because he drives carelessly 13 Pupils come to her because she is ill
14 It is raining So we stay at home
15 People begin to jog They hear jogging is a good exercise 16 Tomorrow is a holiday The shops are shut
Lesson CLAUSE AND PHRASE OF CONCESSION
1 Although
Though + S1 + V…, S2 + V Even though
In spite of - V-ing……… ( S1= S2) Despite + - the Adj + N
- possive adj + N
1. Although it got dark, they continued to work 2. Though the rain is heavy, we don’t stop schooling 3. We did the test well although it was difficult 4. Although he strong, I am not afraid of him
5. Even though his English is good, he hasn’t been chosen 6. She attended the meeting though she didn’t feel better 7. Although it is important, pupils aren’t good at English 8. Though he got up early, he was late for school
9. Even though Tom spent much time studying English, he wasn’t good at it 10.People paid much attention to him though he failed the driving test. 11.He failed the exam though he was lucky.
Lesson SOME STRUCTURES OF TIME
1 S V O Time
IT TAKES/ TOOK + O(PERSON) + TIME TO VO……
Exercise:
1 She goes to school for 15 minutes on foot He thinks of this exercise in 30 munites They finished the test for an hour I will talk to him in hours
5 The pupils have done some tests in 60 minutes She will write the essay for hours
7 She is listening to music for hours He has watched the program for hours He made the chair in 30 minutes
2 S has/have(not) V3ed……… for/since time
IT IS TIME SINCE S V2ED……….
(13)1 He hasn’t gone to school for years She hasn’t met me for one year I haven’t seen my father for months my father hasn’t been to Hanoi for years I haven’t eaten this kind of food for one year Mary hasn’t jogged in the street for years 3 S has/have(not) V3ed…………time before.
IT IS THE FIRST TIME S HAS/HAVE V2ED………….
Exercise:
1 I haven’t eaten this food before
2 He hasn’t met these flowers in the garden before She hasn’t got a bad mark like this before
4 He hasn’t gone to Hanoi before
5 They haven’t dealt with such a serious problem before 4 S has/ have(not) V3ed………… since/ for time.
the last time S V2ed………… was (prepo) time (ago).
Exercise:
1 She hasn’t gone to school since 1993 He hasn’t got a good amrk for two months We haven’t seen this exciting film since august She hasn’t done the heavy work since 1999 Mary hasn’t met her old friends for months Nam hasn’t played football since 2001
7 It hasn’t rained for a week