An american – vietnamese cross-cultural study on non-verbal expressions of disappointment part 2

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An american – vietnamese cross-cultural study on non-verbal expressions of disappointment part 2

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An american – vietnamese cross-cultural study on non-verbal expressions of disappointment

1 PART A: INTRODUCTION i Rationale “One’s eyes are more accurate witnesses than ears” Heraclitus To our understanding, language is a great heaven prize and treasure for human in order to fulfill our vital needs as the social beings: communication Language appeared, remains and flourishes along with human history With the seen development of language and language studies at the moment, there is no need in proving the crucial and irreplaceable position of language in human life However, there are now more and more researchers believing that communication without spoken and written words, termed “nonverbal communication” (NVC), is of vital role As Heraclitus states above, people tend to rely on NVC and to base the partners’ message on the nonverbal cues they receive One more important thing is that even nonverbal communication takes a big part in transferring meaning in communication; most people not know how to read other’s behaviors Thus, the question is: what shape our behaviors and decision? For a successful communication event, one possible answer is emotion Therefore, the studies into nonverbal expressions for internal emotions have been paid much attention to The primary emotional states studied include: surprise, fear, disgust, anger, sadness and happiness Nevertheless, disappointment, one of two primary emotions (together with regret) that involve in decision-making – the success of a communication event, has not been much concerned All of this leads the author to the research naming: “An American – Vietnamese crosscultural study on non-verbal expressions of disappointment” This preliminary study tries to feature out the most common nonverbal expressions for disappointment in order that a successful communication event can be achieved between American and Vietnamese communicators ii Aims of the study This research aims to: - investigate the most common nonverbal expressions for disappointment used by Americans and Vietnamese in cross-cultural communication - raise the awareness of the importance of NVC and suggest ways to improve cross-cultural NVC In order to achieve the set aims of the study the research questions are as follows: - What are the most common nonverbal expressions for disappointment used by Americans and/or Vietnamese? - What are the similarities and differences between American and Vietnamese nonverbal expressions of disappointment? iii Scope of the study Nonverbal messages are widely transferred through many channels For the common consideration, it includes: paralanguage, body language, object language and environment language, of which object language and environment language not have much contribution to express emotions which include disappointment It comes to our awareness that paralanguage (the vocal characteristics, types of vocal flow, vocal interferences, silence…) adds a high percentage to the process of communication However, due to the time constraint and lack of reliable equipment (voice recorder, voice analyzer…), this kind of factor will be unavoidably out of the scope of the study So, the study only focuses on body language That is, this study limits itself to facial expressions, gestures and postures only iv Methods of the study In order to set up a firm theoretical background for the study, relevant publications are critically reviewed Information from the Internet sites and previous studies are also referred to The main method used in this study is quantitative with the illustration of tables and charts presenting statistic data The analysis is mainly based on the data collected through the survey questionnaires Consultation with the supervisor, discussion with colleagues, as well as the author’s observation in daily life and his own experience in cross-cultural communication are also of great help in finding out the answers to the research questions v Organization of the study The study will be organized into the following structure: Part A: INTRODUCTION outlines the rationale, the methodology, the aims, the scope, the significance and the organization of the study Part B: DEVELOPMENT Chapter LITERATURE REVIEW reviews the theoretical issues It briefly presents and discusses the theory of communication, NVC with more detailed discussion on facial expressions, gestures and postures which are major parts of body language Disappointment as a human feeling and its nonverbal expressions are also discussed Chapter METHODOLOGY describes the data collecting instrument, the informants and research procedures Chapter DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS OF THE FINDINGS presents and discusses similarities and differences in how to express disappointment nonverbally by the American and the Vietnamese Part C: CONCLUSION Summary of major findings Conclusion and Implications for cross-cultural communication Limitations of the study and Suggestions for further study PART B: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1 CULTURE As Harrison and Huntington noted, “the term ‘culture,’ of course, has had different meanings in different disciplines and different contexts” By stating “culture is the human-made part of the environment,” W.J.Lonner and R.S.Malpass (1994:7) contrast the culture and the nature In their ideas, things in environment will never become cultural without the “touch” of human According to H Triandis (1994:23), “Culture is a set of human-made objective and subjective elements that in the past have increased the probability of survival and resulted in satisfaction for the participants in a ecological niche, and this became shared among those who could communicate with each other because they had a common language and they lived in the same time and place.” The subjective elements of culture here are elements such as values, attitudes, beliefs, orientations and underlying assumptions prevalent among people in a society All of these elements act as a framework that influences your interpretation of the world and interactions in it 1.2 COMMUNICATION 1.2.1 Definition of Communication “We are great communicators” Liz & John Soars: 1997 We, human beings, communicate during our whole life for our own purpose A child cries (communicates) to his parents as he needs changing his diaper or feeding Family members communicate for help and emotional support and to maintain a good family atmosphere At work, people communicate for the purpose of exchanging ideas, negotiating… Leaders communicate their visions to their staff Executives communicate to the lower-level employees Organizations communicate to their customers and the public Press conferences, press releases, employee newsletters, catalogues, direct mail, phone calls, employee suggestion systems, meetings, formal performance appraisals, on-the-job feedback from managers, attitude surveys, speeches, conference room briefings, letters, memos and evaluation forms - all of these are examples of communication We now come to a conclusion that communication is very important in our lives, as Hybels (1992:5) claims “Communication, then, is vital to our lives To live is to communicate.” Larry A., Richard E Porter and Edwin R McDaniel (2006:12) select the all-encompassing definition of “human communication is the process through which symbols are transmitted for the purpose of eliciting a response” Lustig (1996:29) defines communication as “a symbolic process in which people create shared meanings” In the both definitions, the centre is “symbol” A symbol may be “a word, action or object”, containing thoughts, perception or feelings one wants to communicate with others 1.2.2 Forms of Communication Communication as claimed by Lustig above is the process of exchange shared meanings And in order to create share meaning, people have to use code or symbol In reality, the two kinds of code or symbol are verbal (spoken and written) and nonverbal (unspoken) These are referred to as forms of communication To get a better view, communication can be illustrated in the following diagram: COMMUNICATION VERBAL COMMUNICATION NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION 1.2.3 Components of Communication The followings are components of communication according to Hymes: 1972 - Situation: setting and sense - Participants: speaker, presenter, hearer, receiver, narrator - End: purpose, result or goal - Act sequences: model or language content - Key: Clues that establish the "tone, manner, or spirit" of the speech act - Instrumentalities: channel, form or style - Norms: norms of interpretation, norms of interaction - Genres: kind of speech act or event Among these, the participants (speaker and hearer) and situation are prominent to the choice of message coder (language or nonverbal cues used) The participants’ background impacts much on the choice of the coder used The background includes: age, sex, living place, occupation… When discussing different participants and situations, the underlying effect of power (P), social distance (D) and rank of imposition (R) have to be considered With combination of the three factors, the choice of message coder can be in diversity 1.2.4 Cross-cultural communication The relationship between culture and communication is often compared with the bond between the voice and the echo From culture and communication, there are three branches of communication as follows: Intra-cultural communication: is the communication between people who live in the same country and come from the same cultural background Inter-cultural communication: is the communication between people who live in the same country but come from different cultural background Cross-cultural communication: is the communication between people who live in different countries and come from different cultural background Coming from different geographic locations and holding different values, beliefs,… people in cross-cultural communication face more problems than in intra-cultural and inter-cultural branches This is because people have different ways of interpreting social meanings conveyed in their interaction with the outside world 1.3 NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION 1.3.1 Definition of nonverbal communication In the process of communication, people not only send verbal messages but nonverbal ones as well NVC is understood as a way of communicating without the use of written or spoken language According to Lustig (1996:187-188), “nonverbal communication is a multi-channeled process that is usually performed simultaneously; it typically involves a subtle set of nonlinguistic behaviors that are often enacted subconsciously Nonverbal behaviors can become part of the communication process when someone intentionally tries to convey a message or when someone attributes meaning to the nonverbal behavior of another, whether or not the person intend to communicate a particular meaning.” As Lustig pointed out, when some meaning is attached to a nonlinguistic behavior, whether by message transmitter or perceiver, that behavior becomes part of communication process The detailed description of NVC is presented by Nguyen Quang “all the components of the message that, when taken together, constitute the communication which is not verbally coded but both vocally and non-vocally channeled Nonverbal communication is composed of paralinguistic factors (nonverbal - vocal channel), such as rate, volume, etc., and extralinguistic factors (nonverbal - non-vocal channel), such as body language (gestures, postures, facial expressions,…) object language (including clothing, jewelry…) and environmental language (proxemics, settings…)” 1.3.2 Importance of nonverbal communication Most people believe the best way of communicating is verbal However, NVC is there, even when people not speak a word Pease (1984:7) states “The miracle is that human hardly recognize his or her appearance, movements and gestures can tell one story while his or her voice is telling another story.” (Cited in Nguyen Quang) A number of researches, with different approach and methods have pointed out the importance of NVC Albert Mehrabian found that the total impact of a message is about percent verbal (words only), 38 percent vocal (including tone of voice, inflection and other sounds) and 55 percent nonverbal (Pease, 1984:6) Importance of nonverbal communication - Mehrabian 7% Verbal Nonverbal 93% Chart 1: Importance of Nonverbal Communication It is easy to conclude that NVC is an indispensable and all pervasive element in human behavior Perhaps its most obvious application is found in the fact that young children start comprehending words at around six months of age yet understand NVC well before that time Hence, from the moment of birth to the end of life, NVC is an important symbol system 1.3.3 Differences between Nonverbal Communication and Verbal Communication First of all, NVC seems to be more ambiguous than verbal communication This is because nonverbal cues can be intentional or unintentional If an intentional behavior is perceived and interpreted correctly, this can help to maintain good communication Meanwhile, if an unintentional behavior is interpreted as conveying meaning, it can cause the social interaction to go wrongly or even stop Additionally, the nonverbal cues can carry various meanings A silence can be interpreted as: agreement, disagreement, wondering, waiting for other’s response, an indicator of surprise or happiness… Secondly, NVC is continuous Verbal communication only starts when people start to make sounds in an organized order and stops when the sound chunks stop However, NVC starts when someone appears in communicating partner’s sight, continues even when the two people keep silent, and only ends when one gets out of the other’s sight Thirdly, NVC is multi-channeled Units of verbal communication appear in a linear order in accordance with rules of grammar, vocabulary… Nonverbal cues appear at the same time, requesting us to receive by some, even all five of our senses There are not only cues but also cluster of cues and areas of cues Fourthly, NVC reveals more about human’s emotion than verbal communication Verbal communication is often thought to be accurate in describing the various emotional states In fact, it only describes either one aspect or one status of that emotional state The fifth characteristic of NVC is that people tend to rely on NVC if there is contradiction between verbal messages and nonverbal messages Last but not least, nonverbal cues can be perceived and interpreted differently in different societies The same meanings can be expressed by different nonverbal cues and the same cues can be interpreted as conveying different meanings in different cultures 1.3.4 Classification of nonverbal communication Dwyer (2000) classifies NVC into: body movement, physical characteristics, touch, vocal characteristics (paralanguage), space (proximity), artifacts, and environment Hybels categorizes NVC into paralanguage, body movement/ kinesics, proxemics, chronemics, aesthetics, physical characteristics and artifacts Lustig et al discusses six types of nonverbal codes including: body movement/ kinesics, touch, time/ chronemics, voice, and other nonverbal code systems, consisting of chemical, physical, dermal and artifactual systems Of the various classifications, Nguyen Quang (2001:9) presents a detailed and easy-to-follow one in the diagram below Nonverbal Communication Paralanguage Body language/ Kinesics - Vocal characteristics + Pitch + Volume + Rate + Vocal quality - Types of vocal flow - Vocal interferences - Silence… - Eye contact - Facial expressions - Physical characteristics - Gestures - Postures - Body movements - Touch/ Haptics/ Tactile … Extralanguage Object language/ Artifacts - Clothing - Jewelry - Accessories - Make-up - Artifactual scents - Gifts - Flowers … Environmental language - Setting - Conversational distance/ Proxemics - Time/ Chronemics - Lighting system - Color - Heat … Diagram 1: Classification of Nonverbal Communication 1.3.5 Nonverbal communication across culture As shown in the discussion of differences between NVC and verbal communication, 10 nonverbal cues can be ambiguous even with people of the same culture With people from different cultures, this is obviously more problematic A big amount of nonverbal cues are culture-specific This means these cues convey the messages that only members of that culture can interpret correctly 1.4 DISAPPOINTMENT AND ITS NONVERBAL EXPRESSIONS The size of your success is measured by the strength on your desire, the size of your dream, and how you handle disappointment along the way Robert Kiyosaki Is there any one here who has not experienced disappointment in his or her life? It is one of the oldest human experiences Each of us could make a lot of our unfulfilled wishes or seeds we planted which never grew into plants Anyone who has hopes or dreams may be waited by some disappointment When their hopes or dreams can not become true Alexander Pope wrote “Blessed is the man who expects nothing, for he shall never be disappointed” Disappointment is a problem which transcends economics We can be well-off financially and still have all kinds of disappointment We can be disappointed with our family members, disappointed with our friends, with our marriage, or jobs for not reaching whatever goals we have set for ourselves We can be disappointed because our life lacks meaning and direction Let us consider a situation described by David E B (Jan-Feb 1985): your boss tells you he is delighted with your performance over the past year and is giving you a $5000 bonus Are you pleased? If you were not expecting a bonus, you would be delighted If you were expecting a $10,000 bonus, you would be disappointed He (David E Bell) claims that “Disappointment is, then, a psychological reaction to an outcome that does not match up to expectations” In a broader view, Loralea Michaelis states “Disappointment is a characteristic feature of our shared condition as mortal creatures subject to the experiences of failure and frustration: our plans may go awry, our actions may have unwanted consequences, our expectations may be frustrated and, in a more general sense, we are rarely the kind of people we would like to be.” It is stated in a sermon in St Ansgar’s Lutheran Church that “in the simplest terms, disappointment is unmet positive expectation The word positive here is important There are some unmet expectation which bring us joy and satisfaction and not disappointment For 22 It is obviously seen that American and Vietnamese people share some common expressions They are: 2, 4, 5, and 13, of which each is always used by the higher percentage of people than the percentage of sometimes and never in both cultures Expression Expression Expression Expression Expression 13 There are expressions which are common in Vietnamese culture while they are used by American people at very low percentage They are: expression number 8, 12 and 16 And on the other hand, the expression number is only common (always used by 83.3% people) in American culture whereas it is never used by 66.7% of Vietnamese people Expression Expression Expression 12 Expression 16 3.1.2 Amount of expressiveness in American and Vietnamese cultures Table 3: Amount of expressiveness in American and Vietnamese cultures It can be seen from the table that most American and Vietnamese people choose not to show their disappointment clearly in social interaction 73.3% of American people not have clear expression of disappointment while 60% of Vietnamese people select to the same Chart 2: Amount of expressiveness in American and Vietnamese cultures 23 However, the difference between the two figures indicates that Vietnamese people not show clear expression of disappointment as much as the Americans Therefore, it is understandable that the percentage of Vietnamese people who choose not to show their disappointment is higher than that of American people (26.7% and 20% respectively) Meanwhile, there are still 13.3% of Vietnamese people showing their disappointment clearly whereas this percentage of American people is fairly low (6.7%) 3.1.3 Amount of expressiveness in Vietnamese and American cultures as seen from informants’ parameters Culturally, the background of communicators has great impact on the perception and interpretation of the nonverbal messages Thus, the researcher tries to find out the influence of some of informants’ parameters on the way they “decode” the nonverbal cues of their communicating partners 3.1.3.1 Length of stay or work with native people American informants have stayed or worked with their Vietnamese communicating partners from 0.5 year to 11 years while Vietnamese informants have stayed or worked with their American communicating partners from 0.5 year to years However, if the informants are divided by the mean value, the numbers of informants in two groups are significantly unequal As a result, the informants are divided into groups basing on their length of stay or work with native people: less than year and more than year The statistical result is as follows: Table 4: Amount of expressiveness as seen from informants' length of stay The table shows the influence of the informants’ length of stay or work with native people on their perception of the amount of expressiveness The first thing which can be seen from the table is that most Vietnamese and American people not show their disappointment clearly Despite staying / working for long or short time, informants claim that the majority of American people choose not to show clear expressions of disappointment (42.1% as observed by informants living less than year and 90.9% as observed by informants living more than year) The same thing can be said about the informants’ perception on Vietnamese amount of expressiveness (70% and 80% respectively) 24 The table also reveals that there is a significant improvement in the Vietnamese informants’ perception of American amount of expressiveness In the eyes of informants living or working with the American less than year, 36.8% of American people not show their disappointment However, after living or working for longer time, these informants claim that only 9.1% of American people choose to the same In contrast, the perception of American informants seems to have little alteration, even no change 3.1.3.2 Cultural knowledge The cultural knowledge of informants varies much So for easy and convenient statistics, informants are divided into groups basing on their understanding of the native culture: much understanding, not much understanding and no understanding The statistic figures are presented in the table below: Table 5: Amount of expressiveness as seen from the informants' cultural knowledge The table shows the informants’ perception of the amount of expressiveness under the influence of cultural knowledge The informants’ perception seems to be proportional to their cultural knowledge With limited understanding of native cultures, informants are still not sure about American amount of expressiveness (with 50% not showing and 50% showing not clearly) and Vietnamese amount of expressiveness (with 25% showing clearly, 25% not showing and 50% showing not clearly) However, when they have gained a good knowledge of the native culture, they all agree that both American and Vietnamese people not show their disappointment clearly (100%) 3.1.4 Influential factors on the amount of expressiveness The components of communication have certain influence on the strategies people use in communication Among these components of communication, the participants and communicating situation are of prominent influence Therefore, the author wants to find out if there is a relation between these two components and the way Vietnamese and American people choose to express their disappointment The result is presented below 3.1.4.1 Communicating partners 25 Table 6: Influence of communicating partners on amount of expressiveness in American and Vietnamese cultures This table shows the impact of communicating partners on the amount of expressiveness in American and Vietnamese cultures As can be seen, the Americans choose to express their disappointment in a similar manner with Vietnamese people When Americans choose free expressions, Vietnamese people also choose to express their disappointment freely and vice versa The highest percentage of people in both cultures choosing “free expression” is when communicating with their close friends and the lowest one is when communicating with their clients However, when they feel safe to express their disappointment freely, the percentage of Vietnamese people is higher than that of the Americans Except the case of clients, when they feel that they have to control their expressions, more Vietnamese people than American people control it Both American and Vietnamese people control their disappointment, when communicating with bosses The controlled expression is chosen by 76.7% of American people while this makes up 80% The difference between the two groups is not remarkable (3.3%) It is noticeable that when communicating with colleagues, 53.3% of American people show their disappointment freely while the same number of Vietnamese people choose to control it There is a big difference between American and Vietnamese choice when communicating with their subordinates American people seem to be more neutral with 50% choosing “free expression” and 50% choosing “controlled expression” Nevertheless, a very high percentage of Vietnamese people (73.3%) feel that they not have to control their expressions of disappointment to a subordinate In the case of clients, it is obvious that American and Vietnamese people control the expressions most of the time All American people control their expressions whereas 93.3% of Vietnamese people choose to the same In communication with family members, only 53.3% of American people show their expressions freely while 93.3% choose to the same The percentage of American people controlling their emotion is much higher than that of Vietnamese people (46.7% and 6.7% respectively) When communicating with their close friends, all Vietnamese people express their disappointment freely whereas there are still 6.7% of American people controlling their 26 emotion With the case of communicating with strangers, 80% of Vietnamese people tend to control their expressions while this percentage in American group makes up 76.7% There is still some difference but the gap is not big 3.1.4.2 Communicating situations Table 7: Influence of communicating situations on amount of expressiveness in American and Vietnamese cultures The table shows the amount of expressiveness in American and Vietnamese cultures in different communicating situations There are obvious similarities between Vietnamese and American people’s amount of expressiveness in all three surveyed situations At home, they choose to express their disappointment most freely In the other situations, in public places and at work, they tend to control it Comparing the three situations we can see that, more Vietnamese people than American people (93.3% against 66.7%) choose to express their disappointment at home In public places and at work, however, there are 73.3% and 56.7% of American people respectively choose to control their emotion compared to 80% and 60% in Vietnamese culture 3.2 DISCUSSIONS OF THE FINDINGS: Expressions of disappointment: The data analysis reveals that disappointment seems to be a universal emotion because its expressions are recognized by most people across cultures The most commonly-found expressions imply that when disappointed, both American and Vietnamese people seem to use more facial expressions than postures and more postures than gestures It is also found from the survey that a combination of nonverbal cues (facial expressions, gestures and postures) makes the expression clearer and seems to indicate higher degrees of disappointment It is obvious from the data analysis that American and Vietnamese people have some common expressions of disappointment The most commonly-used expressions for both American and Vietnamese seem to be: 27 Expression Expression Expression Expression Expression 13 Besides, some expressions are used at very high percentage in this culture whereas it is used at much lower percentage in the other Expression number is used at a very high percentage in American culture whereas it is commonly found among Vietnamese people Expression 12 Expression Amount of expressiveness: Expression 16 Expression Being a negative emotion, disappointment can possibly cause a bad impression in communication, or change the communicating partners’ idea about things or people or even can destroy the relationship When the cause of disappointment is personal, people try not to show it out In the same way, when the cause of disappointment is from the communicating partners, people also tend to hide their emotional state Therefore, both American and Vietnamese people mostly not nonverbally show it clearly to save both their face and communicating partner’s face The Vietnamese seem to try to control their disappointment more than the Americans However, when they feel safe to express, Vietnamese people have more clear expressions than the American It is obviously seen from the data analysis that the amount of expressiveness in American and Vietnamese cultures is much under the influence of communicating partners In our consideration, this is because of the effect of different power, social distance, rank of imposition and other factors With boss, client and stranger – communicating partners of higher status and far distance, people choose to control most of their expression However, boss is in the same interest group with the behavior user while clients belong to another interest group and they are 28 expected to bring benefit to the company and thus to behavior user also This is the reason why both American and Vietnamese people try to control their expressions with clients more than with boss In case of colleagues, the small difference between the two figures shows that American and Vietnamese people tend to be neutral in communication with their colleagues However, American people seem to be more open to colleagues than Vietnamese people With family members and close friend, both American and Vietnamese people choose to show their disappointment freely When communicating with close friends, nearly all people choose to that because of the intimacy While much more Vietnamese people show their disappointment freely than American people in communication with family members As American culture values independence, when a family member’s idea, performance or action does not meet their expectation, they still respect that person’s choice and thus, not show their disappointment Vietnamese people, on the other hand, tend to things that make other family members happy, not disappointed When communicating with subordinates, while American people are neutral with 50% people show and 50% people control their emotion, Vietnamese people tend to show their disappointment more clearly This seems to be a sample of typical difference between American and Vietnamese culture Vietnam is a hierarchical society in which people feel safer and more culturally acceptable to show their disappointment to their subordinates In contrast, America is a society which values equality and informality Therefore, more American people choose to control their negative emotional behaviors when communicating with their subordinates With the case of strangers, a communicating partner of the farthest social distance, it is understandable that most Vietnamese and American people choose to control their disappointment This is suitable with the choice of controlling this emotional state in public places as is discussed later Beside the influence of communicating partners, the choice of nonverbal expressions of disappointment is also under the impact of communicating situations As the data analysis shows, most American and Vietnamese people feel safe and suitable to show their disappointment nonverbally at home whereas they try to control their emotional behavior in public places and at work The data analysis also reveals that in the same situations, Vietnamese tend to control more than American people However, when both choose to 29 express, Vietnamese people would express more clearly than the American This result reinforces our findings about the amount of expressiveness under the influence of communicating partners 30 PART C: CONCLUSION SUMMARY OF MAJOR FINDINGS It is obvious that disappointment is a universal emotion which is internationally recognized Both American and Vietnamese people have some common expressions of disappointment It is also found that communicators with longer time spending with people of one culture or with better cultural knowledge will understand the people of the host culture more, hence their communication is easier The research reveals that American and Vietnamese people would try to control their negative emotion when communicating with partners of higher status, further social distance and people from different interest groups In contrast, with partners of lower status, closer distance and high level of intimacy, American and Vietnamese people would show their disappointment more freely It is also believed that at home, American and Vietnamese people would choose to show their disappointment while in public places and at work, they would choose to control it This seems to be a norm in both cultures CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS FOR CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION From the data analysis, there is obviously a great impact of length of stay or work with native people on the perception and interpretation of disappointment Spending more time staying or working with people of one culture helps people understand that culture and community, develop their sensitivity, communication skills and achieve more successful communication However, it is also found out that not all the people living or working for a long time with foreigners obtain a good understanding of that foreign culture or on a contrary, not all people living or working in a short period with foreigners have little understanding of the foreign culture The cultural knowledge can only be gained with passion, wanting-to-know and personal effort Additionally, the influence of components of communication on the choice of nonverbal communication strategy is remarkable People make a decision to show or not to show and what level to show their emotional states based on such factors as: power, social distance, rank of imposition, intimacy, group of interest and the communicating situations 31 For successful cross-cultural communication, people should focus on improving their knowledge of the host culture The more they culturally understand the society, the better they can understand and communicate with people of that community Besides, it will be useful when people try to develop their sensitivity and observational skills With these, people can understand behaviors of their communicating partners more, thus decide to use accurate strategies in communication LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY Firstly, the number of informants in this research is still modest Other researches in the same field should be conducted with a bigger population Secondly, the expressions believed 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American and the Vietnamese Part C: CONCLUSION Summary of major findings Conclusion and Implications for cross-cultural communication Limitations of the study and Suggestions for further study 4 PART. .. expressions of disappointment used by Vietnamese and American people Table 2: American and Vietnamese common expressions of disappointment The table expresses the frequency of occurrence of some nonverbal... common nonverbal expressions for disappointment used by Americans and/or Vietnamese? - What are the similarities and differences between American and Vietnamese nonverbal expressions of disappointment?

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