Chapter How to Use This Book to Get a Top Score I f you are planning to take the TOEFL exam, you are not alone Worldwide more than 700,000 people will likely take the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) this year Native speakers of 145 different languages—representing more than 220 countries and regions—take the TOEFL exam annually And, over 4,500 colleges, universities, programs, and agencies in the United States and Canada will use the TOEFL exam to evaluate applicants who are not native speakers of English This important test measures your ability to read, write, and understand English so you can succeed in a college classroom or professional program To prepare for the TOEFL exam, unlike other standardized tests, you can’t just memorize a list of vocabulary words or math formulas and expect to well on the exam You need to understand conversations and other spoken English, know grammar rules, understand and process what you read, and be able to TOEFL EXAM ESSENTIALS express yourself effectively in writing As you sharpen your English-language skills to prepare for the exam, this book will highlight what you need to know to get your best score If you have looked on the shelves of your local bookstore, you know the volume of test-preparation tools and guidebooks can be overwhelming That’s why this guide is designed to focus on the most important parts of studying for the TOEFL exam, without weighing you down TOEFL Exam Essentials pulls together all the pieces of test preparation for you: ■ ■ ■ ■ what to expect on the test successful test-taking strategies how to make your own study plan a review of the content and skills you need to know You can take this book with you wherever you go Take it out while you wait for the bus, during a work break, or while you exercise at the gym It fits in your pocket or purse so you can fit your study time into a busy schedule By using this book, you are taking your first steps to earning a top score on the TOEFL exam Good luck as you prepare for the exam and pursue the education you need for a successful future WHAT THE TOEFL EXAM IS ABOUT The TOEFL exam has two formats: a computer-based test and a paper-and-pencil version You can take the computer-based test (CBT) at test centers around the world throughout the year In some areas, the CBT is not available and the paper-based TOEFL exam is offered instead The paper test is offered six times a year at specific locations Although the test designs for the HOW TO USE THIS BOOK TO GET A TOP SCORE CBT and the paper-based test are different, both versions measure the same skills and use similar content for reading passages and recorded conversations The computer-based TOEFL exam has four components: listening, structure, reading, and writing ■ ■ ■ ■ The listening section tests your ability to understand North American English You will use headphones to listen to conversations and lectures and then answer multiple-choice questions about them You will be asked to locate main ideas, supporting ideas, and understand inferences made in the conversations that you hear The structure section measures your knowledge of grammar and usage in standard written English You will read sentences and locate grammatical errors or complete sentences with an appropriate word or phrase The reading portion of the exam will measure your ability to read and understand short, written passages The passages will have a style and subject matter similar to that of college-level academic texts The writing section will ask you to compose a short essay on a general topic selected by the computer from a large set of possible topics It measures your ability to write in English and develop and organize ideas about an assigned subject You will have about four hours to complete the CBT Before you begin the test, you will go through a tutorial about basic computer skills, including how to use a mouse, how to scroll, and how to use testing tools Each test section also begins with a tutorial that TOEFL EXAM ESSENTIALS Computer-Based TOEFL Exam Section Number of Questions Time Limit Computer Adaptive? Tutorials tutorials No time limit No Listening 30–49 15–25 minutes to answer questions 40–60 minutes total (You will not be timed while you listen to recordings; only while you answer questions.) Yes Structure 20–25 15–20 minutes Yes Reading 44–55 70–90 minutes ( This includes the time it takes you to read passages and answer questions.) No Writing One topic 30 minutes No will demonstrate how to answer test questions in that part of the exam These tutorials are not scored, and you can spend as much time on them as you need You can also take these tutorials prior to the test for no charge at www.toefl.org or purchase a downloadable file It is a good idea to practice your computer skills ahead of time and become familiar with how to answer test questions using a computer—this will be an advantage to you on exam day The paper-based TOEFL exam has three sections: listening comprehension, structure and written expression, and reading HOW TO USE THIS BOOK TO GET A TOP SCORE What Is Computer-Adaptive Testing? Some sections of the computer-based TOEFL exam are computer adaptive, which means the computer selects your questions based on your level of proficiency Your first question will have an average level of difficulty Your next question will either be easier or harder, depending on how you answered the first The listening and structure parts of the exam are computer adaptive, but the reading and writing sections are not comprehension Each section consists of multiple-choice questions with four possible answer choices for each question Although the test format varies from the CBT, the skills measured are the same ■ ■ ■ Listening comprehension tests your ability to understand North American English, including use of idiom and vocabulary Structure and written expression tests your ability to recognize grammatical errors in standard written English and complete sentences with an appropriate word or phrase Reading comprehension asks you to read and answer questions about short passages like those used in college-level texts The Test of Written English (TWE), a 30-minute writing test, is a required part of the paper-and-pencil TOEFL exam on TOEFL EXAM ESSENTIALS Paper-and-Pencil TOEFL Section Listening comprehension Structure and written expression Reading comprehension Test of Written English ( TWE) Number of Questions Time Limit 50 30–40 minutes 40 50 One topic 25 minutes 55 minutes 30 minutes Note: Number of questions and time limits may vary most test dates There is no separate fee for the TWE You will write a short essay about an assigned general topic What about your test score? The TOEFL exam has no single passing score The college, university, or agency to which you are applying decides the minimum test score that it accepts To learn more about how the TOEFL exam is scored, see Appendix A MANAGE YOUR TIME If your life is busy, you may wonder how you will find the time to prepare for the TOEFL exam You can’t make each day longer, but effective time management—how you organize and use your time—can help make the most of the time you have to get ready for the exam Managing your time during the exam is also an important skill To manage your time before the exam, evaluate how you currently use your time Follow these steps to better organize your time: HOW TO USE THIS BOOK TO GET A TOP SCORE ■ ■ ■ Review your current activities and obligations, including recurring ones like classes, your work schedule, your exercise or sports schedule, or religious services Prioritize your activities Which are the most important to you? Are there any activities you can eliminate to make more time to prepare for the TOEFL exam? Work out a weekly schedule Make a list of your major weekly events, including your TOEFL exam study goals for the week (See more about creating a successful study plan later in this chapter.) List any major social, work, or school-related events (for example, a vocabulary test in Register Right Away Test centers fill up quickly, so begin the TOEFL exam registration process right away Registration information is available online at www.toefl.org or in the TOEFL exam Bulletin, available at English language centers or at the international student center at the university to which you are applying You can also request a Bulletin by writing to: TOEFL/TSE Services P.O Box 6151 Princeton, NJ 08541-6151 609-771-7100 TOEFL EXAM ESSENTIALS ■ English class) Ideally, create this schedule for each week of your test preparation period Create a daily “to do” list Write down your activities, including your TOEFL exam study goals for the day Make this list daily, before bed, or first thing in the morning Carry it with you and cross out the items that you have accomplished Managing your time effectively while you are actually taking the TOEFL exam is a crucial skill As outlined earlier in this chapter, each section of the TOEFL exam has a specific time limit You are expected to complete each section within that given amount of time Because you know how much time you have, you can pace yourself and budget the amount of time you would like to spend on each question If you are taking the computer-based TOEFL exam, an onscreen clock display will keep track of the current question number, the total number of questions, and the time you have left to answer them For example, if you are halfway through a section with 30 questions, you may see a display that shows question 15 of 30 and 00:09 minutes remaining The display continuously changes as you go through the section To help you manage your time during the exam, review these guidelines: ■ Sharpen your computer skills if you are taking the computer-based exam Even if you use a computer every day, taking a test on a computer may be unfamiliar to you Go to the TOEFL exam website (www.toefl.org) for free online tutorials before exam time HOW TO USE THIS BOOK TO GET A TOP SCORE ■ ■ ■ ■ Take a practice test and time yourself For a 20question practice test with a time limit of 40 minutes, give yourself about two minutes for each practice question This will help you learn to pace yourself Read the directions before you begin each section The total number of questions and the time allotment are listed at the start of each section—carefully review it, even if you think you already know the information The number of questions may vary because the test developers sometimes add questions for research purposes They this to determine whether a new question for a future test is sufficiently clear These questions are not scored and you will not know which ones they are Eliminate incorrect answer choices Most of the questions used in the TOEFL exam are multiple-choice For each question, you will have a set of four possible answers Read the questions carefully and eliminate the answer choices you know are incorrect This will make it easier for you to find the correct answer Do not spend too much time on any one question If you not know the answer, eliminate as many answer choices as possible and then choose your best answer Do not make a random guess unless absolutely necessary for you to move on to the next question On the computer-based exam, the listening and structure portions of the test (the computer-adaptive parts of the test), not allow you to skip questions or return to them later Once you click the “Confirm Answer” 10 TOEFL EXAM ESSENTIALS ■ button on your computer screen, you cannot change your answer Random guessing, however, can reduce your score Fortunately, in the reading section, you can make note of a difficult question and go back to it after you have completed the rest of the questions Likewise, on the paper-and-pencil version of the test, you can answer questions in the order that you wish Try to finish each section if you are running out of time This does not mean you should make random guesses—again, doing so can significantly lower your score on the CBT However, evidence shows that most test takers will score higher if they answer all the questions than if they not try to complete the test Here are some other tips for answering multiple-choice questions: ■ ■ ■ Watch for tricky wording Some questions use wording such as “All of the following are true except” or “Which of the following is not a likely outcome?” You will find answer choices that are accurate, but not fit the question Look out for absolutes Be careful answering questions that use words such as always, never, none, or all You may find answer choices that sound correct but are not true in every circumstance Beware of silly answer choices Test makers often include silly or easily confused answer choices When you are under pressure, these choices can become HOW TO USE THIS BOOK TO GET A TOP SCORE 11 appealing if you are not reading closely Eliminate these options first CREATE A STUDY PLAN Have you ever crammed for a big test, trying to learn everything at the last minute? If you have, you know that you can’t learn all the material for a major exam in one study session And if you stayed up all night cramming, you probably found out that you were too tired to study effectively A study plan creates a framework for you to follow as you prepare for the TOEFL exam By planning ahead, you can break down your studying into smaller blocks of time that are easier to manage, less intimidating, and more effective To implement a study plan, first consider your study environment You will need a place to study that has a minimum of distractions, a location where you can concentrate and spread out your materials Your study environment should also be well lit and Should You Guess? In most cases, the answer is yes—if you can eliminate at least one answer On the computer-based TOEFL exam, random guessing will lower your score Only guess if you can cross out at least one answer On the paper-based TOEFL exam, however, your score is based on the number of questions you answer correctly Because there is no penalty for wrong answers, you should guess even if you can’t eliminate one or more answer choices 12 TOEFL EXAM ESSENTIALS What You Need Before You Start To make your TOEFL exam study time more effective, get the right study tools Here are some suggestions: ■ a good English-language dictionary, such as MerriamWebster’s Collegiate Dictionary, 11th Edition ■ paper or legal pads ■ pencils or pens ■ highlighter pens in different colors ■ index or note cards ■ notebooks and folders ■ calendar or Personal Digital Assistant, such as a Palm Pilot™ comfortable for you A corner of your bedroom, a study in your home, the local library, or your school are all possibilities Once you have a place to work, collect the study tools you will need With study tools in hand and a place to study, it’s time to collect the information you need to make decisions about what to study and how much time to allocate to each area of study Follow these five steps to create an effective study plan: Get the information you need Find out the details about the TOEFL exam, including: When will it be held? Where is the test center nearest you? How you register? What you need to register? How much does it cost? HOW TO USE THIS BOOK TO GET A TOP SCORE 13 What you need to bring with you on exam day? What exactly will be tested on the exam? Some of this information is covered in this chapter and in Appendix A at the back of the book For more information, you may need to contact your nearby test center or university or go to www.toefl.org Find out what you already know and what you need to learn For your study plan to be useful, you need to decide which subject areas require the most of your attention Take a practice TOEFL exam Your score will show both your strengths and the areas in which you need improvement Set a time frame Now that you know where to focus your study, you can decide how much time you can give to each subject area First write down a list of specific study goals Be realistic—try to make goals that you can accomplish Now use a calendar to set deadlines for these goals Break up your studying into small time blocks so you can reach your goal one step at a time Avoid making goals that are too big and too general—for example, “Learn everything by May 1.” Instead, set dates to learn material throughout March and April and your study plan will enable you to learn everything by May For example, if you have three months for test preparation and need to focus on building your reading comprehension skills, you might create a schedule like the one on the next page In this study plan, the first five weeks focus solely on reading comprehension However, the plan also allows for time to study other test materials and complete an 14 TOEFL EXAM ESSENTIALS Week Review basic reading comprehension strategies Start vocabulary list Week Practice vocabulary in context questions and specific detail questions Week Practice inference questions Week Practice finding references Week Take reading comprehension practice test Week Review grammar and usage rules Start reading novel Week Continue reviewing grammar and usage rules Week Take structure practice test Finish novel Week Review writing strategies Write a practice essay Week 10 Write two more practice essays Week 11 Start overall review Week 12 Continue overall review until test day Every day: Read several articles in an English-language newspaper Every week: Watch or listen to a TV show, news program, or movie in English to build listening skills overall review before the exam day It sets specific weekly goals as well as smaller, daily goals Stick to your plan Write it down and post it where you can see it Unexpected events—such as coming down with the flu or a problem at work—may interrupt your plans Don’t waste time worrying—just pick up HOW TO USE THIS BOOK TO GET A TOP SCORE 15 where you left off Try to put in extra time during the next few weeks to catch up You may need to adjust your schedule to make deadlines more realistic, but be sure to give yourself enough time to finish everything before the exam Modify your plan Most likely, you will need to adjust your study plan as you proceed Review your progress every week Did you reach your goals? If not, where did you fall short and why? The more you assess what is working in your plan and what is not working, the more it will address your actual study needs It may go without saying, but the key element to doing well on the TOEFL exam is mastering the material covered on the test Proficiency in English-language skills is crucial for success How can you best improve your listening, grammar, reading, and writing skills? Knowing how to study can be as important as how much time you spend studying Effective study strategies are active rather than passive, meaning that you something, such as the following: ■ Ask questions as you study, read, or listen to a conversation in English • What is the main idea being expressed? • What is the author or speaker trying to prove? • What is fact and what is opinion? ■ Locate what is important As you read, use a highlighter or pencil to underline key information, such as: • terms that are defined in the text • main ideas 16 TOEFL EXAM ESSENTIALS • words or grammar rules you want to remember • new ideas • vocabulary words or expressions you need to look up ■ Make connections If you can make connections between ideas, you will better remember the material For example, if Spanish is your native language, you might connect the word dormir (“to sleep” in Spanish) with dormitory (the English word for a room or building where students sleep) ■ Make notes Note taking can help you remember material, even if you never read your notes again That’s because it’s a muscle activity, and using your muscles helps you remember While reading or listening, make note of main ideas, supporting details, authorities, opinions and facts, and key terms BEAT TEST STRESS Your palms sweat, your breathing quickens, and your heart races Most test takers recognize these common symptoms—the signs of stress However, by following a study plan and taking concrete actions to reduce the stress in your life, you can boost your confidence on exam day and lower your test stress Keep your general stress levels low Take note of the factors in your life that cause you stress, such as family, work, or school problems Try to deal with those stresses that interfere with studying and preparing for the exam For example, if you can’t study at home because it is loud or chaotic, make plans to find a quieter, calmer location like a friend’s house or the library Taking HOW TO USE THIS BOOK TO GET A TOP SCORE 17 specific actions can help you limit stress The result will be that you will feel more relaxed when you sit down to take the exam Here are seven ways to better handle stress Get plenty of sleep Most adults need seven to nine hours of sleep a night Being deprived of sleep will make you less able to cope with stress, less able to concentrate, and less likely to perform well If you have a hard time falling asleep, try these tips: ■ Keep a regular schedule Go to sleep and get up at the same time every day ■ Take a relaxing bath or read a book ■ Stay away from caffeine after lunchtime (coffee, tea, cola, and chocolate may contain caffeine) ■ Exercise earlier in the day (at least two to four hours before bedtime) A tired body will need more sleep (but a workout just before bed will keep you awake) Eat well and exercise Good nutrition and regular exercise are important for your complete health Stay away from high-sugar, high-calorie, low-nutrition snacks and meals Instead of donuts, potato chips, or cookies, for example, try low-fat yogurt, fresh-squeezed fruit juice, or carrot sticks Also, try to fit some exercise into your busy schedule—even a brisk walk can improve your mood, reduce stress, and boost your energy level Study Review and improve your skills ahead of time and you will feel calm and confident when you walk into the testing room If you fall behind in your study plan, not worry—just try to get back on schedule 18 TOEFL EXAM ESSENTIALS Be prepared New situations can make people nervous Find out where the TOEFL exam test center is and plan how you will get there Organize the materials you will need for the test the night before Use this book to learn about the format of the exam and what types of questions to expect If you prepare well, the TOEFL exam will not be new to you Create realistic goals Break up big goals into smaller, easier-to-manage tasks Instead of telling yourself what you “should” do, the best you can Keep things in perspective—the TOEFL exam is an important test, but don’t lose sight of the other important parts of your life Think positively Imagine yourself doing well— picture yourself at the exam, calmly answering each question If you believe you can it, you will be more likely to achieve your goals Reward yourself Give yourself rewards throughout your preparation for the TOEFL exam This can make studying less burdensome Set up realistic rewards for following your study plan and, eventually, for your well-earned test score COUNTDOWN TO EXAM DAY After months of preparation, your hard work will soon pay off The test is just a week away How can you make the most of your final days? Here’s a countdown plan that will help you reach your goal and reduce unnecessary stress HOW TO USE THIS BOOK TO GET A TOP SCORE 19 The week before ■ Get detailed directions to the test center Take a practice drive or practice commute so you know how long it takes to get there ■ Do an overall review of your material ■ Get plenty of sleep every night ■ Picture yourself doing well on the test The day before ■ Go to bed early ■ Get light exercise Avoid heavy workouts—you not want to be physically exhausted on exam day ■ Pack everything you need: pencils/pens, admission materials, identification, mints, or snacks for break time ■ Set your alarm and ask a family member or friend to make sure you are up on time Exam day ■ Get up early ■ Eat a light, healthy breakfast (Don’t drastically change your diet on exam day For example, if you drink coffee regularly, don’t skip it because you may get a headache But don’t overdo it, either.) ■ Dress comfortably in layers so you can adjust to a room that is too hot or too cool ■ Arrive at the test center early ■ Think positively Remember, you are prepared 20 TOEFL EXAM ESSENTIALS USE THIS BOOK WITH OTHER TEST-PREPARATION MATERIAL TOEFL Exam Essentials gives you key information about the TOEFL exam in a quick, easy style and format Unlike other testprep books that use a question-and-answer format, TOEFL Exam Essentials offers strategies for studying and test taking that can make the difference for you in getting a top score on this important exam When used in combination with other test-preparation materials, TOEFL Exam Essentials is a powerful tool that will help you succeed If you are committed to doing well on the TOEFL exam, you should also invest the time and money into purchasing or using other test-preparation materials that contain practice tests As you prepare for the exam, consider taking several practice tests Use the study plan described earlier in this chapter to schedule your practice test You will find many test-preparation books at your bookstore, library, or for purchase online See Learning Express’s TOEFL Exam Success (LearningExpress, 2002) for detailed study and learning strategies, lessons, and practice questions targeted to the kinds of questions asked in each section of the official exam The Internet also contains resources for the TOEFL exam Some websites offer online practice tests and scoring, with an analysis of your results If you register for the computer-based TOEFL exam, taking a practice test on a computer will be an advantage to you You will become more familiar with the experience of taking a standardized test on a computer so that when you take the official exam, it won’t be new to you See Appendix B in the back of the book for more print and online resources  ... every day, taking a test on a computer may be unfamiliar to you Go to the TOEFL exam website (www.toefl.org) for free online tutorials before exam time HOW TO USE THIS BOOK TO GET A TOP SCORE. .. can reach your goal one step at a time Avoid making goals that are too big and too general—for example, “Learn everything by May 1.” Instead, set dates to learn material throughout March and April... idea to practice your computer skills ahead of time and become familiar with how to answer test questions using a computer? ?this will be an advantage to you on exam day The paper-based TOEFL exam