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Use of DDGS in Swine Diets
Use of DDGS in S w i n e D i e ts User Handbook Use of U.S DDGS in Swine Diets Historical Use of DDGS in Swine Diets Historically, limited amounts (less than 3% of total production) of distiller’s co-products were used in swine diets until about the year 2000 During the past 60 years, research has been conducted to evaluate three types of distiller’s co-products in swine diets – distiller’s dried solubles (DDS), distiller’s dried grains (DDG) and distiller’s dried grains with solubles (DDGS) In the 1940’s and 1950’s, most of the research on feeding distiller’s co-products to swine focused on evaluating DDS Performance trials were conducted to measure growth rate and feed conversion of pigs when DDS was added to starter (Krider et al., 1944; Catron et al., 1954) and grower-finisher diets (Fairbanks et al., 1944; Beeson et al, 1959) Several studies were also conducted to determine if DDS could replace common protein (Fairbanks et al., 1945; Hanson, 1948; Winford et al., 1951) and vitamin (Krider and Terrill, 1949) supplements in corn-based diets during various phases of production Beginning in the late 1950’s, researchers continued to evaluate growth performance of pigs fed distiller’s co-products (Livingstone and Livingston, 1966; Combs and Wallace, 1969; and Combs and Wallace, 1970), but interest in identifying “unidentified growth factor(s)” in distiller’s co-products and their effects on swine growth performance became a research focus (Beeson et al., 1959; Couch et al., 1960; Conrad, 1961; Wallace and Combs, 1968) In the 1970’s and 1980’s, construction of large scale ethanol plants occurred and researchers began to focus on evaluating DDGS A series of titration experiments were conducted to determine maximal inclusion rates of DDGS that could be added to starter (Wahlstrom and Libal, 1980; Orr et al., 1981; Cromwell et al., 1985) and grower-finisher diets (Wahlstrom et al., 1970; Smelski and Stothers, 1972; Cromwell et al., 1983) Additional studies focused on amino acid content of DDGS and the effect of lysine supplementation on performance of pigs fed diets containing DDGS (Wahlstrom and Libal, 1980; Cromwell et al 1983; Cromwell and Stahly, 1986) From 1986 until 1998, very little research was conducted to evaluate the use of distiller’s coproducts in swine feeds, even though several new dry-grind fuel ethanol plants were being built These relatively new,dry-mill ethanol plants use state-of-the-art engineering designs, fermentation technologies and drying processes compared to older plants that were built and operating decades before Consequently, the nutrient content and digestibility of DDGS produced by these modern ethanol plants are higher than published in National Research Council (NRC) in 1998 Nutritional Value of DDGS for Swine High quality DDGS has a digestible and metabolizable energy value equal to or greater than corn Spiehs et al (1999) was the first to report that the digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) values were similar to energy values for corn (3.49 Mcal/kg and 3.37 Mcal/kg, respectively) Fu et al (2004) reported that the ME and net energy (NE) values for DDGS were 3.25 Mcal/kg and 2.61 Mcal/kg, respectively, whereas Hastad et al (2004) reported much higher values for DE, ME and NE (3.87 Mcal/kg, 3.60 Mcal/kg, and 2.61 Mcal/kg, respectively) Stein 05 - Use of DDGS in Swine Diets et al (2006) confirmed that the DE and ME value of DDGS for swine is equal to, or greater than corn (3,639 kcal DE/kg and 3,378 kcal ME/kg) Like the low protein quality (low lysine and poor amino acid balance) of corn, DDGS is also low in lysine relative to its crude protein content Threonine is the second limiting amino acid after lysine, and should be monitored during diet formulation when using more than 10% DDGS in swine diets Amino acid digestibility can also vary among DDGS sources Stein et al (2006) showed that the range in true lysine digestibility coefficients for swine ranges from 43.9-63.0% Fastinger and Mahan (2006) reported a similar range in standardized ileal lysine digestibility values (38.2-61.5%) when five sources of DDGS were evaluated Lightness and yellowness of color of DDGS appear to be reasonable predictors of digestible lysine content among DDGS sources for swine (Pederson et al., 2005) In order to ensure excellent pig performance when adding DDGS to swine diets, only light colored sources should be used and diets should be formulated on a digestible amino acid basis if more than 10% DDGS is included in the diet DDGS is an excellent source of available phosphorus for swine Whitney et al (2001) showed that relative phosphorus availability in DDGS was 90%, using dicalcium phosphate as the inorganic phosphorus reference source Use of DDGS in starter diets Whitney and Shurson (2004) conducted two experiments to determine the effects of increasing dietary levels (0-25%) of DDGS on growth performance of early-weaned pigs A total of 96 crossbred pigs (BW = 6.18 ± 0.14 kg) were blocked by gender and ancestry, and pigs within each block were randomly assigned to one of six dietary treatments (4 pigs/pen, pens/treatment) in each of two growth performance experiments Dietary treatments consisted of providing 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, or 25% DDGS during Phases and of a 3-phase nursery feeding program Pigs in Experiment were slightly older (19.0 vs 16.9 days of age) and heavier (7.10 vs 5.26 kg) at the beginning of the experiment compared to pigs in Experiment All pigs were provided a commercial pelleted diet for the first days post-weaning, and were then switched to their respective experimental Phase diets (fed for a subsequent 14 days), followed by Phase experimental diets (fed for an additional 21 days) Experimental diets were formulated to contain equivalent apparent ileal digestible lysine (1.35 and 1.15%) and methionine + cystine (0.80 and 0.65%), ME (3340 and 3390 kcal/kg), calcium (0.95 and 0.80%) and total phosphorus (0.80 and 0.70%) within Phases and 3, respectively Overall growth rate, ending body weight, and feed conversion of pigs were similar among dietary treatments regardless of dietary DDGS level fed for both experiments In Experiment 1, feed intake was unaffected by dietary treatment In Experiment 2, however, increasing dietary DDGS level linearly decreased feed intake during Phase 2, and tended to decrease voluntary feed intake over the length of the experiment These results suggest that high quality DDGS can be included in Phase diets for nursery pigs at dietary levels up to 25%, without negatively affecting growth performance after a two-week acclimation period Satisfactory growth performance can also be achieved when adding up to 25% DDGS in Phase diets for pigs weighing at least kg in body weight Including these high levels immediately post-weaning, however, may negatively influence feed intake, resulting in poorer initial growth performance More recently, Gaines et al (2006) conducted two trials to evaluate the effect of dietary levels of DDGS and choice white grease on growth performance in the late nursery phase of growth (more than 11 kg BW) The first trial was conducted to evaluate dietary DDGS inclusion rates of 05 - Use of DDGS in Swine Diets 0, 15 and 30% without supplemental fat The second trial used the same dietary levels of DDGS as in the first trial, but also evaluated the effect of adding or 15% choice white grease to the diet on growth performance There was no effect of dietary DDGS inclusion level or fat source on average daily gain In the second trial, both feeding diets containing DDGS and the addition of 5% choice white grease improved the gain:feed ratio, which was attributed to lower feed intake Use of DDGS in Grower-Finisher Diets Whitney et al (2006c) conducted a study to determine the effects of feeding diets containing 0, 10, 20 or 30% DDGS on growth performance and carcass characteristics of grower-finisher pigs They used a total of 240 crossbred pigs with an initial body weight of about 28.6 kg, and assigned them to one of four diet sequences in a five-phase grower-finisher feeding program Corn-soybean meal diets were formulated on total lysine basis, and also contained up to 4% soybean oil as a supplemental fat source Soybean oil was chosen as the supplemental fat source for this study because we did not have the ability to use animal fats at the location where this study was conducted Therefore, these experimental diets contained unusually high levels of unsaturated fatty acids compared what is currently being fed to grower-finisher pigs in the U.S pork industry As shown in Table 1, pigs fed the diets containing 10% DDGS grew at the same rate, consumed the same amount of feed and had the same feed conversion as pigs fed the control corn-soybean meal diets Feeding diets containing 20% DDGS resulted in reduced growth rate but feed conversion was not significantly affected However, feeding diets containing 30% DDGS reduced growth rate and feed conversion compared to pigs fed the corn-soybean meal control diets or the diets containing 10% DDGS This reduction in performance at higher DDGS inclusion rates was likely due to formulating diets on a total amino acid basis and not accounting for the digestibility of amino acids in DDGS, which likely resulted in not meeting the pigs amino acid requirements at the 20 and 30% dietary inclusion rates for DDGS Table 1: Effect of Dietary DDGS Level on Overall Growth Performance of Grower-Finisher Pigs 0% DDGS 10% DDGS 20% DDGS 30% DDGS a 0.86 0.86a 0.83bc 0.81bd Average Daily Gain (ADG), kg 2.38 2.37 2.31 2.35 Average Daily Feed Intake (ADFI), kg 2.76a 2.80a 2.92b 2.76a Feed/Gain (F/G) 117a 117a 114b 112b Final Wt., kg a, b Means within row with unlike superscripts are different (P < 05) Means within row with unlike superscripts are different (P < 10) c, d At the end of the feeding portion of this study, pigs were slaughtered to obtain carcass (Table 2), muscle (Table 3) and fat (Table 4) quality measurements Carcass weight and dressing percentage of pigs fed the and 10% DDGS diets were the same and greater than those from pigs fed the 20 and 30% DDGS diets The lighter carcass weights of pigs fed the 20% and 30% DDGS diets were a result of reduced growth rate and lighter live weights compared to pigs fed the control (0%) and 10% DDGS diets However, there was no difference in backfat thickness or 05 - Use of DDGS in Swine Diets percentage of carcass lean among the different DDGS feeding levels Pigs fed the 0% DDGS diets had greater loin depths compared to pigs fed the 30% DDGS diets, with intermediate loin depths from pigs fed either 10 or 20% DDGS The differences in loin depth were influenced by the differences in slaughter weight of pigs among the four dietary treatments These results indicate that, although growth performance was negatively affected by feeding diets containing 20 or 30% DDGS, carcass composition was largely unaffected as indicated by the similar fat depths and percent carcass lean across dietary treatments Furthermore, none of the muscle quality measurements except 11-day purge loss were affected by dietary DDGS level (Table 3) It is unclear why muscle from pigs fed the 20% DDGS had a higher 11-day purge loss compared to muscle from pigs fed the control diet, but 11-day purge loss was not different between the 0, 10 and 30% DDGS treatments These data indicate adding DDGS at levels up to 30% in swine finishing diets did not have meaningful effects on pork muscle quality Iodine number increased linearly, and thus, belly fat became more unsaturated, as the dietary concentration of DDGS increased (Table 4) Researchers have clearly established that feeding diets containing an unsaturated fat source can alter the degree of saturation in pork fat Lea et al (1970) indicated that adequately firm pork fat has an iodine number below 70 Boyd (1997) suggested that the iodine value threshold for pork fat in the United States should be set at 74 In our study, iodine values were greater than 70, but less than 74, for the diets containing 30% DDGS and about 70 for the pigs fed the 20% DDGS diets A significant amount of unsaturated fatty acids was supplied to experimental diets from supplemental soybean oil in addition to the corn oil present in DDGS in this study We estimate, based on NRC (1998), that a typical swine finishing diet without supplemental fat (85% corn, 11% soybean meal) would contain about 3% unsaturated fatty acids By comparison, we estimated our phase control diet contained 4.33% unsaturated fatty acids and the Phase diet with 30% DDGS contained 4.96% unsaturated fatty acids We expect that if an animal fat source, which is lower in unsaturated fatty acid concentration, were added to these diets, or if no supplemental fat was added, the iodine values of carcass fat from pigs fed high concentrations of DDGS would be lower and the negative effects of adding high levels of DDGS to the diets on pork fat quality would be less The effect of DDGS feeding on iodine number was reflected in the analysis of belly firmness score Lower belly firmness scores indicated that bellies from pigs that were fed 30% DDGS were softer than bellies from pigs fed or 20% DDGS Softer bellies were most likely a consequence of elevated concentrations of dietary unsaturated lipids supplied by soybean oil and DDGS Table 2: Effects of Dietary DDGS Level on Carcass Characteristics of Grower-Finisher Pigs 0% DDGS 10% DDGS 20% DDGS 30% DDGS 117 119 113 112 Slaughter weight, kg c c d 86.6 81.6 80.7d 85.7 Carcass weight, lbs c c d 73.4 72.8 72.1 71.9d Dressing % 21.3 21.8 21.1 20.6 Fat depth, mm ac b c 53.9 54.8 51.6d 56.5 Loin depth, mm 52.6 52.0 52.6 52.5 % Carcass lean a, b c, d Means within row with unlike superscripts are different (P < 05) Means within row with unlike superscripts are different (P < 10) 05 - Use of DDGS in Swine Diets Table 3: Muscle Quality Characteristics from Grower-Finisher Pigs Fed Diets Containing 0, 10, 20, and 30% DDGS 0% 10% 20% 30% c 54.3 55.1 55.8 55.5 L* 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.1 Color scored e 2.2 2.0 2.1 2.1 Firmness score f 1.9 1.9 1.7 1.9 Marbling score 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.6 Ultimate pH a b 2.4 2.8 2.5 2.1 11-d purge loss, % 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 24-hr drip loss, % 18.7 18.5 18.3 18.8 Cooking loss, % 21.4 21.5 21.8 22.1 Total moisture loss, %g h 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.3 Warner-Bratzler sheer force, kg a, b Means within row with unlike superscripts are different (P < 05) = black, 100 = white d = pale pinkish gray/white; = grayish pink; = reddish pink; = dark reddish pink; = purplish red; = dark purplish red e = soft, = firm, = very firm f Visual scale approximates % intramuscular fat content (NPPC, 1999) g Total moisture loss = 11-d purge loss + 24-h drip loss + cooking loss h Measure of tenderness c Table 4: Fat Quality Characteristics of Market Hogs Fed Corn-Soybean Meal Diets Containing 0, 10, 20 and 30% DDGS 0% 10% 20% 30% DDGS DDGS DDGS DDGS 3.15a 3.00ab 2.84bc 2.71c Belly thickness, cm 24.4a 25.1a 21.3b 27.3a Belly firmness score, degrees d de d 25.9 23.8 25.4 22.4e Adjusted belly firmness score, degrees 66.8d 68.6e 70.6f 72.0f Iodine number a, b, c Means within row with unlike superscripts are different (P < 10) d, e, f Means within row with unlike superscripts are different (P < 05) Based upon these results, including 10% DDGS in conventional swine grower-finisher diets has no detrimental effects on pig performance, carcass quality or pork quality When diets are formulated on a total amino acid basis, it appears that inclusion rates of 20% or higher result in depressed growth performance Including DDGS at concentrations of 20 to 30% of the diet, and using soybean oil as a supplemental fat source for grower-finisher pigs does not affect muscle composition or quality, but decreases the saturation of fatty acids, resulting in softer bellies and may negatively affect further processing traits A recent commercial field trial conducted by the University of Minnesota and Land O’ Lakes/Purina Feed was conducted in the summer of 2006 to further evaluate the impact of feeding conventional corn-soybean meal grower-finisher diets – with or without 10% DDGS – on pork fat quality Two cooperating pork producers were selected for this study Each producer had typical commercial 1,000 head finishing barns and were located in southern Minnesota Each 05 - Use of DDGS in Swine Diets 40-pen barn was a double curtain sided building with foot pits, utilized pit fans for ventilation and weighted baffle ceiling air inlets Both farms had common genetics consisting of Monsanto Genepacker sows mated with Monsanto EB terminal line boar semen Overall health status of both groups of pigs was very good Feed for both farms was formulated and provided by Land O’ Lakes/Purina Feed Producer A fed typical corn-soybean meal diets, whereas Producer B fed corn-soybean meal diets containing 10% DDGS An eight-phase mixed sex feeding program was used and the last finisher diet contained 4.5g Paylean Diets within each phase contained similar nutrient levels with and without 10% DDGS All diets within each phase contained the same level of choice white grease as the supplemental fat source (supplemental levels ranged from 1.25-3.75% depending on the diet phase) One hundred twenty eight pigs were randomly selected from each group for evaluation of carcass traits At 24 hours postmortem, a total of 48 mid-belly samples were collected from each dietary treatment group, with equal numbers of barrows (n=12) and gilts (n=12) from each farm From the 48 mid-belly samples, a visual color score (on a scale from 1-4 with = pale and = dark) was determined by a group of six panelists using a visual system for Japanese pork fat color scores All belly fat samples were then analyzed to determine complete fatty acid profiles Iodine value and mean melting point were calculated using fatty acid data from each sample As shown in Table 5, pigs fed the 10% DDGS grew equally well, consumed less feed, had better feed conversion and lower feed cost per pound of gain compared to pigs fed the cornsoybean diets without DDGS At slaughter, there were no differences in carcass weight, backfat thickness or percentage of ham, loin and belly relative to total carcass weight (Table 6) In addition, there were no differences in loin depth or percentage of lean muscle in the carcasses between the two groups These results are in agreement with the growth performance and carcass composition results obtained in the study conducted by Whitney et al (2006c) and clearly show that feeding corn-soybean meal diets containing 10% DDGS have no negative on growth performance and carcass characteristics of grower-finisher pigs In fact, the producer who fed the DDGS diets in this study obtained the same carcass quality at a lower feed cost per pound of gain compared to the producer who fed diets without DDGS When the composition and quality characteristics of belly fat from these pigs were evaluated, there were no differences in color score based upon Japanese pork fat quality standards (Table 7), nor were there any differences in mean melting point of the belly fat However, bellies from pigs fed the 10% DDGS diets had a higher iodine value than pigs fed the diets without DDGS This is also in agreement with the results obtained in the study reported by Whitney et al (2006) shown in Table The iodine values are similar and below the suggested maximum threshold of 70 These results clearly show that feeding diets containing 10% DDGS to grower-finisher pigs have negative effects on pork fat quality As expected, the levels of linoleic acid, polyunsaturated fatty acids and omega fatty acids increase in belly fat when pigs are fed diets containing 10% DDGS, but are well within accepted standards of acceptable pork fat quality 05 - Use of DDGS in Swine Diets Table 5: Growth Performance, Feed Usage and Feed Cost of Grower-Finisher Pigs Fed Diets Containing or 10% DDGS 0% DDGS 10% DDGS 0.82 0.83 ADG, kg 2.24 2.10 ADFI, kg 2.54 2.73 F/G 258.5 251.2 Kg Feed/Head 0.077 0.073 Feed Cost/Lb Gain, $ Table 6: Carcass Characteristics of Grower-Finisher Pigs Fed Diets Containing or 10% DDGS 0% DDGS 10% DDGS 96.1 95.2 Carcass weight, kg 27.3 27.8 Last rib backfat, mm 25.3 24.8 Tenth rib backfat, in 11.74 11.74 Ham, % 7.93 7.91 Loin, % 10.51 10.41 Belly, % 68.0 68.0 Loin depth, mm 56.36 56.47 % Carcass lean Table 7: Mid-Belly Fat Quality Characteristics of Carcasses from Grower-Finisher Pigs Fed Diets Containing or 10% DDGS Measurement 0% DDGS 10% DDGS Japanese fat color score 1.76 1.81 Mean melting point, °C 29.3 28.7 a Iodine value 66.7 68.3b Oleic acid (18:1), % 47.39c 45.12d c Linoleic acid (18:2), % 11.94 13.98d Saturated fatty acids, % 33.99 34.26 c Monounsaturated fatty acids, % 51.78 49.47d Polyunsaturated fatty acids, % 14.02c 16.11d Total omega fatty acids, % 0.98 0.96 c Total omega fatty acids, % 13.02 15.14d Omega 6:omega ratio 13.28c 15.78d a, b Means within row with unlike superscripts are different (P < 05) c, d Means within row with unlike superscripts are different (P < 0001) Based upon these research results, there is no reason for concern when feeding grower-finisher diets containing 10% DDGS on carcass or pork quality The composition of some fatty acids (e.g linoleic acid, polyunsaturated fatty acids and omega fatty acids) in pork fat increase with the addition of DDGS to corn-soybean meal diets, but not alter the acceptability based upon current industry standards Furthermore, there is no evidence suggesting that feeding growerfinisher pigs diets containing 10% DDGS will decrease the quality and acceptability of U.S pork in the Japanese export market 05 - Use of DDGS in Swine Diets Gralapp et al (2002) conducted two experiments to evaluate the impact of the level of DDGS added to grower-finisher diets on manure characteristics, odor emissions and growth performance Three diets containing 0, or 10% DDGS were fed to 72 finishing pigs during six four-week periods They found that ADG and feed efficiency were reduced at higher DDGS dietary inclusion rates, but there was a tendency for higher feed intake in pigs fed the 10% DDGS diet, 2.91 kg/day vs 2.73 and 2.75 kg/day for pigs fed the and 0% DDGS diets, respectively These results confirm that pig growth performance is not affected when fed diets containing 10% DDGS compared to feeding typical corn-soybean meal diets DeDecker et al (2005) showed that feeding grower-finisher diets containing 30% DDGS could be achieved without any negative effects on growth performance, but carcass yield decreased linearly as dietary DDGS level increased Use of DDGS in gestation and lactation diets Three studies have been conducted to determine the optimum inclusion rate of DDGS in diets for sows during gestation and lactation (Thong et al., 1978; Monegue and Cromwell, 1995; Wilson et al., 2003), and recommendations for maximum dietary inclusion rates have been published based upon results obtained by Thong et al., 1964 and Monegue and Cromwell, 1995 (Weigel et al., 1997; Pork Industry Handbook, 1998) As a result of limited information of feeding DDGS to sows, current recommendations for DDGS inclusion for use of DDGS in sow diets are somewhat different The Feed Co-Products Handbook (Weigel et al., 1997) lists the maximum inclusion rate for DDGS to be up to 50% in gestation diets and up to 20% in lactation diets The Pork Industry Handbook, however, recommends slightly lower levels of DDGS usage, suggesting up to 40% in gestation diets and a maximum inclusion rate of 10% in lactation diets (PIH Factsheet #112) Thong et al (1978) conducted an experiment using 64 gilts to evaluate the use of DDGS as a replacement for soybean meal in a corn-soybean meal diet fed during gestation To conduct this experiment, sows were fed diets containing either 0, 17.7 or 44.2% DDGS during gestation All diets were formulated to contain 0.42% total dietary lysine Number of pigs farrowed per litter and average pig birth weight were not significantly affected by dietary treatment The authors concluded that DDGS could replace soybean meal on a lysine-equivalent basis as a source of supplemental amino acids at levels up to 44.2% of the diet for gestating sows Monegue and Cromwell (1995) compared reproductive performance of sows fed a fortified corn-soybean meal diet to sows fed diets containing 40 or 80% corn gluten feed (CGF) and sows fed diets containing 40 or 80% DDGS during gestation A total of 90 parity crossbred sows (18 sows/dietary treatment) were used in this study Diets contained similar levels of total lysine and were fed at different levels to equalize ME intake at 6.2 Mcal/sow/day Sows were allowed to consume a fortified corn-soybean meal diet ad libitum during the subsequent 28-day lactation period Farrowing rates averaged 91% and were not affected by dietary treatment Gestation weight gains tended to be greater in sows fed the CGF and DDGS diets indicating that the energy in these co-products was well utilized Lactation feed intake and sow weight loss during lactation were similar among dietary treatments Litter size at birth and pig birth weights were not affected by dietary treatment, although numerically, sows fed the 80% DDGS had slightly smaller litters Litter size weaned and litter weaning weights were not different among dietary treatments, although feeding the 80% CGF diet and the DDGS diets during lactation numerically reduced litter size weaned and increased individual pig weight at weaning There were no differences in 05 - Use of DDGS in Swine Diets litter weaning weight and pig survival percentage to weaning among dietary treatments Days for sows to return to estrus following weaning were similar among dietary treatment groups and averaged 4.7 days The authors concluded that diets containing high levels of CGF and DDGS, up to 80% of the gestation diet, are well utilized, and not appear to impair reproductive or lactation performance More recently, Wilson et al (2003) conducted a two-parity study utilizing 93 multiparous sows to determine the effects of feeding diets containing 50% DDGS in gestation and 20% DDGS in lactation on sow reproductive performance Nutrient balance was also determined from day 100 to day 105 of pregnancy using 14 gestating sows Sows were allotted based on parity and initial body weight to one of two gestation diets (0 or 50% DDGS, corn-soybean meal based diets), and one of two lactation diets (0 or 20% DDGS, corn-soybean meal based diets) Sows were fed a daily amount of feed based on 1% of sow body weight plus 100 g, 300 g and 500 g per day on days to 30, 31 to 60 and 61 to 90 days of gestation, respectively Sows were provided ad libitum access to feed during lactation Sows remained on their respective dietary treatment combinations through two reproductive cycles No differences in sow gestation weight gain, pigs born alive per litter, litter birth weight, or average pig birth weight were observed between sows fed and 50% DDGS diets during gestation for both reproductive cycles Dietary treatment combination had no effect on litter size, litter birth weight or litter weaning weight during the first reproductive cycle, but sows fed 0% DDGS gestation and lactation diets weaned fewer pigs per litter during the second reproductive cycle Pre-weaning mortality was higher for sows fed the 50% DDGS gestation diet and 20% DDGS lactation diet compared to other treatment combinations during the first reproductive cycle, but dietary treatment combinations had no effect on pre-weaning mortality during the second reproductive cycle Sows fed the 0% DDGS gestation diet and the 20% DDGS lactation diet had lower lactation feed intake, which primarily occurred within the first seven days of lactation, but this effect was not observed during the second reproductive cycle Wean-to-estrus interval was higher for sows fed the 0% DDGS gestation and lactation diet treatment combination compared to sows fed the 50% DDGS gestation, 20% DDGS lactation diet combination and the 50% DDGS gestation, 0% DDGS lactation diet combination during the first reproductive cycle No wean-to-estrus interval differences were observed during the second reproductive cycle Sows fed the 50% DDGS diet in late gestation consumed more energy, nitrogen, sulfur and potassium, and had greater nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus retention than sows fed the 0% DDGS gestation diet These results indicate that feeding a gestation diet containing 50% DDGS will support good reproductive performance However, feeding a 20% DDGS lactation diet may reduce feed intake during the first week post-partum if sows were fed a corn-soybean meal diet during gestation and not provided an adjustment period to adapt to a high DDGS diet during lactation Hill et al (2005) conducted a study to determine if lactating sows could utilize diets containing 15% DDGS to maintain body weight and lactation performance while decreasing manure phosphorus excretion Their results showed that the inclusion of 15% DDGS in a lactation diet supports good sow performance while maintaining – and perhaps reducing – manure phosphorus excretion DDGS and manure management Spiehs et al (2000) conducted a 10-week trial to measure odor and gas characteristics of swine manure and energy, nitrogen, and phosphorus balance of grow-finish pigs fed corn-soybean meal 05 - Use of DDGS in Swine Diets based diets containing or 20% DDGS Sixteen PIC barrows weighing 57.6 ± 3.8 kg were randomly assigned to one of two dietary treatments (eight pigs/treatment): control (0% DDGS) and 20% DDGS A three-phase diet sequence was used Calculated total lysine and phosphorus levels were identical for both diets within each phase Manure from each pig, housed in collection cages, was collected daily except during the last three days of weeks 2, and 10, when total fecal and urinary excretion was collected for nutrient balance measurements Urine and feces were mixed and emptied into simulated anaerobic manure pits according to respective dietary treatments Air samples were collected weekly from the headspace above each simulated pit and analyzed for hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and ammonia (NH3) Air samples collected during weeks 0, 2, and were evaluated for odor detection level utilizing a human odor panel and olfactometer Dietary treatment had no effect on H2S, NH3 or odor detection levels over the 10-week trial Pigs fed the DDGS diets had greater nitrogen (N)and gross energy (GE) intake in all three of the growth phases, but average daily feed intake was not different among treatments Dietary DE and ME (kcal/kg) were not different between the two experimental diets Percentage of nitrogen retention was not different between dietary treatments, but feeding DDGS tended to increase N intake and excretion during all three phases Percentage of phosphorus retention was not different between dietary treatments These results suggest that feeding 20% DDGS has no effect on H2S, NH3 and odor levels over a 10-week manure storage period compared to feeding cornsoybean meal diets Feeding DDGS increases GE intake and improves phosphorus utilization during late finishing phases, but also increases N excretion When diets containing DDGS are formulated on an available phosphorus basis using the available phosphorus value obtained by Whitney et al (2001), one would expect the phosphorus excretion in swine manure to be reduced Effect of Feeding DDGS on Gut Health of Growing Pigs Whitney et al (2006a, b) conducted two experiments to determine if including DDGS in the diet of young growing pigs reduces the incidence or severity of clinical signs, fecal shedding, intestinal lesions and/or cellular infection indicating porcine proliferative enteropathy (ileitis) after challenge with Lawsonia intracellularis In the first experiment, 80 pigs were weaned at 17 days of age and were randomly allotted (blocked by sex and weight) to one of four treatment groups A negative control group was unchallenged and fed a control corn-soybean meal diet The remaining groups were inoculated orally with 1.5 x 109 L intracellularis per pig after a four-week dietary adaptation period, and were fed either a control corn-soybean meal diet or a similar diet containing 10 or 20% DDGS On day 21 post-challenge, all pigs were euthanized and intestinal mucosa was examined for the presence of lesions Ileal tissue samples were analyzed to determine presence and proliferation of L intracellularis Challenging pigs reduced ADFI, ADG and G/F by 25, 55 and 40%, respectively, during the three-week post-challenge period Dietary treatment did not affect growth performance Gross lesions were observed in 63% of challenged pigs compared to 0% in the negative control group Including DDGS in the diet did not positively affect lesion prevalence and length, proliferation of L intracellularis, or severity of lesions In the second experiment, 100 pigs were managed similar to the first experiment, except the L intracellularis dosage rate for challenging pigs was reduced by 50% Treatment groups consisted of a negative control group and four treatments in a 2x2 factorial arrangement testing the effect of 10% dietary DDGS inclusion and/or antimicrobial regimen 05 - Use of DDGS in Swine Diets 10 Antimicrobial regimen consisted of providing 30 mg BMD®/kg diet (supplied continuously in the diet), with chlortetracycline (Aureomycin®) pulsed at 500 mg/kg from days prior to 11 days post-challenge Feeding diets containing 10% DDGS reduced ileum and colon lesion length and prevalence and reduced the severity of lesions in the ileum and colon compared to other challenged pigs Pigs fed the antimicrobial regimen reduced prevalence and severity of lesions in the jejunum and tended to have reduced total tract lesion length The combination of DDGS and antimicrobial resulted in no differences in length, severity or prevalence of lesions, but fecal shedding of L intracellularis was reduced on day 14 post-challenge The proportion of intestinal cells infected with L intracellulariswas reduced when DDGS or antimicrobials were fed In conclusion, it appears that dietary inclusion of DDGS may aid the young growing pig in resisting a moderate ileitis challenge similar to a U.S.-approved antimicrobial regimen, but under more severe challenges, DDGS may not be effective Recommended Maximum Inclusion Rates of DDGS in Swine Diets Based upon current research results, the maximum usage rate of DDGS in swine diets is as follows: Production Phase Nursery pigs (>7 kg) Grow-finish pigs Developing gilts Gestating sows Lactating sows Boars Maximum % of Diet 30 20 20 50 20 50 These recommendations assume that high quality DDGS is free of mycotoxins Nursery diets containing up to 30% DDGS will support growth performance equivalent to feeding pigs cornsoybean meal based diets provided that diets are formulated on a digestible amino acid and available phosphorus basis Similarly, grower-finisher and gilt development diets containing levels up to 30% DDGS should provide equivalent growth performance compared to pigs fed corn-soybean meal diets if they are formulated on a digestible amino acid and available phosphorus basis However, due to concerns of reduced belly firmness and soft pork fat at high levels of DDGS inclusion, we recommend no more than 20% DDGS be added to grower-finisher diets If the DDGS supplier has a quality control program that includes screening corn and/or DDGS for mycotoxins, developing gilt diets can contain up to 20% DDGS For sows, up to 50% DDGS can be successfully added to gestation diets, and 20% DDGS can be added to the lactation diet if DDGS is free of mycotoxins If there are no assurances that DDGS is mycotoxin free, no more than 20% should be added to gestation diets and no more than 10% DDGS should be added to lactation diets to minimize the risk of mycotoxicosis However, when switching sows from a corn-soybean meal diet to diets containing DDGS, gestation diets should be initially formulated to contain 20% DDGS and then the level of DDGS can be increased when each new batch of feed is made to allow the sows to adapt to the DDGS diets and avoid reduced feed intake Similarly, when switching from a corn-soybean meal diet to a DDGS diet for lactating sows, begin feeding a 10% DDGS diet to allow the sows to adapt 05 - Use of DDGS in Swine Diets 11 (approximately to days) before feeding the maximum recommended level to avoid potential reductions in feed intake Literature Cited Beeson, W.M., D.L Jeter, and J.H Conrad 1959 Effect or organic and inorganic sources of unidentified growth factors on the growing pig Proc Distillers Feed Conf 14:62-69 Boyd, R.D 1997 Relationship between dietary fatty acid profile and body fat composition in growing pigs PIC USA T & D Technical Memo 153 Pig Improvement Company,USA, Franklin, Kentucky Catron, D.V., F Diaz, V.C Speer and G.C Ashton 1954 Distillers dried solubles in pig starters Proc Distillers Feed Conf 9:49-51 Combs, G.E and H.D Wallace 1969 Dried distillers’ grains with solubles in pig starter diets Florida Agric Expt Station, Gainesville Mimeograph Series No AN69-14 Combs, G.E and H.D Wallace 1970 Dried distillers’ grains with solubles for growing finishing pigs Florida Agric Expt Station, Gainesville Mimeograph Series No AN70-13 Conrad, J.H 1961 Recent research and the role of unidentified growth factors in 1961 swine rations Proc Distillers Feed Conf 16:41-51 Couch, J.R., H.D Stelzner, R.E Davies, and C.W Deyoe 1960 Isolation of an unidentified factor from corn distillers dried solubles Proc Distillers Feed Conf 15:11-19 Cromwell, G.L., T.S Stahly, H.J Monegue, and J.R Overfield 1983 Distillers dried grains with solubles for growing-finishing swine Kentucky Agric Expt Station, Lexington Progress Report 274 p 30-32 Cromwell, G.L., T.S Stahly, and H.J Monegue 1985 Distillers dried grains with solubles and antibiotics for weanling swine Kentucky Agric Expt Station, Lexington Progress Report 292 p 10-11 Cromwell, G.L and T.S Stahly 1986 Distillers dried grains with solubles for growing finishing swine Proc Distillers Feed Conf 41:77-87 Cromwell, G.L., K.L Herkelman, and T.S Stahly 1993 Physical, chemica, and nutritional characteristics of distillers dried grains with solubles for chicks and pigs J Anim Sci 71:679-686 DeDecker, J.M., M Ellis, B.F Wolter, J Spencer, D.M Webel, C.R Bertelsen and B.A Peterson 2005 Effects of dietary level of distiller dried grains with solubles and fat on the growth performance of growing pigs J Anim Sci 83(Suppl 2):49 Fairbanks, B.W., J.L Krider, and W.E Carroll 1944 Distillers by-products in swine rations I Creep-feeding and growing-fattening rations J Anim Sci 3:29-40 Fairbanks, B.W., J.L Krider, and W.E Carroll 1945 Distillers by-products in swine rations III Dried corn distillers’ solubles, alfalfa meal, and crystalline B-vitamins compared for growing-fattening pigs in drylot J Anim Sci 4:420-429 Fastinger, N.D and D.C Mahan 2006 Determination of the ideal amino acid and energy digestibilities of corn distillers dried grains with solubles using grower-finisher pigs J Anim Sci 84:1722-1728 Fu, S.X., M Johnston, R.W Fent, D.C Kendall, J.L Usry, R.D Boyd, and G.L Allee 2004 Effect of corn distiller’s dried grains with solubles (DDGS) on growth, carcass characteristics and fecal volume in growing finishing pigs J Anim Sci 82 (Suppl 2):50 Gaines, A, B Ratliff, P Srichana, and G Allee 2006 Use of corn distiller’s dried grains and solubles in late nursery pig diets J Anim Sci 84(Suppl.2):89 Gralapp, A.K., W.J Powers, M.A Faust, and D.S Bundy 2002 Effects of dietary ingredients on manure characteristics and odorous emissions from swine J Anim Sci 80:1512-1519 Hanson, L.E 1948 Swine feeding trials with distillers solubles Proc Distillers Feed Research Conf 3:47-56 Hastad, C.W., M.D Tokach, J.L Nelssen, R.D Goodband, S.S Dritz, J.M DeRouchey, C.N Groesbeck, K.R Lawrence, N.A Lenehan, and T.P Keegan 2004 Energy value of dried distillers grains with solubles in swine diets J Anim Sci 82 (Suppl 2):50 Hill, G.M., J.E Link, M.J Rincker, K.D Roberson, D.L Kirkpatrick, and M.L Gibson 2005 Corn distillers grains with solubles in sow lactation diets J Anim Sci 83 (Suppl 2):82 05 - Use of DDGS in Swine Diets 12 Krider, J.L, B.W Fairbanks and W.E Carroll 1944 Distillers by-products in swine rations II Lactation and growing-fattening rations J Anim Sci 3:107-119 Krider, J.L and S.W Terrill 1949 Recent work at the Illinois station on distillers grain solubles in swine rations Proc Distillers Feed Research Conf 4:21-33 Lea, C H., P A T Swoboda, and D P Gatherum 1970 A chemical study of soft fat in crossbred pigs J Agric Sci Camb 74:1-11 Livingstone, R.M and D.M.S Livingston 1966 A note on the use of distillers’ by-products in diets for growing pigs Anim Prod 11:259-261 Monegue, H.J and G.L Cromwell 1995 High dietary levels of corn byproducts for gestating sows J Anim Sci 73 (Suppl 1):86 National Research Council 1998 Nutrient Requirements of Swine 10th ed National Academy Press, Washington, D.C Orr, D.E., W.F Owsley and L.F Tribble 1981.Use of corn distillers dried grains, dextrose, and fish meal Proc 29th Swine Short Course, Texas Agric Expt Station, Lubbock, pp 48-50 Pederson, C., A Pahm, and H.H Stein 2005 Effectiveness of in vitro procedures to estimate CP and amino acid digestibility coefficients in dried distillers grain with solubles by growing pigs J Anim Sci (Suppl 2) 83:39 Pork Industry Handbook 1998 Relative value of feedstuffs for swine Purdue University, Factsheet 112 Smelski, R.B and S.C Stothers 1972 Evaluation of corn distillers dried grains with solubles for finishing pigs Proc Western Sec Am Soc Anim Sci 23:122-127 Spiehs, M.J., G.C Shurson, and M.H Whitney 1999 Energy, nitrogen, and phosphorus digestibility of growing and finishing swine diets containing distiller’s dried grains with solubles J Anim Sci 77:188 (Suppl 1) Spiehs, M.J., M.H Whitney, G.C Shurson, and R.E Nicolai 2000 Odor characteristics of swine manure and nutrient balance of grow-finish pigs fed diets with and without distillers dried grains with solubles J Anim Sci 78:69 (Suppl 2) Spiehs, M.J., M.H Whitney, and G.C Shurson 2002 Nutrient database for distiller’s dried grains with solubles produced from new ethanol plants in Minnesota and South Dakota J Anim Sci 80:2639 Stein H H., M L Gibson, C Pedersen, and M G Boersma 2006 Amino acid and energy digestibility in ten samples of distillers dried grain with solubles fed to growing pigs J Anim Sci 84: 853-860 Thong, L.A., A.H Jensen, B.G Harmon, and S.G Cornelius 1978 Distillers dried grains with solubles as a supplemental protein source in diets for gestating swine J Anim Sci 46:674-677 Wahlstrom, R.C., C.S German, and G.W Libal 1970 Corn distillers dried grains with solubles in growingfinishing swine rations J Anim Sci 30:532-535 Wahlstrom, R.C and G.W Libal 1980 Effect of distillers dried grains with solubles in pig starter diets SDSU Swine Day Bull No 80-6 p 14-16 Brookings, SD Wallace, H.D and G.E Combs 1968 Distillers’ dried corn solubles as a source of unidentified nutritional factor(s) for the gestating-lactating sow Florida Agric Expt Station, Gainesville Mimeograph Series No AN69-3 Weigel, J.C., D Loy, and L Kilmer 1997 Feed Co-Products of the Dry Corn Milling Process Renewable Fuels Association and National Corn Growers Association Washington, D.C and St Louis, MO Whitney, M.H., M.J Spiehs, and G.C Shurson 2001 Availability of phosphorus availability of distiller’s dried grains with solubles for growing swine J Anim Sci 79 (Suppl 1):108 Whitney, M.H and G.C Shurson 2004 Growth performance of nursery pigs fed diets containing increasing levels of corn distiller’s dried grains with solubles originating from a modern Midwestern ethanol plant J Anim Sci 82:122-128 Whitney, M.H., G.C Shurson, and R.C Guedes 2006a Effect of dietary inclusion of distillers dried grains with solubles on the ability of growing pigs to resist a Lawsonia intracellularis challenge J Anim Sci 2006 84:1860– 1869 Whitney, M.H., G.C Shurson, and R.C Guedes 2006b Effect of including distillers dried grains with solubles in the diet, with or without antimicrobial regimen, on the ability of growing pigs to resist a Lawsonia intracellularis challenge J Anim Sci 2006 84:1870–1879 05 - Use of DDGS in Swine Diets 13 Whitney, M.H, G.C Shurson, L.J Johnston, D Wulf, and B Shanks 2006c Growth performance and carcass characteristics of pigs fed increasing levels of distiller’s dried grains with solubles J Anim Sci 84:(in press) Wilson, J.A., M.H Whitney, G.C Shurson, and S.K Baidoo 2003 Effects of adding distiller’s dried grain with solubles (DDGS) to gestation and lactation diets on reproductive performance and nutrient balance J Anim Sci 81: (Suppl 1) Winford, E.J., W.P Garrigus, and C.E Barnhart 1951 Distillers dried solubles as a protein supplement for growing and fattening hogs in drylot Kentucky Ag Expt Station Bull No 577 p.3-16 Lexington, KY The U.S Grains Council (USGC) provides these feeding recommendations to assist potential buyers in understanding generally-accepted feeding levels However, all rations for specific herds should be formulated by a qualified nutritionist The USGC has no control over the nutritional content of any specific product which may be selected for feeding Potential buyers should consult an appropriate nutritionist for specific recommendations USGC makes no warranties that these recommendations are suitable for any particular herd or for any particular animal The USGC disclaims any liability for itself or its members for any problems encountered in the use of these recommendations By reviewing this material, buyers agree to these limitations and waive any claims against USGC for liability arising out of this material 05 - Use of DDGS in Swine Diets 14 .. .Use of U.S DDGS in Swine Diets Historical Use of DDGS in Swine Diets Historically, limited amounts (less than 3% of total production) of distiller’s co-products were used in swine diets. .. characteristics of swine manure and energy, nitrogen, and phosphorus balance of grow-finish pigs fed corn-soybean meal 05 - Use of DDGS in Swine Diets based diets containing or 20% DDGS Sixteen... omega fatty acids increase in belly fat when pigs are fed diets containing 10% DDGS, but are well within accepted standards of acceptable pork fat quality 05 - Use of DDGS in Swine Diets Table 5: