International Studies Sara Miller McCune founded SAGE Publishing in 1965 to support the dissemination of usable knowledge and educate a global community SAGE publishes more than 1000 journals and over 800 new books each year, spanning a wide range of subject areas Our growing selection of library products includes archives, data, case studies and video SAGE remains majority owned by our founder and after her lifetime will become owned by a charitable trust that secures the company’s continued independence Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Melbourne International Studies Global Forces, Interactions, and Tensions Scott Straus The University of Wisconsin—Madison Barry Driscoll Grinnell College Los Angeles London New Delhi Singapore Washington DC Melbourne Copyright © 2019 by CQ Press, an Imprint of SAGE Publications, Inc CQ Press is a registered trademark of Congressional Quarterly Inc All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher FOR INFORMATION: CQ Press An Imprint of SAGE Publications, Inc 2455 Teller Road Thousand Oaks, California 91320 E-mail: order@sagepub.com SAGE Publications Ltd Oliver’s Yard 55 City Road London, EC1Y 1SP United Kingdom SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd B 1/I Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area Mathura Road, New Delhi 110 044 India SAGE Publications Asia-Pacific Pte Ltd Church Street #10–04 Samsung Hub Singapore 049483 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Straus, Scott, author | Driscoll, Barry (Political scientist), author Title: International studies : global forces, interactions, and tensions / Scott Straus, Barry Driscoll Description: Los Angeles : SAGE, 2019 | Includes bibliographical references and index Identifiers: LCCN 2018023430 | ISBN 978-1-4522-4119-7 (pbk : alk paper) Subjects: LCSH: International relations | Globallization Classification: LCC JZ1318 S765 2019 | DDC 327—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018023430 Printed in the United States of America This book is printed on acid-free paper Acquisitions Editor: Scott Greenan Development Editor: Elise Frasier Editorial Assistant: Sarah Christensen Production Editor: David Felts Copy Editor: Sheree Van Vreede Typesetter: Hurix Digital Proofreader: Scott Oney Indexer: Diggs Publication Services Cover Designer: Gail Buschman Marketing Manager: Jennifer Jones Brief Contents Preface About the authors Acknowledgments Introduction: Global Interactions and Global Tensions Part I Foundations Chapter The Making of Our Global Age: Forces, Interactions, and Tensions Since 1800 Chapter States: Shapers and Subjects of Global Interactions Chapter Intergovernmental Organizations: Sites of Global Governance Chapter Civil Society: Agents of Change in Global Interactions Chapter Social Identities and Culture: Shaping Interactions at the Individual and Societal Levels Chapter Money: Propelling Global Interactions Part II Global Challenges Chapter Democracy and Representation: Struggles for Freedom and Efforts to Restrict It Chapter Human Rights: The Challenge of Setting and Enforcing Global Norms Chapter Development: The Challenge of Global Poverty Chapter 10 Civil Wars and Terrorism: New Global Security Challenges and Efforts to Manage Them Chapter 11 Migration: Confronting the Myths of Human Movement Chapter 12 Global Health: Addressing Inequalities in Outcomes Chapter 13 Global Environment: Confronting the Challenge of Climate Change Chapter 14 Global Food: How Can We Solve World Hunger? Glossary Index Detailed Contents Preface About the Authors Acknowledgments Introduction: Global Interactions and Global Tensions A Framework for International Studies Global Interactions Global Tensions An Inside-Out/Outside-In Approach Global Forces Global Markets Information and Communications Technology Shifting Centers of Global Power Global Governance What Is International Studies Good For? Key Terms Questions for Review Learn More Part I Foundations Chapter The Making of Our Global Age: Forces, Interactions, and Tensions Since 1800 The First Global Age: Increasing Global Interactions Global Stability Under Pax Britannica: 1815–1914 Global Cooperation and the Gold Standard World War I (1914–1918) Between the First and Second Global Ages: Wars, Hot and Cold, and New Interactions The Aftermath of War Universal Suffrage for Europe and North America The Global Depression of 1929 World War II: The Rise of Extremism The Cold War: A Bipolar World Bretton Woods System (1944–1973): Compromise and Cooperation Decolonization and Dependency The End of the Bretton Woods System The Rise of Neoliberalism and the Fall of Communism The Second Global Age: An Explosion of Global Finance, International Interactions, and New Tensions China (Re)emerges IS From the Outside-In: Why Did China Embrace the Global Economy? The Extraordinary Growth of Global Finance The Spread of Elected Government The Internet Age The Long Shadow of the “War on Terror” The Rise of New Powers Summary Key Terms Questions for Review Learn More Chapter States: Shapers and Subjects of Global Interactions The Age of States: Born From a Cycle of Interactions What Is a State? An Organization That Monopolizes Violence What Is Not a State? Regimes, Governments, Countries, and Nations A Site of Interaction: What Is “Inside” a State? IS From the Inside-Out: Should Iraqi Kurds Get Their Own State? What Does a State Do? A State Controls A State Protects A State Monitors A State Invests Where Do States Come From? Forces Shaping the Modern State War, Sovereignty, and the Modern State System Colonial States IS From the Outside-In: The Postcolonial Experience in the Philippines The Strengths and Weaknesses of States External Power: Global Influence Internal Power: State Capacity IS From the Outside-In and the Inside-Out: State Failure in Afghanistan Is the State Fit for Purpose? Modern Challenges to States The Modern State Is in Decline The Modern State Will Endure The Modern State Will Adapt Summary Key Terms Questions for Review Learn More Chapter Intergovernmental Organizations: Sites of Global Governance Getting Along in the World Realism Focuses on Power Liberalism Focuses on Cooperation Constructivism Focuses on Identity and Norms IGOs: The Basics What Do IGOs Do? Promote the Interests of Member States Find Solutions to Common Problems Increase Efficiency With Economies of Scale Provide Expertise on Special Issues Produce and Disseminate Knowledge The United Nations: Mediating Global Tensions Origins Organization Size Challenges for a 21st-Century UN Do IGOs Actually Matter? Three Views Realism Discounts the Role of IGOs Relative to States Liberalism Views the Role of IGOs as Contributing to Increased Cooperation Constructivism Sees IGOs as Having the Power to Influence State Behavior IS From the Outside-In: Governing the Dark Side of Globalization Summary Key Terms Questions for Review Learn More Chapter Civil Society: Agents of Change in Global Interactions Who Cares About Cecil the Lion? s9781544344287.i1819 Tocqueville’s Civil Society: Nonpolitical Actions Lead to Political Effects Gramsci’s Civil Society: Contests for Political Power Who Is Civil Society? International Nongovernmental Organizations (INGOs) Transnational Advocacy Networks (TANs) IS From the Outside-In: LGBT Rights and Transnational Activism Social Movements Recent History of Global Civil Society: Rise of a New Global Force Global Markets Information and Communications Technology Global Governance 10 Obama, Barack, 253 Obiang, Omar Teodoro, 237, 248 Official development assistance (ODA), 256 Okonjo-Iweala, Ngozi, 253 Organization of American States (OAS), 222–223 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), 35 Out-groups, 131 Outside-in and inside-out dynamics, xviii–xix, 4, 5, 7–8, See also under International studies Oxford Handbook of International Relations, 121 731 Paltrow, Gwyneth, 340 Pao, Y K., 39 Paris, terrorist attacks on, 290–292 Paris Agreement, 385 Participation, 185 Patel, Raj, 402 Patel, Sheela, 306 Pax Britannica, 23–26 Peacebuilding, 278 Peacekeeping, 275 Peng Chung Chang, 85 Peters, Maggie, 31 Philippines, postcolonial experience in, 61–62 Phillips, Lynne, 396 Pieterse, Jan Nederveen, 145 Pogge, Thomas, 404 Polanyi, Karl, 153–154 Politically constrained, 68 Political resource curse, 247 Politics of Food Supply, The (Winders), 409 Popular sovereignty, 184 Population Bomb, The (Ehrlich), 397 Population growth, and the global food supply, 397–399 Portfolio investment, 166, 169 (figure) Positive rights, 214 Post-American World, 16 Post-Fordism, 154 Post-Washington Consensus, 254–256 Poverty, global See Development Poverty traps, 242 Power, shifting, 8–9 Prebisch, Raul, 249 Primary care/healthcare, 342–343 See also Health, global Production factors of, 157 internationalization of, 11–12 Promotion and diffusion, 194–196 Protection, as a function of a state, 58 Protectionism, 159 Proxy wars, 31 Public good, 241 732 Public health, 337 Purchasing power parity (PPP), 236 Putin, Vladimir, 187 733 Quasi-states, 68 Quasi-voluntary compliance, 68 Quota, 160 Qutb, Sayeed, 289 734 Race to the bottom, 12 Radiative forcing, 368 Radicalization, 288 Reagan, Ronald, 35–36, 69, 251 Realism focus on power, 80 IGOs and, 93–94 Redistributive effects, 163 Refugee, 302 Regimes, 54, 183 Regime stability, 192–194 Regional Intergovernmental Organizations (IGOs), 91 Relative deprivation, 278 Religious identity, 138 Remittances, 320 Representation, 121, 183 See also Democracy Representative concentration pathways (RCPs), 377 Responsibility to Protect (R2P), 43 Ricardo, David, 157 Richardson, Robert, 22 Rieff, David, 122 Rise of the rest, 15 Robinson, James A., 68, 245 Robinson, Joan, 153 Rodney, Walter, 154 Rodrik, Dani, 73, 158, 261 Rohingya, 208–209 Rome Statute, 219 Roosevelt, Eleanor, 85, 212–213 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 212 Rosen, Howard, 164 Rostow, Walt, 248 Rothkopf, David, 71 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 210 Rubel, Mohammad, 323 Rule of law, 58 Rumsfeld, Donald, 44 Rutte, Mark, 55 735 Sachs, Jeffrey, 248, 259 Salafism, 287 Salafist organization, 287 Sanders, Bernie, 164 Sassen, Saskia, 313 “Save Darfur,” 224–225 Schmidt, Eric, 14 Schularick, Moritz, 39 Second global age, 37–47 China, reemergence of, 37–40 elected government, the spread of, 42–43 global finance, growth of, 40–41 Internet age, 43–44 new powers, the rise of, 45–47 War on Terror, 44–45 Security, global See Civil wars; Terrorism Sen, Amartya, 85, 134, 236, 400 Senghor, Leopold, 34 Sese Seko, Mobutu, 258, 281 Sex trafficking, 324–325 Shaxson, Nicholas, 99 Shirk, Susan, 95 Shiva, Vandana, 402, 405 Shock therapy, 252 Sixth mass extinction, 366 Slactivism, 230 Slavery, modern, 114 (photo), 323–325 Slums, 306 Smallholders, 401 Smith, Adam, 152, 157 Smith, Anthony, 137 Snowden, Edward, 203 Social class, 139 Social identities and culture, 128–150 class identity, 139 culture, understanding, 141–148 definition of, 130–131 ethnic identity, 137–139 gender identity, 138–139 global challenges and, 140–141 impact of global interaction and forces on, 132–134 736 importance of, 134–137, 139–140 national identity, 135–137 religious identity, 138 Socialization, the power of, 229 Social movements, 109, 112–113, 196 Soft power, 65–66 Solar radiation management, 388 Solis, Mireya, 163 Sotloff, Steven, 289 Southeast Asian human rights system, 222–223 Sovereignty, 54 Sovereign wealth funds, 165 Special Rapporteurs, 218 Speed of information, 14 Spence, Michael, 46 Stabilization wedges, 385–386, 387 (figure) Stages of Economic Growth, The (Rostow), 248 Stand with Civil Society (Obama program), 107 Stanley, Henry Morton, 280 State actors, 55 State capacity, 64, 66–71 Stateless persons, 304 Stateness, 70–71 “Stateness First” (Fukuyama), 70 States, 51–78 actions/purpose of, 57–59 age of the, 51–57 colonial, 60–64 forces shaping, 59–64 modern challenges to, 71–75 strengths and weaknesses of, 64–71 State sovereignty, and universal rights, 211–220 State-sponsored terrorism, 295 Stepan, Alfred, 70 Stereotypes, and culture, 142 Strong states, 67 Structural adjustment programs (SAPs), 36, 252 Structuralism, 158–159 Structuralist theory, 34 Structural realism, 93 Substitutability, 318 Suffrage, universal, in Europe and North America, 28 737 Summers, Larry, 254 Supercitizens, 71 Superpower, 31 Supranational authorities, 83 Surplus economies, 174 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), 238 Swift, Taylor, 132 Symbolic politics, 118–119 Syria, civil war in, 283–284 738 Tannenwald, Nina, 97 Tariff, 160 Tea Party movement, 113 Technology optimists, 14 “10 Reasons Countries Fall Apart” (Acemoglu and Robinson), 68 Tenaka, Astushi, 143 Tensions, Territory, 54 Terrorism, 269–298 causes of, 287–288 confronting, 292–293 cyberattacks and state-sponsored, 293–295 defining, 286 forces, interactions, and tensions, 288–292 See also Civil wars Thatcher, Margaret, 36, 40, 251 Thermal expansion, 373 Thoreson, Ryan, 111 Three waves of democratization, 189 Thucydides, 93 Tiger mom, 142 Tilly, Charles, 60 Tocqueville’s civil society, 107–108 Trade, 10, 156–165 free trade, 162–165 free trade agreements, 160–162 in practice, 159–165 in theory, 157–159 liberalism, 157–158 mercantilism, 158 structuralism, 158–159 Trade Adjustment Assistance Works! (Rosen), 164 Trade Justice Network, 162 Trafficking, 323 See also Human trafficking Transaction costs, 241 Transnational advocacy networks (TANs), 110–112, 120, 224–226 Trans-Pacific Partnership, 164 Transparency, lack of, 123 Treaty of Versailles, 28 Treaty of Westphalia, 60 Trump, Donald, 73, 90, 156, 158 739 climate change agreement, and, 202 “ideological certification” of immigrants, 313 Paris Agreement, 385 Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), 164 Trust, 137 Turkle, Sherry, 14 740 ul Haq, Mahbub, 85 Umbrella Movement (Hong Kong), 198–199 “Uninhabitable Earth, The” (New York magazine), 378 Unipolar, 15 United Nations, 84–92 challenges for, 89–92 climate change and, 384–385 human rights and, 211–220 organization of, 85–88 origins of, 84–85 size of, 88–89 United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Council (UNESCO), 134 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 384 United Nations General Assembly, 85–87 United Nations Secretariat, 87 United Nations Security Council (UNSC), 87, 91–92 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), 85, 212–213 Universal rights, and state sovereignty, 211–220 Universal suffrage, in Europe and North America, 28 Urgent Action alerts, 119 741 Varieties of Capitalism, 155 Vertical interventions, 343 Violence (or coercion), 53–54 Voluntary migration, 301–302 742 Wade, Robert, 158 Wallerstein, Immanuel, 158 War, and the modern state system, 60 See also Civil wars; Cold War; World War I; World War II Warner, Andrew, 248 War on Terror, 44–45, 292 Warsaw Pact, 31 Washington Consensus, 251–254 Water, and climate change, 380–381, 382 “Wavy” democratization, 189–192 Weak states, 67 Wealth of places, and development, 236–237 Weber, Max, 53, 244 Wealth See Money Welfare of people, and development, 237–239 Williams, Jody, 114 Williamson, John, 251–252 “Will the Nation-State Survive Globalization?” (Wolf), 72 Wilson, Woodrow, 30 Winders, Bill, 409 Wolf, Martin, 72 Wolfowitz, Paul, 253 World Bank, 253–254 World Health Organization (WHO), 83 World hunger See Food, global World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), 82–83 World Trade Organization (WTO), 83, 160–162 Worldview, culture as a, 141–142 World War I, 27–28, 29 (figure) World War II, 30–31 743 Xiaoping, Deng, 38–39 Xi Jinping, 187 744 Yunus, Muhammad, 261 Zedong, Mao, 37 Zero grazing, 357 745 ... Introduction: Global Interactions and Global Tensions A Framework for International Studies Global Interactions Global Tensions An Inside-Out/Outside-In Approach Global Forces Global Markets Information and. .. Introduction: Global Interactions and Global Tensions Part I Foundations Chapter The Making of Our Global Age: Forces, Interactions, and Tensions Since 1800 Chapter States: Shapers and Subjects of Global. .. Wars and Forces, Interactions, and Tensions What Is Terrorism? Defining Terrorism Causes of Terrorism Terrorism and Forces, Interactions, and Tensions Confronting Terrorism Cyberattacks and State-Sponsored