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(BQ) Part 1 book Pediatric and adolescent knee surgery has contents: Epidemiology of pediatric and adolescent anterior cruciate ligament injury, functional anatomy and biomechanics, gender specific issues and anterior cruciate ligament,... and other contents.
Acquisitions Editor: Brian Brown Product Development Editor: Dave Murphy Marketing Manager: Daniel Dressler Production Project Manager: David Saltzberg Design Coordinator: Steven Druding Manufacturing Coordinator: Beth Welsh Prepress Vendor: Absolute Service, Inc Cover Photo Credits: © Christian Bertrand / Shutterstock.com, © James A Boardman / Shutterstock.com Copyright © 2015 Wolters Kluwer All rights reserved This book is protected by copyright No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including as photocopies or scanned-in or other electronic copies, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official duties as U.S government employees are not covered by the above-mentioned copyright To request permission, please contact Wolters Kluwer at Two Commerce Square, 2001 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103, via email at permissions@lww.com, or via our website at lww.com (products and services) 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in China Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Pediatric and adolescent knee surgery / [edited by] Frank A Cordasco, Daniel W Green p ; cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-1-4511-9335-0 (alk paper) I Cordasco, Frank A., editor II Green, Daniel W., editor [DNLM: 1 Anterior Cruciate Ligament—surgery Knee Injuries—surgery Adolescent Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction—methods Child Knee Joint—surgery Osteochondritis Dissecans—surgery WE 870] RD561 617.5’82059—dc23 2015009595 This work is provided “as is,” and the publisher disclaims any and all warranties, express or implied, including any warranties as to accuracy, comprehensiveness, or currency of the content of this work This work is no substitute for individual patient assessment based upon healthcare professionals’ examination of each patient and consideration of, among other things, age, weight, gender, current or prior medical conditions, medication history, laboratory data, and other factors unique to the patient The publisher does not provide medical advice or guidance, and this work is merely a reference tool Healthcare professionals, and not the publisher, are solely responsible for the use of this work including all medical judgments and for any resulting diagnosis and treatments Given continuous, rapid advances in medical science and health information, independent professional verification of medical diagnoses, indications, appropriate pharmaceutical selections and dosages, and treatment options should be made and healthcare professionals should consult a variety of sources When prescribing medication, healthcare professionals are advised to consult the product information sheet (the manufacturer’s package insert) accompanying each drug to verify, among other things, conditions of use, warnings, and side effects and identify any changes in dosage schedule or contraindications, particularly if the medication to be administered is new, infrequently used, or has a narrow therapeutic range To the maximum extent permitted under applicable law, no responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence law or otherwise, or from any reference to or use by any person of this work LWW.com To my parents, my wife Monique, my daughter Mikaela, and my son Luke FAC To my parents; my wife Brenda; and my daughters Kelly, Bridget, and Maggie DWG In addition, we would like to acknowledge our mentors and partners who have provided us with inspiration, guidance, and support We also thank our residents and fellows who have challenged and stimulated our pursuit of knowledge throughout our careers FAC and DWG Contributing Authors Jay C Albright, MD Children’s Hospital Colorado Assistant Professor of Orthopedic Surgery University of Colorado Denver Aurora, Colorado Allen F Anderson, MD Orthopedic Surgeon Tennessee Orthopaedic Alliance Nashville, Tennessee Christian N Anderson, MD Orthopedic Surgeon Tennessee Orthopaedic Alliance Nashville, Tennessee Morgan A Anderson, MD Plyometrics Plyometrics can progress to squat jump, jumping rope, then to jumping down Jumping progresses from vertical jumping and landing to horizontal jumping and landing The athlete progresses to single-limb jumping with adequate strength and movement strategies This is a prerequisite for deceleration training PHASE V: RETURN TO PLAY (MEDIAL PATELLOFEMORAL LIGAMENT RECONSTRUCTION: WEEKS 25 TO 30+; TIBIAL TUBERCLE TRANSFER: AT 36 TO 52 WEEKS) Return to play following MPFLR or TTT occurs at approximately 6 to 9 months or 12 months postoperative, respectively A patient must present with a lack of pain and apprehension with sportspecific movements to meet the demands of his or her particular sport Qualitative and quantitative measures are used to safely return the patient to play.33 Sport-specific actions and drills should be completed easily, pain-free, and with confidence in a safe and controlled environment such as the clinic before an athlete returns to the field He or she must have the ability to demonstrate functional movements such as deceleration with running, the ability to change direction with running, control, and alignment with takeoff and landing in double-leg and single-leg jumps A patient should attain at least 85% limb symmetry in a single-leg hop test or crossover hop test Dynamic assessment tools such as the Star Excursion Balance Test34 can be used in conjunction with patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) such as the Kujala35 or Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS).36 Although these measurements are quantitative in nature, continue to assess for quality of movement At this point in the rehabilitation process, the athlete is often already transferred to a trainer or coach, especially if insurance has limited visits For a successful transition to the field, it is important to communicate with all providers and the referring surgeon about the athlete’s readiness to return to play Once back, the athlete should continue a maintenance program focused on flexibility; soft tissue balance; NM control; and quadriceps, core, and gluteal strengthening to maintain good functional alignment and decrease stress on recently repaired structures Appendix 1 Appendix 2 REFERENCES Stefancin JJ, Parker RD First-time traumatic patellar dislocation: a systematic review Clin Orthop Relat Res 2007;455:93–101 Weeks KD III, Fabricant PD, Ladenhauf HN, et al Surgical options for patellar stabilization in the skeletally immature patient Sports Med Arthrosc 2012;20(3):194–202 Rice D, McNair PJ, Dalbeth N Effects of cryotherapy on arthrogenic muscle inhibition using an experimental model of knee swelling Arthritis Rheum 2009;61(1):78–83 Fitzgerald GK, Piva SR, Irrgang JJ A modified neuromuscular electrical stimulation protocol for quadriceps strength training following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2003;33(9):492–501 Bolgla LA, Uhl TL Electromyographic analysis of hip rehabilitation exercises in a group of healthy subjects J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2005;35(8):487–494 Yoo YS, Chang HG, Seo YJ, et al Changes in the length of the medial patellofemoral ligament: an in vivo analysis using 3-dimensional computed tomography Am J Sports Med 2012;40(9):2142–2148 Higuchi T, Arai Y, Takamiya H, et al An analysis of the medial patellofemoral ligament length change pattern using open-MRI Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2010;18(11):1470–1475 Vailas AC, Tipton CM, Matthes RC, et al Physical activity and its influence on the repair process of medial collateral ligaments Connect Tissue Res 1981;9(1):25–31 Noyes FR Functional properties of knee ligaments and alterations induced by immobilization: a correlative biomechanical and histological study in primates Clin Orthop Relat Res 1977;123:210–242 10 Manske RC, Stovak M Preoperative and postsurgical musculoskeletal examination of the knee In: Manske RC, ed Postsurgical Orthopedic Sports Rehabilitation: Knee and Shoulder St Louis, MO: Mosby; 2006:31–52 11 Shah JN, Howard JS, Flanigan DC, et al A systematic review of complications and failures associated with medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction for recurrent patellar dislocation Am J Sports Med 2012;40(8):1916–1923 12 Parikh SN, Nathan ST, Wall EJ, et al Complications of medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction in young patients Am J Sports Med 2013;41(5):1030–1038 13 Powers CM, Heino JG, Rao S, et al The influence of patellofemoral pain on lower limb loading during gait Clin Biomech 1999;14(10):722–728 14 Schwartz RE, Asnis PD, Cavanaugh JT, et al Short crank cycle ergometry J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1991;13(2):95–100 15 Perry J Gait Analysis: Normal and Pathological Function New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 1992 16 Goodfellow J, Hungerford DS, Zindel M Patello-femoral joint mechanics and pathology: functional anatomy of the patello-femoral joint J Bone Joint Surg Br 1976;58(3):287–290 17 Hungerford DS, Lennox DW Rehabilitation of the knee in disorders of the patellofemoral joint: relevant biomechanics Orthop Clin North Am 1983;14(2):397–402 18 Steinkamp LA, Dillingham MF, Markel MD, et al Biomechanical considerations in patellofemoral joint rehabilitation Am J Sports Med 1993;21(3):438–444 19 Distefano LJ, Blackburn JT, Marshall SW, et al Gluteal muscle activation during common therapeutic exercises J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2009;39(7):532–540 20 Selkowitz DM, Beneck GJ, Powers CM Which exercises target the gluteal muscles while minimizing activation of the tensor fascia lata? Electromyographic assessment using fine-wire electrodes J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2013;43(2):54–64 21 Sahrmann SA Diagnosis and the Treatment of Movement Impairment Syndromes St Louis, MO: Mosby; 2002 22 Risberg MA, Mørk M, Jenssen HK, et al Design and implementation of a neuromuscular training program following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2001;31(11):620–631 23 Pendidikan F A development of neuromuscular control exercise protocol of the knee with patellofemoral pain syndrome: a concept paper J Edupres 2011;1:55–64 24 Jerosch J, Prymka M Knee joint proprioception in patients with posttraumatic recurrent patella dislocation Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 1996;4(1):14–18 25 Flynn TW, Soutas-Little RW Mechanical power and muscle action during forward and backward running J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1993;17(2):108–112 26 Flynn TW, Soutas-Little RW Patellofemoral joint compressive forces in forward and backward running J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1995;21(5):277–282 27 Monson J, Arendt EA Rehabilitative protocols for select patellofemoral procedures and nonoperative management schemes Sports Med Arthrosc 2012;20(3):136–144 28 Cavanaugh JT, Stump TJ Forward step down test J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2000;30(1):A–46 29 Chinkulprasert C, Vachalathiti R, Powers CM Patellofemoral joint forces and stress during forward step-up, lateral step-up, and forward step-down exercises J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2011;41(4):241–248 30 Powers CM Clinical commentary: the influence of abnormal hip mechanics on knee injury: a biomechanical perspective J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2010;40(2):42–51 31 Powers CM, Ward SR, Fredericson M, et al Patellofemoral kinematics during weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing knee extension in persons with lateral subluxation of the patella: a preliminary study J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2003;33(11):677–685 32 Souza RB, Draper CE, Fredericson M, et al Femur rotation and patellofemoral joint kinematics: a weight-bearing magnetic resonance imaging analysis J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2010;40(5):277–285 33 Engelen-van Melick N, van Cingel RE, Tijssen MP, et al Assessment of functional performance after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a systematic review of measurement procedures Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2013;21(4):869–879 34 Gribble PA, Hertel J, Plisky P Using the Star Excursion Balance Test to assess dynamic postural-control deficits and outcomes in lower extremity injury: a literature and systematic review J Athl Train 2012;47(3):339– 357 35 Paxton EW, Fithian DC, Stone ML, et al The reliability and validity of kneespecific and general health instruments in assessing acute patellar dislocation outcomes Am J Sports Med 2003;31(4):487–492 36 Roos EM, Roos HP, Lohmander LS, et al Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS)—development of a self-administered outcome measure J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1998;28(2):88–96 ... Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Pediatric and adolescent knee surgery / [edited by] Frank A Cordasco, Daniel W Green p ; cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978 -1- 4 511 -9335-0 (alk paper) I Cordasco, Frank A., editor... Daniel W., editor [DNLM: 1 Anterior Cruciate Ligament surgery Knee Injuries surgery Adolescent Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction—methods Child Knee Joint surgery Osteochondritis Dissecans surgery WE 870]... Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine Clinical Director University Orthopaedics, Hand and Reconstructive Microsurgery Cluster Head and Senior Consultant