Directed speech and reported speech ( Trực tiếp – Gián tiếp) I. Lời nới trực tiếp và lời nói gián tiếp 1. Lời nói trực tiếp: là sự lặp lại chính xác những từ của người nói. - Lời nói trực tiếp được đặt trong dấu ngoặc kép và sau động từ chính có dấu phẩy(,) hoặc dấu hai chấm(:). - Đôi khi mệnh đề chính cũng có thể đặt sau lời nói trực tiếp. Ex: “ I don’t like this party” Bill said. 2. Lời nói gián tiếp (indirect/reported speech) là lời tường thuật lại ý của người nói, đôi khi không cần phải dung đúng những từ của người nói. Ex: Bill said that he didn’t like that party. II. Lời nói gián tiếp với động từ giới thiệu ở hiện tại Ex: My teacher of Geography says, “ The Sun rises in the East.” My teacher of Geography says ( that ) the Sun rises in the East. III. Lời nói gián tiếp với động từ giới thiệu ở quá khứ Ex: Nam said, “ I am doing my homework now.” Nam said (that) he was doing his homework then. * Câu trần thuật trong lời nói gián tiếp ( Statements in reported speech) Statement Reported speech S + V + O said / to Sb (O) + That + S 2 V 2 S 1 + told (O) + That + S 2 V 2 talked + about st *Note: Có thể sử dụng một số ĐT dẫn sau: thought, announced, explained, complained, believed… EX: They said, “We’ll return to Paris next month” - They said they would return to Paris the month after. Những quy tắc biến đổi từ câu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp Rule(QTắc) Direct speech (Trực tiếp) Reported speech (Gián tiếp) 1. Verbs (Động từ) Present simple (V/V s/es ) Past simple (V ed ) Present progressive (is/am/are+V ing ) Past progressive (was/were+V ing ) Present perfect (have/has+V pII ) Past perfect (had+V PII ) Past simple (V ed ) Past perfect (had +V pII ) Past progressive (was/were +V ing ) Past progressive/ Past perfect progressive (had +been +V ing ) Past perfect Past perfect Future simple (will +V) Future in the past (would +V) Near future (is/am/are +going Was/were +going to +V S1 + says (that) + S2 + V’ + O’ to+V) 2. Modal verbs Will Can May Must Would Could Might Must/Had to 3. Adverb of place This That These Those Here There 4. Adverb of time Now Then Today That day Yesterday The day before/ the previous day The day before yesterday Two days before Tomorrow The day after/the next (following)day The day after tomorrow Two days after/ in two days’ time Ago Before This week That week Last week The week before/ the previous week Last night The night before Next week The week after/ the following week 5. Subject /Object I / me She, he /Her, him We /our They/ us You/you I, we/ me, us *Câu mệnh lệnh, câu yêu cầu, câu đề nghị, lời khuyên….trong lời nói gián tiếp ( Orders, requests, offers, advice… in indirect speech) Order Reported speech V + O Asked/told + Object (+ not) + To-infinitive S 1 + Offered/recommended (+ Object) + To-infinitive *Note: Có thể sử dụng một số ĐT dẫn sau: commanded, requested, begged, promised, advised, invited, reminded… * Câu hỏi trong lời nói gián tiếp (Questions in reported speech) Questions Reported speech 1. Yes/No questions Auxiliary + S + V + O? (Do/does/did/had/will) S 1 + asked (+ Object) + If/whether + S 2 V 2 2. Wh – questions WH + Auxiliary + S + V + O? S 1 + asked (+ Object) + WH + S 2 V 2 *Note: Có thể sử dụng một số ĐT dẫn sau: inquired, wondered, wanted to know… * Lưu ý, trong những trường hợp sau động từ không biến đổi 1. Lời nói trực tiếp diễn tả một sự thật hiển nhiên, một chân lí hay một thói quen ở hiện tại EX: 1. My father said “New York is bigger than London” - My father said that New York is bigger than London 2. The teacher said, “The moon moves around the earth” - The teacher said that the moon moves around the earth. 3. He said, “ I always drink milk for breakfast” - Peter said that he always drinks milk for breakfast. 2. Lời nói trực tiếp có các động từ tình thái như: could, would, should, might, ought to, used to, had better. EX: My friend said, “You had better contact with her” - My friend said that I had better contact with her. 3. Lời nói trực tiếp là câu điều kiện loại II hoặc câu điều kiện loại II. He said, “ If I were you, I wouldn’t wait” - He said that if he were me he wouldn’t wait. 4. Thời quá khứ đơn hoặc quá khứ tiếp diễn có thời gian các định hoặc thuộc mệnh đề chỉ thời gian. 1. She said, “My mother arrived on Monday” - She said that her mother arrived on Monday. 2. He said, “When I saw them, they were playing tennis” - He said when he saw them they were playing tennis. I. Turn these sentences into Reported speech. 1. She said,” I can’t find my umbrella”  ___________________________________________________________ 2. They said, “We are learning English now” ___________________________________________________________ 3. “ My friend is coming next week”, Tom said.  ___________________________________________________________ 4. “ I’ll help my mum with housework this weekend” ___________________________________________________________ 2. “We shall overcome this difficulty”, they said  ___________________________________________________________ 3. “ My father is a doctor here”, my friend said  ___________________________________________________________ 4. “I am going on holiday tomorrow”, the boy said to his neighbor. ___________________________________________________________ 5. “ You will have to finish all these exercises before next week”, the teacher said to his students  ___________________________________________________________ 6. “ I came back here early yesterday,” she said.  ___________________________________________________________ 7. “ I’ve broken the vase,” she said ___________________________________________________________ 8. “ I will never see you again,” the boy said to the girl.  ___________________________________________________________ 1. He said to her, “You are my friend.” ___________________________________________________________ 2. Johnny said to his mother, “I don’t know how to do this axercise.”  ___________________________________________________________ 3. “We are waiting for the school bus”, said the chidren.  ___________________________________________________________ 4. Marry said, “My father died a year ago”. ___________________________________________________________ 5. John said, “I have finished studying my lesson”. ___________________________________________________________ 6. Mary said, “I can not go to the movies with you, John”. ___________________________________________________________ 7. “I shall expect to see you next Wednesday.” Mary said to her friend. ___________________________________________________________ 1. He said, “I don’t know what happened.” ________________________________________________ 2. She said, “I went to the doctor yesterday.” ________________________________________________ 3. He said, “I have a toothache.” ________________________________________________ 4. She said, “I’ll write him a prescription.” ________________________________________________ 5. They said, “We’re going to the drugstore.” ________________________________________________ 6. He said, “The doctor gave me some pills.” ________________________________________________ 7. She said, “I go to the supermarket every day.” ________________________________________________ 8. He said, “I have received the envelope.” ________________________________________________ 9. They said, “We visited Cannery Row.” ________________________________________________ 10. She said, “I feel very sick.” ________________________________________________ 11. He said, “I bought some popcorn.” ________________________________________________ 12. They said, “We’re flying to California.” ________________________________________________ 13. He said, “I’m cutting off the main valve.” ________________________________________________ 1. Nam said, “my uncle often plants the vegetables in the afternoon.” …………………………………………………………………… . … 2. “My uncle will not plant the vegetables tomorrow afternoon”, she said. ………………………………………………………………………………. 3. “Mr and Mrs Pike have just read these newspapers”, Nga said. …………………………………………………………………………… 4. She said, “I often listen to music at night.” ……………………………………………………… 5. Lan’s mother said, “ My daughter usually brushes her teeth before meals.” ………………………………………………………………………………… 6. They said, “We have to do the assignments now.” ……………………………………………………………. 7. Lan says, “My sister seldom rides a bike to school.” ……………………………………………………… . 8. They said, “Our teacher sometimes explains the difficult lesson.” …………………………………………………………………………. 9. Nam said, “ I am doing my homework now.” ………………………………………………………… II. Change the sentences below into direct speech. 1. My mother told me that she was sad then.  ___________________________________________________________ 2. One of my friends said that she liked learning English with her teacher. ___________________________________________________________ 3. The doctor told me that I could leave the hospital that day.  ___________________________________________________________ 4. The film director said that she was willing to work then. ___________________________________________________________ 5. The teacher told his students that he would be busy the following month.  ___________________________________________________________ 6. Tom invited me to his birthday party.  ___________________________________________________________ 7. She said the doctor had written her a prescription. ________________________________________________ 8. He said that he had a toothache. ________________________________________________ 9. She said she went to the museum every day. ________________________________________________ 10. They said they were going to the supermarket. ________________________________________________ 11. She said that the doctor had given her some pills. ________________________________________________ 12. He said he had received the report. ________________________________________________ III Change the following sentences into reported speech: 1. She said to him: “give me another glass of wine”. ……………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… 2. She said to me: “bring me a book”. ……………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… 3. Mother said to him: “open the window please!”. ……………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… 4. He said to me: “shut the door after you”. ……………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… 5. The captain said to them: “wait here still I come back”. ……………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… 6. She told her: “take it and come with me”. ……………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… 7. He said to me: “don’t come back before one o’clock”. ……………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… 8. My mother told me: “don’t forget to look at the door”. ……………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… 9. He said to his brother: “don’t open the window, open the door”. ……………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… 10. He said to the girl: “don’t sit on my bed, sit on this chair please!”. ……………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… 11. The teacher said: “I am a teacher”. ……………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… 12. She said to me “I have a big house” ……………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… 13. She said to me : “I am going to the party”. ……………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… 14. She said to me: “I gave him your letter.” ……………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… 15. She said: “I have finished my work.” ……………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… 16. Nam said: “I am not a pupil.” ……………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… 17. Nam said: “I am going to Ho Chi Minh city.” ……………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… 18. He said to me: “I have gone to your house.” ……………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… 19. She says: “I knew your difficulties.” ……………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… 20. He said to me: “I gave him your present.” ……………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… 21. He asked me: “Who is Oliver Twist?” ……………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… 22. My mother asked me: “What‘s the matter with you?” ……………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… 23. I asked him: “Which book do you find?” ……………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… 24. He asked me: “When do you finish your work?” ……………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… 25. Mai asked me: “Why didn’t you come?” ……………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… 26. She says: “She had a wonderful evening.” ……………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… 27. The teacher tells us: “You should learn harder and harder.” ……………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… 28. My mother says that: “We are having a party tomorrow.” ……………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… 29. I say to him: “Our teacher will come on time.” ……………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… 30. Mai‘s parents say that: “We are going to invite twenty guests to the party.” ……………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… ___ The end ___ . Orders, requests, offers, advice… in indirect speech) Order Reported speech V + O Asked/told + Object (+ not) + To-infinitive S 1 + Offered/recommended. Offered/recommended (+ Object) + To-infinitive *Note: Có thể sử dụng một số ĐT dẫn sau: commanded, requested, begged, promised, advised, invited, reminded… * Câu hỏi trong