CLAUSES AND PHRASES A. CLAUSES AND PHRASES OF CONCESSION: ( Mệnh đề và cụm từ chỉ sự nhượng bộ) I. Clauses of concession: Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ sự nhượng bộ là mệnh đề phụ chỉ sự tương phản của 2 hành động trong câu. Mệnh đề này thường bắt đầu bằng những từ nối như: Although, Even Though, though, No matter, Whatever… Cấu trúc: Although Though S + V Even though Ex: (Al)though I don’t agree with him, I think he’s honest. She went on walking (al)though she was terribly tired. Even though I didn’t understand the words, I knew what he wanted. (Even though dùng để nhấn mạnh sự tương phản) No matter + who/ what / when / where / why / How(adj/adv) + S + V What ever + (N) + S + V Lưu ý: Mệnh đề bắt đầu bằng “No matter” hoặc “What ever” thường được đặt trước mệnh đề chính để nhấn mạnh. Ex: - Whatever exercises she had taken, she was still fat. - No matter what she says, I don’t believe her. II. Phrases of concession: Cụm từ chỉ sự nhượng bộ thường được bắt đầu bằng in spite of, despite Cấu trúc: In spite of + Noun/ Noun phrase/ Gerund phrase Despite Ex: - Despite his sickness, he still had to go to school. - We went out in spite of the rain. III. Other usages: 1. Sử dụng liên từ độc lập: Để chỉ sự tương phản ta có thể dùng liên từ độc lập như “BUT, YET”. - BUT, YET được dùng giữa 2 câu ghép và trước BUT, YET phải có dấu phảy Ex: She was terribly tired, but/yet she went on walking. Lưu ý: không dùng chung Although với BUT và YET 2. Sử dụng từ nối (transition words): However, Nevertheless ( tuy nhiên). Các từ nối này được đặt ở đầu câu thứ 2 (Trước However, Nevertheless có dấu chấm (.) hoặc chấm phảy (;), sau However, Nevertheless có dấu phảy). Ngoài ra However, Nevertheless có thể được đặt ở giữa câu ( sau chủ ngữ) hoặc cuối câu nhưng được ngăn cách với câu bằng dấu phảy. Ex: - I washed my hands. However, they still looked dirty. - I washed my hands. They, however, still looked dirty - I washed my hands. They still looked dirty, however. EXERCISES I. Combine each pair of sentences into one, using the word given in brackets: 1. She can’t answer my question. She is very intelligent. (Although) _______________________________________________________________________ 2. His life is hard. He is determined to study well. (No matter) _______________________________________________________________________ 3. You do any job. You should do it devotedly. (Whatever) _______________________________________________________________________ 4. He got good jobs. He was not satisfied. (eventhough) _______________________________________________________________________ 5. He often tell lies. Many people believe him. (although) _______________________________________________________________________ 6. He does anything. He always tries his best. (No matter) 1 _______________________________________________________________________ 7. She had taken many kinds of exercises. She was still putting on weight. (Whatever) _______________________________________________________________________ 8. He lived anywhere. He always thought of his homeland. (No matter) _______________________________________________________________________ 9. He is very rich. He isn’t happy. (although) _______________________________________________________________________ 10. He says anything. Nobody believe him (Whatever) _______________________________________________________________________ II. Complete the following with BUT, EVEN THOUGH, NEVERTHELESS 1. Bob ate a large dinner. _________, he is still hungry. 2. Bob ate a large dinner, _________ he is still hungry. 3. Bob is still hungry _________ he ate a large dinner. 4. I had a lot of studying to do, __________________ I went to a movie anyway. 5. __________________ I had a lot of studying to do, I went to a movie anyway. 6. I had a lot of studying to do. __________________, I went to a movie anyway. 7. I finished all of my work _________________ I was very sleepy. 8. I was very sleepy, _________________ I finished all of my work . 9. I was very sleepy. _________________, I finished all of my work. Complete the following with YET, ALTHOUGH, HOWEVER 10. I washed my hands. _______________, they still looked dirty. 11. I washed my hands, __________________ they still looked dirty. 12. _____________I washed my hands, they still looked dirty. 13. Diana didn’t go how to swim, _______________ she jumped into the swimming pool. 14. _______________ Diana didn’t go how to swim, she jumped into the swimming pool. 15. Diana didn’t go how to swim. _______________, she jumped into the swimming pool. 16. Anna’s father gave her some good advice, ____________ she didn’t follow it. 17. Anna’s father gave her some good advice. ____________, she didn’t follow it. 18. ____________ Anna’s father gave her some good advice, she didn’t follow it. III. Change clauses of concession to phrases. 1. He studied well though his life was hard at that time. _______________________________________________________________________ 2. Although it rained heavily, I went to school on time. _______________________________________________________________________ 3. He didn’t stop his car though the traffic lights turned red. _______________________________________________________________________ 4. Although Jane was sad, she managed to smile. _______________________________________________________________________ 5. Tom always studies hard though he encouters difficulties. _______________________________________________________________________ 6. The flight was not delayed though it was foggy. _______________________________________________________________________ 7. Although it got dark, they continued to work. _______________________________________________________________________ 8. He did the test well though it was difficult. _______________________________________________________________________ 9. My mother doesn’t wear glasses though she’s over fifty. _______________________________________________________________________ 10. The plane took off though the weather was bad. _______________________________________________________________________ IV. Choose the best anwser among (A, B, C, or D) 1. We’ll never give in __________ they may do or say. 2 A. although that B. no matter how C. despite D. whatever 2. ________ my father is old, he still goes jogging. A. although B. Since C. Despite D. In spite of 3. _________ the rain, we postpone our picnic. A. because B. because of C. although D. In spite of 4. He refused to give up work ______ he won a million pounds. A. despite B. as though C. even thoughD. however 5. ________ it was raining heavily, he went out without a raincoat. A. in spite B. in spite of C. However D. although 6. ________ the wet weather, the football match went ahead. A. In spite of B. Although C. Though D. However 7. Although she is rich, she can’t afford to buy the car. A. Rich like she is, she can’t afford to buy the car. B. Rich as she is, she can’t afford to buy the car. C. As rich she is, she can’t afford to buy the car. D. As she is rich, she can’t afford to buy the car. 8. Despite feeling cold, we kept walking. A. Although we felt cold, we kept walking. B. Although we felt cold, but we kept walking. C. Cold as we felt, we kept walking. D. Both A & C are correct. 9. Although he took a taxi, Tom still arrived late for the concert. A. Tom arrived late for the concert because he took a taxi. B. Tom arrived late for the concert because of a taxi C. In spite of taking a taxi, Tom still arrived late for the concert. D. Although Tom took a taxi, He can’t come to the concert in time. 10. I’ll find that man no matter how long it takes. A. It takes me a long time to find that man. B. However long it may take, I’ll find that man. C. I can’t find that man because it will take take a long time. D. Although it took a long time, I could find that man. 11. ________ I meet her, she always wears a blue dress. A. Whatever B. However C. Whoever D. Whenever 12. ________ comes, don’t open the door. A. No matter what B. No matter who C. No matter how D. No matter whom 13. We can not see the road ________ the fog. A. because B. although C. because of D. in spite of 14. These boys were punished ______ they went to school late. A. because B. because of C. even thoughD. in spite of 15. ________ I tried, I could not finish my essay on time. A. No matter hard B. No matter how hard C. No matter harder D. No matter what hard 16. It was cold and wet. ________ Bob put on his swimming suit and went on the beach. A. Therefore B. Despite C. Although D. Nevertheless 17. I can’t ride my bicycle ______ there isn’t any air in one of the tires. A. despite B.because C. although D. but 18. I got to class on time __________ I had missed my bus. A. even though B. neverthelessC. because D. despite 19. Brian used to be an active person, but now he has to limit his activities ____ problems with his heath. A. nevertheless B. because of C. although D. in spite of 20. Some snakes are poisonous, _______ others are harmless. A. but B. so C. for D. despite 3 B. CLAUSES AND PHRASES OF REASON (mệnh đề và cụm từ chỉ lí do) I. Clauses of reason: Mệnh đề chỉ lí do là mệnh đề phụ chỉ lí do hoặc nguyên nhân của hành động được nêu trong mệnh đề chính. Mệnh đề chỉ lí do thường được nối với mệnh đề chính bởi các liên từ (conjunction) như: Because, Since, As ( Since và As thường được đặt ở đầu câu) Cấu trúc: Because/ since/ as + S + V Ex: - She didn’t go to class yesterday because she was seriously ill. - Since / As she was seriously ill, she didn’t go to class yesterday II. Phrases of reason: Cấu trúc: Because of Due to + N / Noun phrase / Gerund phrase Owning to - The class was not in order because of the teacher’s absence. - She didn’t go to class yesterday because of her serious illness. - She didn’t go to class yesterday because of being seriously ill. III. Các cách dùng khác: 1. Sử dụng liên từ độc lập : FOR (vì), SO (vì thế) Chú ý: FOR, SO được dùng giống như BUT, YET. Ex: - She didn’t go to class yesterday, for she was seriously ill. - She was seriously ill, so she didn’t go to class yesterday 2. Sử dụng từ nối (transition words): therefore, consequently. Therefore được dùng giống như however. Consequently thường được đặt ở đầu mệnh đề chỉ kết quả. - She was seriously ill. Therefore, she didn’t go to class yesterday. - She was seriously ill. She, therefore, didn’t go to class yesterday. - She was seriously ill. She didn’t go to class yesterday, therefore EXERCISES I. Combine each pair of sentences, using “Because, Since, As” 1. Mary looks happy. She has just got good marks. _______________________________________________________________________ 2. A computer can be used for various purpose. It becomes very popular today. _______________________________________________________________________ 3. The burglars were able to break into his house. He has forgot to lock one of the windows. ________________________________________________________________________ 4. The exercise is not easy. I shall have to consult my teacher. _______________________________________________________________________ 5. I didn’t come in time. There was a traffic jam. _______________________________________________________________________ 6. The teacher is sick. We’ll have no class tomorrow. _______________________________________________________________________ 7. He studies maths very hard. He wants to become a teacher of maths. _______________________________________________________________________ 8. Peter was worried. Mary was late. _______________________________________________________________________ 9. The T.V program was uninteresting. They went to bed early. _______________________________________________________________________ 10. I couldn’t answer all the oral questions well. I felt too nervous. _______________________________________________________________________ 4 II. Complete the sentences with: because, therefore, because of: 1. ___________ it rained, we stayed home. 2. We decided to leave early __________ the party was boring. 3. Rescue attemps was temporarily halted ___________ the bad weather. 4. Paul may not go to the football game __________ his grades. 5. Bill’s car wouldn’t start. ____________, he couldn’t pick us for the concert. 6. They visited their friends often ___________ they enjoyed their company. 7. The residents moved the island _____________ the hurricane. III. Change clause of reason to phrases: 1. The car crashed because the driver was careless. _______________________________________________________________________ 2. He walked slowly because his leg was badly hurt. ________________________________________________________________________ 3. We didn’t go out because it rain heavily. _______________________________________________________________________ 4. She went to bed early because she felt tired. _______________________________________________________________________ 5. I can’t sleep because the weather is hot. _______________________________________________________________________ 6. My brother couldn’t sleep because he felt homesick. _______________________________________________________________________ 7. She didn’t make any mistakes in her answers because she was carefull. _______________________________________________________________________ 8. They stayed at home because it rained. _______________________________________________________________________ 9. The boy was punished because he behaved so badly. _______________________________________________________________________ 10. All the teachers love him because his conduct is good. _______________________________________________________________________ IV. Choose the best anwser among (A, B, C, or D) 1. We couldn’t sleep last night ______ the noise next door. A. although B. since C. because D. because of 2. I did it _______ they asked me to. A. so B. because C. because of D. the reason 3. Daisy was late ______ her car was broken down. A. because B. because of C. if D. whether 4. _____ he can’t afford a car, he goes to work by bicycle. A. Because B. As C. Since D. All are correct. 5. They were sacked _____ their carelessness. A. because B. because of C. although D. despite 6. The boy was punished _____ they went to school late. A. because B. because of C. so D. although 7. “Peter was late for work because of the rain” means “_____” A. The rain made Peter go to work late. B. The rain prevented Peter from going to work early. B. A and B are correct. D. A and B are incorrect 8. The mother got angry because _______ A. her son’s bad behaviour B. her son will behave badly. C. her son behaved badly D. her son bad behaving 9. He lost his job _____ his lazyness. A. because B. because of C. if D. although 10. We couldn’t go out because the weather was so bad. A. The weather was so bad but we went out. B. If the weather were fine, we couldn’t go out. C. Whatever weather we had, we couldn’t go out. D. We couldn’t go out because of the bad weather. 5 C. CLAUSES AND PHRASES OF PURPOSE: ( Mệnh đề và cụm từ chỉ mục đích) I. Phrases of purpose: Nếu trong câu chỉ có 1 chủ ngữ, ta có thể dùng một cụm từ bắt đầu bằng: - to - in order to + infinitive phrase (V phrase) - so as to Ex: She studies English. She wants to talk to foreigners. She studies English to talk to foreigners. in order to talk to foreigners. so as to talk to foreigners. + Nếu phủ định mục đích thì dùng cụm từ: In order not to + V _phrase So as not to Ex: He got up early. He didn’t want to miss the train. He got up early in order not to miss the train. so as not to miss the train. II. Clauses of purpose: + Nếu trong câu có 2 chủ ngữ khác nhau, ta phải dùng mệnh đề chỉ mục đích bắt đầu bằng: so that, in order that, Lest (kẻo), For fear that (sợ rằng) + Cấu trúc: So that + S + V (can/ could) + (not) + V In order that Ex: I try my best to study English. I want to find a better job.  I try my best to study English so that I can find a better job. She hurried. She didn’t want to miss the bus.  She hurried so that She wouldn’t miss the bus. He spoke loudly. He wanted everybody to hear him.  He spoke loudly so that everybody could hear him. + mệnh đề chỉ mục đích đi sau Lest/ for fear that thì có nghĩa phủ định ta dùng: Lest / for fear that + should + V - She hides the novel under her pillow lest (for fear that) her father should see it. + Thay vì nói: The robber changes his address all the time so that the police can’t find him. + Ta có thể nói: The robber changes his address all the time lest the police should find him. EXERCISES I. Use phrase or clause of purpose to combine each pair of the following sentences: 1. She went to the bookshop. She want to buy a dictionary. _______________________________________________________________________ 2. My brother is learning English . He can get a good job. _______________________________________________________________________ 3. My parents sent me to the USA. They wanted me to study computer there. _______________________________________________________________________4. The teacher spoke very slowly. He wanted his pupils to understand what he said. _______________________________________________________________________ 5. Miss Hoa locked the door. She didn’t want to be disturbed. _______________________________________________________________________ 6. We turned out the lights. We didn’t want to waste electricity. _______________________________________________________________________ 7. They tried to do their job well. They wanted the boss to increase their salary. _______________________________________________________________________ 8. I’m learning English. I want to read books in English. _______________________________________________________________________ 6 9. My father drove carefully. He didn’t want to cause accidents. _______________________________________________________________________ 10. Please close the windows. I don’t want anybody to look at my house. _______________________________________________________________________ 11. The notices are written in several languages. Everyone may understand them. _______________________________________________________________________ 12. She needs a job. She wants to support her old parents. _______________________________________________________________________ 13. My sister wore warm clothes. She didn’t want to get cold. _______________________________________________________________________ 14. He’s studying hard. He want to keep pace with his classmates. _______________________________________________________________________ 15. These men were talking in whispers. They didn’t want anyone to hear their conversation. _______________________________________________________________________ II. Change phrases of purpose to clauses of purpose and vice versa. 1. He climb the tree in order to get a better view. _______________________________________________________________________ 2. Leave early so that you may get home before dark. _______________________________________________________________________ 3. She went to the library in order that she could borrow some books. _______________________________________________________________________ 4. He hurried to the station so as not to miss the train. _______________________________________________________________________ 5. I went to see him so that I would find out what had happened. _______________________________________________________________________ 6. I got up early so that I couldn’t be late for school. _______________________________________________________________________ 7. I shouted in order that I could warm everyone of danger. _______________________________________________________________________ 8. John is practising the guitar to play for the dance. _______________________________________________________________________ 9. We should do morning exercises regularly so as to improve our health. _______________________________________________________________________ 10. She put on warm clothes so that she couldn’t catch cold. _______________________________________________________________________ 11. He locked the door so as not to be disturbed. _______________________________________________________________________ 12. These women delay their child birth so that they can pursue a job in society. _______________________________________________________________________ 13. The clown took off his mark so as not to frighten the children. _______________________________________________________________________ 14. We learn English so that we can have better communication with other people. _______________________________________________________________________ 15. She said nothing so as not to make him angry. _______________________________________________________________________ III. Choose the best answer among A, B, C, or D 1. We set off early _______ we couldn’t get stuck in the traffic. A. although B. so that C. because D. in case 2. Mary put on her scarf ______ she ________ get cold. A. in order that/ will not B. so as to / would not C. so that / would not D. to / will not 3. The school boys are in a hurry _____ they will not be late for school. A. so as to B. to C. in order thatD. for 7 4. He lighted the candle ____ I might read the note. A. as long as B. because C. and D. so that 5. He had to explain the lesson very clearly ____ . A. in order that his students to understand it. B. So that his students could understand it C. So as his students to understand it D. So that his students to understand it 6. We have to start early ____ we won’t be late. A. so that B. so as to C. because D. although 7. They went to the seaside _____ they wouldn’t be disturbed by the noise of the city. A. in order thatB. so that C. so as to D. A & B are correct 8. We stopped at a square _____ have a rest. A. so as B. in order thatC. in order to D. in order 9. My parents got up very early morning ____ pack the car for our journey. A. so that B. in order thatC. so as to D. so as 10. “I spoke slowly. The foreigners could understand me” means “____” A. I spoke slowly so that the foreigners could understand me. B. I spoke slowly in order to the foreigners could understand me. C. I spoke slowly that the foreigners could understand me. D. I spoke slowly to make the foreigners could understand me. 11. You may put your money in a small coin bank ________. A. so that to keep it safe. B. so as not to keep it safe. C. in order to keep it safe. D. not to keep it safe. 12. He studies very hard _____. A. in order to fail the examination B. so as to pass the examination C. so that to get knowledge. D. in order that he could be illiterate. 13. Be as clear as possible ___ there is no misunderstanding. A. in order to B. so as to C. in order not to D. in order that 14. They were talking in whispers ____ nobody could hear them. A. in order to B. so that C. in order thatD. B & C are correct. 15. My mother needs a tin opener _____ this bottle. A. to open B. in orther to open C. so as to open D. all are correct. 8 D. CLAUSES AND PHRASES OF RESULT (mệnh đề va cụm từ chỉ kết quả) 1. Clause of result: (Mệnh đề chỉ kết quả) là mệnh đề phụ chỉ kết quả do hành đọng của mệnh đề chính gây ra. Cấu trúc: a) SO … THAT S + V + So + ADJ/ADV + That + S + V Ex: - The film is so interesting that I have seen it twice. - He speaks so quickly that I can’t understand. b) SUCH … THAT S + V + Such +(a/an) + (ADJ.) + N + THAT + S +V EX: - It was such terribly hot weather that all of us felt tired. - They are such naughty boys that nobody likes them. 2. Phrases of result: (Cụm từ chỉ kết quả) thường có “TOO” hoặc “ENOUGH” a) TOO… TO (quá … không thể) S + V + too + ADJ/ADV + (for + N/Phr) + To_V Ex: - This exercise is too difficult for me to do. - The coffee is too strong for him to drink. b) ENOUGH … TO S+ V + ADJ/ADV + Enough + (for + N/Phr) + TO_V - That program is interesting enough for me to see. - He is not old enough to drive a car. S+ V + Enough + Noun + (for + N/Phr) + TO_V - There are enough seats for the pupils (to sit). - He hasn’t got enough money to buy a book. EXERCISES I. Combine each pair of sentences, using “so… that” or “such … that” 1. This is an interesting film. I want to see it again and again. _______________________________________________________________________ 2. The lesson is very difficult. Nobody can understand it. _______________________________________________________________________ 3. My brother was very excited about the trip. He couldn’t sleep. _______________________________________________________________________ 4. My sister has a beautiful voice. We all like to hear her sing. _______________________________________________________________________ 5. There was a lot of guests. There wasn’t enough food. _______________________________________________________________________ 6. There was a lot of food. Everyone ate too much. _______________________________________________________________________ 7. Tom is an intelligent boy. He is always at the top of his class. _______________________________________________________________________ 8. This is an expensive house. Nobody can buy it. _______________________________________________________________________ 9. The work is very hard. I can’t finish on time. _______________________________________________________________________ 10. This song is very simple. All of us can sing it. _______________________________________________________________________ II. Use the construction “too… to” to rewrite the following sentences. 1. The box is so heavy that she can’t carry it. _______________________________________________________________________ 2. These shoes are very small. I can’t wear them. _______________________________________________________________________ 3. It was so late that she couldn’t go home. _______________________________________________________________________ 4. She was so tired that she couldn’t eat. 9 _______________________________________________________________________ 5. It is so cold that we can’t go out. _______________________________________________________________________ 6. The man is so rich that he can buy everything. _______________________________________________________________________ 7. My brother is so short that he can’t play football. _______________________________________________________________________ 8. This novel was so interesting that I couldn’t put it down. _______________________________________________________________________ 9. This soup is so hot that we can’t eat it. _______________________________________________________________________ 10. The room was so dark that I couldn’t see anything. _______________________________________________________________________ III. Rewrite the following sentences, using “enough” instead of “too” 1. This shirt is too expensive for me to buy. _______________________________________________________________________ 2. The water in this pool is too dirty to drink. _______________________________________________________________________ 3. He studied too badly to pass his exam. _______________________________________________________________________ 4. The test was too difficult for them to do. _______________________________________________________________________ 5. This book is too dull to read. _______________________________________________________________________ 6. This room is too noisy for us to study. _______________________________________________________________________ 7. This bag is too heavy for her too carry. _______________________________________________________________________ 8. This road is too dangerous for her to go out at night. _______________________________________________________________________ 9. Your handwriting is too bad to read. _______________________________________________________________________ 10. My sister is too weak to run fast. _______________________________________________________________________ IV. Choose the best answer among (a, b, c and d) 1. It is ____ city that he got lost. A. a such big B. such big C. such a big D. a very big 2. There ___ in the universe that we can’t count them. A. so much stars B. so many stars C. such stars many D. such stars much 3. He has ___ to do that he can’t go to the cinema with us. A. so much work B. so many work C. such much work D. such a work 4. The film was ____ boring that we had left before the end. A. such B. too C. so D. enough 5. Faraday’s father was ___ poor to send him to school. A. so B. too C. much D. very 6. It took ___ time to learn this lesson. A. so B. such C. so much D. so many 7. I’ve never seen ____ people in one place. A. so much B. so many C. so much of D. so this many of 8. She is ___ to understand it. A. too intelligent B. very prety C. enough ability D. too young 9. It is ___ book that just a few people like it. A. so an old B. so old C. such an old D. such old 10. It was too late ___ A. to go for them to the party. B. because they go to the party. 10 [...]... but the plane still took off B Despite the fog, the plane took off C Our flight was cancelled because the fog was quite thick D We had a nice flight in such thick fog 11 CLAUSES AFTER “ AS IF , AS THOUGH , IT’S TIME, WOULD RATHER ” Clauses after “ as if , as though , it’s time, would rather ” A, as if , as though ( như thể ,dường như ) : trái với thực tế as if S + V ( present ) + as though + S + V ( . CLAUSES AND PHRASES A. CLAUSES AND PHRASES OF CONCESSION: ( Mệnh đề và cụm từ chỉ sự nhượng bộ) I. Clauses of concession: Mệnh. harmless. A. but B. so C. for D. despite 3 B. CLAUSES AND PHRASES OF REASON (mệnh đề và cụm từ chỉ lí do) I. Clauses of reason: Mệnh đề chỉ lí do là mệnh