10 Part I: Critical Database Concepts new features include “invisible” indexes, simplified table maintenance, and editioned objects. You should evaluate your previous architecture decisions in light of the new features available. In the next several chapters, you will see how to install Oracle Database 11g and how to upgrade to Oracle Database 11g from prior releases. Following those chapters, you will see an overview of application planning, followed by many chapters on the use of SQL, PL/SQL, Java, object-oriented features, and XML to get the most out of your Oracle database. Your application architecture may change over time as the business process changes. During those changes you should be sure to review the latest features to determine how your application can best exploit them for functionality and performance. CHAPTER 2 Installing Oracle Database 11g and Creating a Database 11 12 Part I: Critical Database Concepts s Oracle’s installation software becomes easier to use with each release, it is very tempting to open the box of CDs and start the installation right away. Although this is fine if you’re going to experiment with some new database features, a lot more planning is required to perform a successful installation without rework or even reinstallation a month from now. Although the complete details of an Oracle Database 11g installation are beyond the scope of this book, you will see the basics of an Oracle install using the Oracle Universal Installer (OUI). In any case, a thorough review of the installation guide for your specific platform is key to a successful Oracle database deployment. NOTE Although this chapter is intended for beginning database administrators, the planning process should include end users, application developers, and system administrators, so the workload and space requirements will be as accurate as possible. The following issues should be addressed or resolved before you start the installation: Decide on the local database name, and which domain will contain this database. For the first project to use the database, estimate the number of tables and indexes as well as their size, to plan for disk space estimates beyond what is required for the Oracle SYSTEM tablespace and the associated Oracle software and tools. Plan the locations of the physical datafiles on the server’s disk to maximize performance and recoverability. In general, the more physical disks, the better. If a RAID or a shared storage area will be used for the datafiles, consider Oracle Managed Files to manage the placement of the datafiles. You can use automatic storage management (ASM) to simplify your storage management. See Chapter 51 for details on ASM. Review and understand the basic initialization parameters. Select the database character set, along with an alternate character set. Although it’s easy to let the character sets default on install, you may need to consider where the users of the database are located and their language requirements. Character sets can be changed after installation only if the new character set is a superset of the existing character set. Decide on the best default database block size. The default block size defined by DB_ BLOCK_SIZE cannot be changed later without reinstalling the database. Note that Oracle can support multiple block sizes within a single database. Plan to store non-SYSTEM user objects in non-SYSTEM tablespaces. Make sure that all non-administrative users are assigned a non-SYSTEM tablespace as their default tablespace. Plan to implement Automatic Undo Management to ease administration of transaction undo information. Plan a backup and recovery strategy. Decide how the database needs to be backed up, and how often. Plan to use more than one method to back up the database. ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ A Chapter 2: Installing Oracle Database 11g and Creating a Database 13 Familiarity with a couple of key Web sites is a must. Oracle Technology Network (OTN), at http://otn.oracle.com, has a wealth of information, including white papers, free tools, sample code, and the online version of Oracle Magazine. There is no charge for using OTN, other than registering on the site. You can download the latest version of the Oracle software from the OTN site. Purchasing a license for Oracle database software is a good start, but an Oracle support contract with Web support may be the key to a successful installation and deployment. Using Oracle’s Metalink (http://metalink.oracle.com) means you might never have to leave the friendly confines of your Web browser to keep your database up and running. Through Metalink, you can submit a support request, search through other support requests, download patches, download white papers, and search the bug database. Overview of Licensing and Installation Options A successful initial software installation is the first step. Regardless of the software and hardware platform on which you’re installing Oracle, the types of installations you can perform are the same. Although these may change with product releases, they generally include the following: Enterprise Edition This is the most feature rich and extensible version of the Oracle database. It includes features such as Flashback Database and allows you to add additional pieces of licensed functionality, such as Oracle Spatial, Oracle OLAP, Oracle Label Security, and Oracle Data Mining. Standard Edition This edition provides a good subset of the features of the Enterprise Edition, generally including the features that a small business will need. Personal Edition This edition allows for development of applications that will run on either the Standard or Enterprise Edition. This edition cannot be used in a production environment. Licensing for the Oracle database is only by named user or CPU, and there is no longer a concurrent user licensing option. Therefore, the DBA should use the initialization parameter LICENSE_MAX_USERS to specify the maximum number of users that can be created in the database. In addition, the Oracle Management Server (the back end for an Oracle Enterprise Manager, or OEM, client) can be installed during a server- or client-side installation. However, it is recommended that this installation be performed after a basic database installation has been completed. Using OUI to Install the Oracle Software Use the Oracle Universal Installer (OUI) to install and manage all Oracle components for both the server-side and client-side components. You can also deinstall any Oracle products from the initial OUI screens. During the server installation, you will choose the version of Oracle Database 11g from the list in the previous section: Enterprise Edition, Standard Edition, or one of the other options available for your platform. It is strongly recommended that you create a starter database when prompted during the install. Creating the starter database is a good way to make sure the server environment is set up correctly, as well as to review any new features of Oracle Database 11g. The starter database may also be a good candidate as a repository for either OEM or Recovery Manager. ■ ■ ■ 14 Part I: Critical Database Concepts The exact flow of the installation process may change depending on your operating environment and Oracle version. At the conclusion of the Oracle software installation, the Database Configuration Assistant (DBCA) will launch and will begin the process of creating a new database for use on your server. NOTE For UNIX environments, you will need to set a proper value for the DISPLAY environment variable and enable xhost prior to starting OUI via the runInstaller script. When you launch the OUI, you will be asked to provide information about your configuration choices. As shown in Figure 2-1, the first screen will ask for the base location for the Oracle software, the home location for the database, and the type of installation. You can also choose to have a starter database created following the successful Oracle software installation. For the database, you will need to specify its name and a password. FIGURE 2-1 OUI initial screen Chapter 2: Installing Oracle Database 11g and Creating a Database 15 OUI will then perform a series of prerequisite checks to make sure your environment is configured to support the Oracle installation. These checks include basic network configuration and environment variable settings, as shown in the illustration at right. Your database can be configured to associate with your Metalink (Oracle Support) account. In the next section of the OUI, shown here, you can specify the Metalink username and password you use. You can use the Test Registration option to verify connectivity to the Metalink site from your computer. 16 Part I: Critical Database Concepts At this point, the installation is ready to proceed, and OUI will display a list of the selected products to install. As shown here, that list will include the core software as well as related utilities and scripts. The Oracle installation can now begin. As shown below, Oracle provides a status bar to show the installation progress. The time to complete the installation depends on the processing speed of your computer. Do not run other processes on your computer during this time because they may interfere with the successful completion of the Oracle software installation. Chapter 2: Installing Oracle Database 11g and Creating a Database 17 After the Oracle software has been successfully installed, the Database Configuration Assistant will be automatically launched if you selected that option. As shown in the following illustration, the creation steps include copying the datafiles for the starter database into the targeted area on your computer and then creating an instance. The result of this step will be a fully functional database that you can use for the practice exercises in this book. As shown here, multiple configuration assistants will run. The Database Configuration Assistant (DBCA) creates the database, whereas the Oracle Net Configuration Assistant verifies your networking configuration. Connections to your database will use Oracle Net. You can choose not to run the configuration assistants or to retry those that fail. 18 Part I: Critical Database Concepts With the networking configuration verified, the DBCA can now complete the database creation, as shown next. When the database creation completes, you will see a summary screen similar to the one shown in the following illustration. The summary screen will list the name of the database that was created, the location of the database parameter file, and the accounts that are unlocked. As a security measure, most of the accounts inside a new Oracle database are locked. The password for the unlocked accounts is the password set during the initial creation (refer to Figure 2-1). If you chose to change the security settings, you will see the security management page, shown next. You may choose to unlock any of the standard accounts provided with your Oracle database. For each of the unlocked accounts, you can specify a password. By default, the only unlocked accounts are those used to manage the database, such as SYS and SYSTEM. Chapter 2: Installing Oracle Database 11g and Creating a Database 19 Following the password management screen, you will see a final set of summary screens showing the success of the individual configuration assistants and the overall success of the installation. The database you created will be fully available, with an instance running on your local computer to access that database. You can now use tools such as SQL*Plus to access the sample database. As part of the Windows installation, Oracle installs an Oracle Administration Assistant (in the Start menu structure, it is available under the Oracle configuration and migration tools menu). Use the Administration Assistant to simplify your management of your local database. For example, you can navigate through the Administration Assistant interface to select your database. When you right-click the database, a series of options will become available, including Startup/Shutdown Configuration Options. You can use this screen to specify that the database instance will be started and shut down whenever the Windows service is started and shut down, thereby simplifying your . the complete details of an Oracle Database 11g installation are beyond the scope of this book, you will see the basics of an Oracle install using the Oracle. similar to the one shown in the following illustration. The summary screen will list the name of the database that was created, the location of the database