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The relative clauses in these sentences just give us “ extra information” about the person or thing, so “who is 78; which I wrote down on a piece of paper” are non- defining clauses!.[r]
(1)ANSWERS Combine these sentences using relative clause
1 The man is my uncle He is standing near the window The man who is standing near the window is my uncle
2 This is a boy He loves his family very much This is the boy who loves his family very much.
3 The boy loves his family very much The boy said good bye to you yesterday The boy who said good bye to you yesterday loves his family very much
4 Our English teacher is a woman She is talking to you Our English teacher is the woman who is talking to you
5 The man is my father He works in the garden The man who works in the garden is my father
6 The shirt is very cheap You are looking it
The shirt which you are looking at is very cheap
7 They talked about the show They watched it on TV They talked about the show which they watched on TV.
8 Nam is cleaning the bicycle He bought it last month Nam cleaning the bicycle which he bought last month.
9 These are the magazines I am fond of them These are the magazines which I am fond of.
10 The town is very famous You visited it last month The town which you visited last month is very famous
11 You can’t borrows the books They are in this section You can’t borrows the books which are in this section
12 This is a boy His family is very happy
(2)13 I have a friend His parents are famous doctors I have a friend whose parents are famous doctors.
14 He is a father His love for the family is very great
He is a father whose love for the family is very great.
15 We are proud of a student in our school The result of the student is the highest of district
We are proud of the student whose result in our school is the highest of district 5.
16 I love my parents’ house I was born in that house I love my parents’ house where I was born.
17 The day is unforgettable We first met on that day The day when we first met is unforgettable.
18 He was born on the day His father was away on that day He was born on the day when his father was away.
19 The beach was destroyed by a violent storm People used to go there on holiday The beach where people used to go on holiday was destroyed by a violent storm.
20 I like standing at the window I can see the park from this window I like standing at the window which I can see the park from.
21 The city was beautiful We spent our vacation there The city where we spent our vacation was beautiful.
(3)PRACTICE Sentence transformation
1 The traffic was very heavy, but she came on time for the meeting
Although The traffic was very heavy, she came on time for the meeting.
In spite of the heavy traffic, she came on time for the meeting.
2 I have got qualifications, but I can’t get the job
Even though I have got qualifications, I can’t get the job.
Despite my qualifications, I can’t get the job.
3 In spite of his injured foot, he managed to walk home
Although his foot was injured, he managed to walk home.
4 She decided to take the job although the salary was low In spite of the low salary, She decided to take the job.
5 My brother has not eaten for 24 hours, but he doesn’t feel hungry
Though My brother has not eaten for 24 hours, he doesn’t feel hungry.
In spite of not eating for 24 hours, he doesn’t feel hungry.
6 I love music, but I can’t play a musical instrument
Although I love music, I can’t play a musical instrument.
(4)UNIT 9: NATURAL DISASTERS
VOCABULARY
1 abrupt (adj.) /əˈbrʌpt/: sudden and unexpected: bất ngờ, đột ngột Ex: The bus came to an abrupt halt
→ abruptly (adv.) Ex: She stopped abruptly and looked at him → abruptness (n.)
2 behave (v.) /bɪˈheɪv/: to things that are good, bad, sensible etc: cư xử, ứng xử Ex: She behaved in a very responsible way
Opposite: misbehave: cư xử không đúng
→ behavior (n.) /bɪˈheɪvjə/ : cách cư xử
Ex: It is important to reward good behaviour
3 can (v.) / kæn/: to preserve food by putting it into a metal container from which all the air is removed: đóng hộp
→ canned food: thực phẩm đóng hộp
→ can (n.) a metal container in which food or drink is preserved without air: hộp dùng để đóng gói thực phẩm → Ex : cans of soup / a Coke can
4 coast (n.) /kəʊst/: the area where the land meets the sea : bờ biển Ex: the west coast of Africa
(5)5 collapse (v.) /kəˈlæps/: fall down suddenly, usually because it is weak or damaged: đổ sụp, sập; ngã quỵ, ngất xỉu
Ex: → The roof had collapsed long ago
→ He collapsed with a heart attack while he was dancing
→ collapse (n.) sự đổ sụp → His business was in danger of collapse
6 damage (n.) /ˈdæmɪdʒ/: physical harm that is done to something or to a part of someone’s body, so that it is broken or injured: việc gây thiệt hại; hư hỏng → damage to
Ex: These chemicals have been found to cause serious environmental damage → damage / cause damage / prevent/avoid damage
→ damage (v.): gây thiệt hại, làm hư hỏng → Ex: Smoking can severely damage your health 7 destroy (v.) /dɪˈstrɔɪ/: to damage something so badly that it no longer exists or cannot be used or repaired: phá hủy, tàn phá
Ex: The building was completely destroyed by fire
→ destruction (n.) /dɪˈstrʌkʃən/: phá hủy →destruction of Ex: The floods brought death and destruction to the area
8 erupt: (v.) /ɪˈrʌpt/: explode and send smoke, fire, and rock into the sky: phun trào Ex: Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines erupted in 1991
→ eruption (n.) /ɪˈrʌpʃən/ : sự phun trào (của núi lửa) → a volcanic eruption
(6)9 expect (v.) /ɪkˈspekt/: to think that something will happen because it seems likely: mong đợi, chờ đón → Ex: The students expect to be back school within a week
→ expectation (n.) /ˌekspekˈteɪʃən/: mong chờ Ex: Their expectations of success were pretty low
→ live up to (somebody’s) expectations: đáp lại mong đợi → expected (adj.) ≠ unexpected
→ expectedly (adv.) ≠ unexpectedly
10 extensive (adj.) /ɪkˈstensɪv/: large in size, amount, or degree: rộng lớn Ex: Fire has caused extensive damage to the island’s forests
→ extensively (adv.)
11 Forecast (n.) /ˈfɔːkɑːst/: a description of what is likely to happen in the future, based on the information that you have now: chương trình dự báo → a weather forecast
Ex: The weather forecast is good for tomorrow
→ forecast(v.) : past tense and past participle forecast or forecasted) Ex: Rain was forecast for the weekend
→ forecaster (n.) omeone whose job is to say what is likely to happen in the future, Ex: the weather forecaster: người dự báo thời tiết
12 asleep (adj.) /əˈsliːp/: sleeping: ngủ (say) → Ex: Quiet! The baby’s asleep → fall asleep: sleeping: ngủ
(7)13 funnel (n.) /ˈfʌnl/: a thin tube with a wide top that you use for pouring liquid into a
containerwith a narrow opening, such as a bottle: phiễu → a funnel shapped storm: lốc xoáy
14 tide (n.) /taɪd/: a current of water caused by the tide: thủy triều Ex: Strong tides make swimming dangerous
→ tidal (adj.) /ˈtaɪdl/: thuộc thủy triều → tidal waves: sóng thủy triều
15 trust (v.) /trʌst/: to believe that someone is honest; to be sure that something is correct
or right : tin tưởng vào; tin có thực Ex: I just don’t trust him
You can’t trust the trains to run on time
→ trust (n.) a strong belief in the honesty, goodness etc of someone or something: niềm tin vào vào điều → Ex: You shouldn’t put your trust in a man like that
→ trusty (adj.) [only before noun]: reliable: able to be trusted → a trusty bike / penknife 16 Volcano (n.) /vɒlˈkeɪnəʊ/ a mountain with a large hole at the top, through which lava (=very hot liquid rock) is sometimes forced out: núi lửa
Ex: Pompei was destroyed when the volcano erupted in 79 AD
→ an active volcano ≠ an inactive volcano: núi lửa hoạt động ≠ núi lửa kg hoạt động 17 safe (adj.) /seɪf/ not in danger of being harmed, lost, or stolen ≠ unsafe
Ex: She doesn’t feel safe in the house on her own → safely (adv.)
→ safety (n.): an toàn For your own safety, please not smoke inside the plane
(8)
18 science (n.) /ˈsaɪəns/: knowledge about the world, especially based on examining, testing, and proving facts: khoa học
Ex: Isaac Newton is the founder of modern science
→ scientific (adj.) /ˌsaɪənˈtɪfɪk /: thuộc khoa học◂ → Ex: We believe in investing in scientific research
→ scientifically (adv.) → Ex: The theory hasn’t been scientifically proven → scientist (n.) /ˈsaɪəntɪst/: nhà khoa học
19 disaster (n.) /dɪˈzɑːstə/: a sudden event such as a flood, storm, or accident which causes great damage or suffering : thảm họa
→ natural disaster: thảm họa thiên nhiên
→ Ex: The oil spill was a disaster for Alaskan sea animals
→ disastrous (adj.) /dɪˈzɑːstrəs/→ Ex: Climate change could have disastrous effects on Earth → disastrously (adv.) →Ex: Things began to go disastrously wrong
20 predict (v.) /prɪˈdɪkt/ to say that something will happen: đoán trước, tiên đoán Ex: → Experts predict that the economic situation will improve
→ Experts predicted that the economic situation would improve → The population is predicted to increase
→ prediction (n.) /prɪˈdɪkʃən/: tiên đoán Ex: It is far too early to make predictions about the curve of corona virus on the beginning to flatten
→ predictable (adj.) /prɪˈdɪktəbəl/ → Ex: The snow had a predictable effect on traffic → predictably (adv.)
(9)21 warn (v.) /wɔːn/: to tell someone that something bad or dangerous may happen: báo trước, cảnh báo
Ex: I warned you not to walk home alone → warn somebody (not) to something
Ex: Authorities are warning people not to go out if unnecessary during the pandemic of Covid-19
→ warning (n.) Ex: warnings about the dangers of smoking
22 border (n.) ˈbɔːdə/: the official line that separates two countries, states, or areas, or the area close to this line: biên giới, đường biên giới
Ex: the border between the US and Mexico
→ border (v.): giáp với, tiếp giáp với → Ex: The Black Sea borders a half-dozen countries 23 bureau (n.) /ˈbjʊərəʊ/: an office or organization that collects or provides information: quan, văn phòng cục → an employment bureau / the weather forecast bureau
24 carriage (n.) /ˈkærɪdʒ/: a vehicle with wheels that is pulled by a horse, used in the past: xe kéo → baby carriage: xe nôi
25 celsius: (n.) /ˈselsiəs/ a scale of temperature in which water freezes at 0º and boils at 100º : Centigrade: độ C → 1º Celsius = 33.8º F (Fahrenheit)
26 strike /straɪk/ (past tense and past participle struck /strʌk/): something bad strikes, it suddenly happens and affects people : điều xấu ập xuống, đập vào
(10)27 flashlight (n.) /ˈflæʃlaɪt/a small electric light that you can carry in your hand: đèn pin 28 highlands (n.) /ˈhaɪləndz/:an area of a country where there are a lot of mountains: vùng núi., vùng cao
29 Pacific Rim (n.) (also the Pacific Rim countries): the countries or parts of countries that border the Pacific Ocean, such as Japan, Australia, and the west coast of the US: vùng lịng chảo Thái Bình Dương, vàng đai Thái Bình Dương
30 shift (n.) /ʃɪft/: a change in the way something is done: thay đổi, chuyển dịch 31 volume (n.) /ˈvɒljuːm/:the amount of sound produced : âm lượng
→ turn the volume up/down Or: Can you turn the TV up/ down a bit?
32 hit /hɪt/(past tense and past participle hit, present participle hitting; strike → Ex: The village has been hit by a devastating typhoon
Natural disasters: → snowstorm: bão tuyết
earthquake : động đất volcano: núi lửa
typhoon: bão nhiệt đới châu á
hurricane: bão nhiệt đới phía nam va bắc Mỹ cyclone: bão nhiệt đới châu úc
tidal waves: sóng thủy triều tornado: lốc xoáy
flood: lũ lụt / drought: hạn hán
(11)Language Focus: Non-defining clauses
The man who / that lives next door is very friendly.
→ who / that lives next door is adjective clause tells us which person, man is Where are the eggs which / that were in the refrigerator?
→ which / that were in the refrigerator is adjective clause tells us which eggs are In these sentences: * Tom’s father, who is 78, is swimming every day.
* She told me her address, which I wrote down on a piece of paper.
→ who is 78; which I wrote down on a piece of paper do not tell us which person or what kind of thing We already know which person or thing is meant: “Tom’s father and her address” The relative clauses in these sentences just give us “extra information” about the person or thing, so “who is 78; which I wrote down on a piece of paper” are non- defining clauses.
When you write non- defining clauses, you have to put commas (,) at the beginning and at the end of the clause.
Ex: → Joan, whom I have known for ten years, is one of my closest friends
→ Mr Edwards, whose health hasn’t been good, has gone to hospital for some tests → Opposite your house, where there are some beautiful trees, is a nice park
(12)Have wonderful holidays with your family!
Don’t forget to exercises!
: sudden unexpected bad sensible putting metal container drink preserved land meets sea resorts weak damaged physical harm injured exists repaired : explode smoke, rock sky likely size, degree description future, based information : sleeping thin tube wide pouring liquid narrow bottle current honest sure correct belief honesty goodness mountain hole danger stolen : knowledge examining proving event flood, storm, accident causes suffering dangerous official separates Black office organization provides vehicle wheels pulled horse, past scale of temperature freezes boils electric countries border Pacific Ocean, west coast amount of sound produced