Unit Vocabulary Choose the best response to compete each conversation Pay attention to the meaning of the words in bold A: The conservation of local wildlife is very important me - B:………  I agree Lets encourage more hunting and fishing o I think we need to protect birds and other animals, too o I also think we need to build more parking lots I agree A: Some cities have started to incinerate their trash - B: ………  That's a great idea Burying trash will keep the countryside beautiful o That's a great idea Burning trash will save room in our landfills o That's a great idea The bottles can be washed and used again A: The safe disposal of nuclear waste is an important issue - B:………  I know If we don't get rid of it safely, it can cause a lot of problems o That's good that the nuclear power company isn't throwing it away o I'm glad the government is recycling it A: lanticipate more people will become interested in environmental issues - B: ……………  That's too bad people aren't interested in the environment o Really? Why don't you know what will happen? o I expect this will happen, to the environment is very important A: think this food may be contaminated - B : ………… o i'don't like spicy food either o N noNWe better throw it out We don't want to get sick  That's great! I can't wait to eat some A: The elimination of all recyclable materials going to landfills is important - B : ………… o That sagedal saving recyclabe materials is good for the environment o Why you want to put more recyclable materials into landfills?  I agree Building more landfills is necessary for the future 7A: In the future landfils are going to be obsolete - B : ………… o That's true We are going to think of new ways of getting rid of our waste  That's true They aren't going to be full for hundreds of years o That's true More and more landfills are going to be built 8A: The beaver's natural habitat is in danger from water pollution - B: ………… o Maybe we shouldn't put them in zoos  I'm glad the territory where they live is on a mountain slope o I know We have to stop dumping waste into rivers and streams where they live 9A: My vegetable garden is thriving because it has lots of sunlight and rich soil - B : ………  Why don't you plant some trees to give it more shade? o You must be looking forward to picking and eating a lot of great vegetables o That's too bad that your garden is dying 10 A: The wildlife is abundant in this forest o B: ……… o That's because there is so much hunting There aren't many animals left  That's because it is a protected area It's part of a national park o Why are they so sick? Is it because of pollution? 11 A: We have a sustainable environmental plan for the city's parks - B: ……… o It's too bad that this is only a short-term plan  I'm glad that this plan will protect the parks for a long time o Why you want to destroy the city's parks? 12 A: There are a lot of constraints on what you can throw away in the trash - B: ……… o Why doesn't the city make some rules about what can go in the trash? o That's true People can put anything they want into the garbage  That's true People need to remember what they can't put in the garbage Reading Comprehension Read the magazine article Then choose the correct answer to complete the sentences From Fast Food to Fast Cars In 2003, near Avonlea, Wales, employees at a local supermarket noticed they were doing very well in sales of vegetable oil People were buying up bottles of this oil typically used in cooking at a much higher rate than they had in the past Why was vegetable oil so popular? Were more people opening up fast food restaurants? Were more people frying food at home? The supermarket employees had their answer when the police started to make random checks of cars and trucks It turns out drivers were mixing the vegetable oil with regular diesel fuel for their cars Their vehicles were running just fine, and at a pretty significant cost savings But the drivers were breaking the law because they didn't pay a fuel tax In the end, the police were able to sniff out the lawbreakers because their car fumes smelled like French fries The Welsh are not alone in using vegetable oil in their engines Around 5,000 diesel cars in Germany run on vegetable and other plant-based oils, and Germanmade cars like Mercedes and Audi are particularly well suited to this change in fuel But is it cheaper? Not really Once you buy the oil, pay the fuel tax, and make any necessary conversions to your engine, you really don't save any money However, vegetable oil is a much more sustainable source of energy than petroleum-based fuels Reusing Cooking Oil Drivers might save more money if they recycled the wasted cooking oil from restaurants This sounds like a great idea because restaurants seem to have an abundant supply of used oil They use gallons of oil every day for frying foods like potatoes or chicken, and they usually just throw the oil away after cooking with it Diesel engines can burn plant-based oil without modification, but there are some problems Oil, especially recycled cooking oil, is much thicker than regular diesel fuel If used alone, it will probably clog the engine Combining it with diesel fuel prevents this Another alternative is to modify car engines so they use two tanks One tank warms the vegetable oil so the oil will flow more smoothly, and the other processes the diesel However, if you're using oil from restaurants, there is a high probability it is contaminated with bits of food You'll need a filtering system to remove these particles Consumers can buy kits to modify their engines; the kits cost several hundred to several thousand dollars Campus Initiatives Academic institutions are driving efforts to make this recycled oil a real option At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology near Boston, students have created a facility that will turn the school's leftover cooking grease into fuel for the campus bus system They estimate that they will save up to 20 percent of fuel costs since the raw material is free and students provide free labor In addition, the school will save on the cost of disposal and the environmental impact of dumping the used cooking oil Other colleges in the United States—schools in Kentucky, Pennsylvania, and Kansas—use recycled frying oil in their campus lawn mowers and other equipment In addition, researchers at the University of Leeds in England have developed a way to make hydrogen out of used vegetable oils discarded from restaurants Hydrogen can also be used as a source of energy Although the technology to convert the oil is still relatively new, it may provide a different way to recycle used cooking oil Community Approaches Universities are often willing to test new technologies, especially as organizations and businesses try to become more "green," but communities are often slower to get on board In the Philippines, however, one community is hoping that recycled cooking oil can run their transportation system The jeepney is a form of transportation that originated in the Philippines after the Second World War A lot of military jeeps were left behind, and a few creative people extended the jeeps to make them into small buses They first took out unnecessary parts; then they added seats and painted the vehicles in wild colors The jeepneys became the most popular form of public transportation and a symbol of Filipino culture What began as an informal business venture is now regulated by the government, with licenses, fixed fares, and more regular schedules for the jeepneys However, the cost of fuel is a big issue for jeepney drivers, and the government is becoming more concerned about the environmental impact The city of Los Baños is testing the idea of using recycled cooking fuel in its jeepneys As part of the support for this idea, the mayor and city councilors passed a city ordinance that bans the use and sale of waste cooking oil for use in producing animal feed It also requires that government institutions, such as public schools and offices, collect their used cooking oil so it can be recycled as fuel The move to reuse cooking oil as fuel has its benefits: It's cleaner, more sustainable, and not too difficult to convert to vehicle use On the other hand, it may not save much money, and there are supply constraints Once a large number of people start using recycled oil, the restaurants won't be able to provide enough for all In addition, using vegetable sources like vegetable oil for fuel may drive up food prices However, as long as people continue to approach energy consumption in a creative way, they will come up with new ideas and technologies that may be more environmentally friendly 1.A supermarket in Wales suddenly began selling a lot of _ o fried food  vegetable oil o diesel fuel 2.The customers were trying to o modify their engines to run on different fuel o save money on eating out  save money on fuel costs 3.one advantage of using only vegetable oil in your car is _ o it's easier to buy and use  it is a more sustainable fuel source o it makes your car run better 4.One problem vwith reusing cooking oil from restaurants is _  you have to filter out the bits of food o it is thinner than regular fuel o you have to pay the restaurants a small fee Kits to modify the engine to use the oil from restaurants cost _ o under a hundred dollars  several hundred to several thousand dollars o about twenty dollars One way colleges in the United States NOT use recycled cooking oil is _ o to operate compus equipment like lawn mowers  to heat dorms his and buildings o to run bus shuttle services A university in England is trying to use recycled oil to _  develop hydrogen o generate electricity o power local transportation The jeepney is a form of transportation in _ o Leeds  the Philippines o Brazil A distinguishing characteristic of jeepneys is  their wild colors o the number of seats o the low fares 10 Los Baños is hoping to promote the recycling of cooking oil into fuel by _ o Oplanning an ad campaign  implementing local ordinances o providing money for new proiects Reading Skill Anticipating content through questions Read the title and subtitles for a text about a process called waste gasification Write six questions that you think the text should answer Title: Putting Garbage to Good Use: Waste Gasification Subtitles: From Trash to Fuel: The Gasification Process Five Cities Using Their Waste for Fuel The Environmental Implications of Gasification Critical Perspectives Vocabulary2 Review Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the word in bold If you add fertilizer to your flowers, they will grow a lot better  water o sunlight o plant food o soil Anita Roddick is the founder of The Body Shop, a famous chain of health and beauty shops found around the world o creator o employee  seller o manager Good business owners commit a lot of time to their companies in order to make them successful o dedicate o lose  offer o throw away Bankruptcy was the best option for the video store owner because he was in a lot of debt, and he couldn't pay his bills anymore o having a sale o finding a partner o going out of business  opening up The company hired a consultant to give them advice on expanding their business overseas o Adviser o shopkeeper  amateur o boss In Alberta, there are many successful oil and gas corporations  stations o wells o salespeople o companies Heather Reisman is a famous Canadian entrepreneur, who is the Chief Executive of Canada's largest book company o salesclerk o journalist o politician  businessperson 8.His desperation made him start his own business after he lost his job o Calmness o happiness  laziness o worries 9.When a company is successful or has a great idea, it is easy to find a lot of investors o friends o staff members o thieves  financial contributors 10 There are more and more online retailers on the Internet o buyers o workers o sellers  programmers 11 Our company had a huge deficit last year and was in danger of going out of business o surplus o problem  disaster o shortage of money 12 Because our revenue increased last year, we were able to hire more employees o income o debts  workload o holidays Suffixes Match each sentence with the correct definition of the word in bold, paying attention to the suffixes You not need to use all the definitions Singapore burns most of its trash in an incinerator I have to make a presentation on recycling tomorrow I met an environmentalist yesterday She was an excellent presenter The purity of the city's drinking water is famous We need an investment of $50,000 He is the inventor of an improved kind of cell phone Walmart is the largest retailer in the world 1.something that destroys garbage with fire and heat 2.The act of telling a group about something 3.a person who believes in protecting nature 4.a person who tells or explains something 5.the state of being perfectly clean 6.the action of putting money into a business 7.a person who creates new things 8.an organization that sells consumer products the act of burning garbage the act of creating new things Writing Skill Paraphrasing Choose the best paraphrase for each excerpt from the article "From Fast Food to Fast Cars." 1.The police started to make random checks of cars and trucks o The police began to make random inspections of cars and trucks  Random inspections of motor vehicles began to be made by the police 2.Drivers might save more money if they recycled wasted cooking oil o Drivers could save more money if they recycled old cooking oil  if drivers reused old cooking oil, they might not spend as much money 3.Another alternative is to modify car engines so they use two tanks o Another choice is to change car engines so they use two tanks  Changing vehicle engines so they have two tanks is a further option 4.They estimate that they will save up to 20 percent of fuel costs  Estimations show that almost 20 percent of fuel expenses will be saved o They guess that they will save up to 20 percent of energy costs 5.Hydrogen can also be used as a source of energy  People are also able to use hydrogen as a fuel source o Hydrogan can also be employed as a source of fuel 6.The jeppney is a form of transportation theatioriginated in the Phillipaines o Originating in the Philippines, the jeepney is a kind of vehicle  The jeepney is a kind of transportation that started in the Philippines 7 The cost of fuel is a big issue for jeepney drivers  The price of energy is a huge issue for jeepney drivers o One important concern for jeepney drivers is the price of fuel 8.The move to reuse cooking oil as fuel has its benefits  The move to recycle cooking oil as fuel has its advantages o There are advantages to the shift to recycling cooking oil as an energy source Grammar Modals of possibility Read each statement Pay attention to the modal of possibility used Then choose the best response to complete each conversation In ten years, I know people will be throwing out less garbage o You only sound kind of positive about people's future environmental awareness  You sound totally positive about people's future environmental awareness 2.The landfill should last for at least 100 years  That's great We don't have to build a new one for a while o That's terrible It sounds like there's a good chance we'll have to build another one soon 3.Our school may start giving students free bus passes o Really? When will you know for sure? I'm fairly sure 'll sell my car in that case  Really? I'm going to sell my car right now Thanks for letting me knowi don't need it anymorel 4.The price of gas might go down next year o You sound completely convinced Why don't you keep your big SUV for another year?  You don't sound completely convinced Why don t you buy a more fuelefficient car? 5.The dolphins cannot survive because of all the pollution in the oceans o Well, at least it 's reassuring to know that you aren't certain that all the dolphins are going to dle  That's so sad I hate to hear that they are going to die 6.He ought to find a job after applying to so many companies o I'm glad you are very confident about his future  That's too bad It sounds like you aren't very confident about his future We may not install a new energy-efficient water heater this year  It sounds like you are completely certain that you aren't going to it o It sounds like you are somewhat sure you aren't going to it I heard the city could start paying people to recycle trash o Great! I've been waiting for this to happern I'm so glad the law is definitely being passed  From what you say, it's not certain that my garbage is going to make me rich Grammar Expansion Past modals of possibility Read about past modals of possibility Then choose the correct words to complete the sentences Past modals are used to talk about possibility with past events Past modals are formed with the modal + have + the past participle They have the same form for all subjects Some common modals used in the past are may, might, must, and could I may have passed the test They must have forgotten to call us Negative past modals are formed by adding not after the modal Some common negative past modals are must not, may not, could not/couldn't, and can't She couldn't have gone home already He must not have been in class today Use may (not) have, might (not) have, and could have to guess about a past situation for which you don't have much proof Dinosaurs may have perished because of a climate change I'm not sure where they are They might have left town for the weekend Try calling again He may not have heard the phone Use must (not) have to draw conclusions about the past when you are certain of something, and you believe there is only one logical explanation She hasn't arrived yet Her plane must have been delayed Use can't have and couldn't have when you're certain something is unlikely or impossible These modals sometimes express surprise or disbelief He always calls on my birthday He can't have forgotten this year! They couldn't have eaten the whole cake! A: I think I saw John at the festival yesterday B: He _there He's in Tokyo  couldn't have been o might not have been wonder why Helen is late She _the bus o couldn't have missed  may have missed You _ the test! You studied for so many hours o may not have failed  can't have failed If you don't watch the cookies, they o might have burned  might burn The police the criminals right away, but they decided to watch them for a while instead o must have arrested  could have arrested Linda didn't call yesterday as we had planned She  must have forgotten o must not have forgotten Where's Greg? He _  must have gotten lost o couldn't have gotten didn't get any milk today, but i _ now if you want o could have gone  could go I don't know why Carla missed the meeting She _ an important phone call  may have received o may receive 10 They _the car They didn't have the keys  couldn't have taken o may not have taken Alternate Unit Assignmentx Write a business plan Read the instructions Write your business plan in the box Write a business plan for a nonprofit company that reuses or recycles one or more products to solve a social need Think about problems that you know of in your community or elsewhere in the world How can your company repurpose something to help others? Use information from the unit and your own ideas  ... Philippines 7 The cost of fuel is a big issue for jeepney drivers  The price of energy is a huge issue for jeepney drivers o One important concern for jeepney drivers is the price of fuel 8.The... to talk about possibility with past events Past modals are formed with the modal + have + the past participle They have the same form for all subjects Some common modals used in the past are may,... decided to watch them for a while instead o must have arrested  could have arrested Linda didn't call yesterday as we had planned She  must have forgotten o must not have forgotten Where's Greg?