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Chapter 23 - Organization of the body. The human body is complex in its structure and function. This chapter provides an overview of the human body. It introduces you to the way the body is organized from the chemical level all the way up to the organ system level. You will also learn important terminology used in the clinical setting to describe body positions and parts. This chapter also focuses on how diseases develop at the genetic level.
PowerPoint® to accompany Medical Assisting Chapter 23 Second Edition Ramutkowski Booth Pugh Thompson Whicker Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Permission required for reproduction or display Organization of the Body Objectives 231 Spell, define and correctly use the Key Terms in this chapter. 232 Describe how the body is organized from simple to more complex levels 233 List all body organs systems, their general functions, and the major organs contained in each 234 Define the anatomical positions and explain its importance Organization of the Body Objective (cont.) 235 Use anatomical terminology correctly 236 Name the body cavities and the organs contained in each 237 Explain the abdominal regions 238 Explain why a basic understanding of chemistry is important in studying the body 239 Describe important molecules and compounds of the human body Organization of the Body Objective (cont.) 2310 Label the parts of a cell and list their functions 2311 List and describe the ways substances move across a cell membrane 2312 Describe the stages of cell division 2313 Describe the uses of the genetic techniques, DNA fingerprinting and the polymerase chain reaction Organization of the Body Objective (cont.) 2314 Explain how mutations occur and what effects they may produce 2315 Describe the different patterns of inheritance 2316 Describe the signs and symptoms of various genetic conditions 2317 Describe the locations and characteristics of the four main tissue types Introduction Human body is complex in its structure and function The body is organized from the chemical level all the way up to the organ system level You will also learn important terminology used in the clinical setting to describe body positions and parts Study of the Body Anatomy – study of Anatomy body structure Physiology – study of Physiology function Homeostasis – Homeostasis maintenance of stable internal conditions Organizations of the Body Organism (human) Levels of Organization Organ System Organs Tissues Cells Organelles Molecule Atom Body Organs and Systems Structures formed by organization of two or more different tissue types that work together to carry out specific functions For example the respiratory system consists of lungs and respiratory passages Anatomical Terminology Group of universal terms used to describe the location of body parts and various body regions Anatomical position – body is standing upright, facing forward with the arms at the sides with palms of hands facing forward 10 Genetic Techniques DNA is primary component of genes DNA is found in nucleus of cells Gene is segment of DNA that determines body trait Genetic techniques involve using or manipulating genes 29 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Quick, easy method of making millions of copies of any fragment of DNA Used in the study of genetics Necessary tool for improving human health Leading to new kinds of genetic testing 30 DNA Fingerprinting Unique sequences of nucleotides in a person’s DNA Same for every cell, tissue, or organ of that person Reliable method for identifying and distinguishing among humans Used in criminal cases Paternity for custody and child support issues 31 Heredity Transfer of genetic traits from parent to child 23 chromosomes from both parents = 46 chromosomes Chromosomes possess many genes Homologous chromosomes – carry same genes that code a trait, but may be different forms called alleles Dominate alleles Recessive alleles 32 Common Genetic Disorders Albinism little or no pigmentation in the skin Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) – common behavioral disorder Cleft lip or cleft palate – gap or depression in the upper lip or palate 33 Common Genetic Disorders (cont.) Cystic fibrosis – lifethreatening disease that affects the lungs and pancreas Down’s syndrome – causes mental retardation and physical abnormalities Fragile X syndrome – most common inherited cause of learning disability 34 Common Genetic Disorders (cont.) Hemophilia – blood disorder; lack of clotting factor Klinefelter’s syndrome – chromosomal abnormality that affects males Muscular dystrophy – affects muscular and nervous systems Phenylketonuria (PKU) – cannot synthesize the enzyme that converts phenylalanine to tyrosine 35 Common Genetic Disorders (cont.) Sickle cell anemia – abnormal hemoglobin is produced in red blood cells Spina bifida – one or more vertebrae do not form properly, leaving a gap in the spinal column and leading to damage of the spinal cord Turner’s syndrome – an X chromosome is completely or partially missing 36 Major Tissue Types Epithelial Covering, lining, or gland Covers the body and most organs Connective Most abundant Matrix separates the cells Blood Osseous tissue (bone) 37 Major Tissue Types (cont.) Muscle Shortens and elongates Contracts and relaxes includes skeletal, smooth, and cardiac Skeletal Muscle Tissue 38 Major Tissue Types (cont.) Nervous Specializes to send impulses to neurons, muscles and glands Nervous Tissue 39 Apply Your Knowledge What is cystic fibrosis? 40 Apply Your Knowledge Answer What is cystic fibrosis? Cystic fibrosis is lifethreatening disease that affects the lungs and pancreas 41 Summary Medical Assistant The body is organized from the chemical level all the way up to the organ system level You will also learn important terminology used in the clinical setting to describe body positions and parts 42 End of Chapter 43 ... Name the body cavities and the organs contained in each 23 7 Explain the abdominal regions 23 8 Explain why a basic understanding of chemistry is important in studying the body 23 9 Describe important molecules and compounds ... Objective (cont.) 23 10 Label the parts of a cell and list their functions 23 11 List and describe the ways substances move across a cell membrane 23 12 Describe the stages of cell division 23 13 Describe the uses of the genetic techniques, ... Click for Figure 23 3 Directional Terms Click for Figure 23 4 Spatial Terms Click for Figure 23 5 Anatomical Terms 11 Table 23 1 Directional Terms 12 Figure 23 3 Directional Terms 13 Figure 23 4 Spatial Terms