Time Well Spent     Time Well Spent Subjective Well-​Being and the Organization of Time Daniel Wheatley London • New York   Published by Rowman & Littlefield International Ltd Unit A, Whitacre Mews, 26-​34 Stannary Street, London SE11 4AB www.rowmaninternational.com Rowman & Littlefield International Ltd.is an affiliate of Rowman & Littlefield 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706, USA With additional offices in Boulder, New York, Toronto (Canada), and Plymouth (UK) www.rowman.com Copyright 2017 © Daniel Wheatley, with Irene Hardill and Craig Bickerton All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote passages in a review British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN:  HB 978-​1-​7834-​8425-​6 Library of Congress Cataloging-​in-​Publication Data Available ISBN: 978-1-78348-425-6 (cloth : alk paper) ISBN: 978-1-78348-427-0 (electronic) The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—​Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/​NISO Z39.48-​1992 Printed in the United States of America   For Taid, 1923–​2016, and Indy, 2008–​2016     Contents Acknowledgements ix Subjective Well-​Being and Time-​Use:  An Introduction A Pluralist Perspective on Time-​Use 29 Time-​Use: The Historical and Policy Context 53 Work-​Time, the Quality of Work, and Well-​Being 73 The Household Division of Labour and Flexibility in Paid Work 101 Care and Volunteering: The (Feel) Good Samaritan? (Irene Hardill and Daniel Wheatley) 125 Where to Next? Travel-​to-​Work and Travel-​for-​Work 151 Leisure Time: The Pursuit of Happiness? (Craig Bickerton and Daniel Wheatley) 173 The Organization of Time and Subjective Well-​Being: Key Findings and Implications for Public and Organizational Policy 199 Bibliography 221 Index 255 vii     248 Bibliography Scheiner, J., Holz-​Rau, C (2012) Gendered travel mode choice: A focus on car deficient households Journal of Transport Geography, 24, pp 250–​61 Schimmack, U (2008) The structure of subjective well-​being In Eid, M., and Larsen, R J (eds), The science of subjective well-​being New York: Guildford, pp 97–​123 Schmid, G (2010) Non-​standard employment and labour force participation: A comparative view of the recent development in Europe IZA Discussion Paper No. 5087 Schoon, I., Hansson, L., Salmela-​ Aro, K (2005) Combining work and family life: Life satisfaction among married and divorced men and women in Estonia, Finland and the UK European Psychologist, 10, pp 309–​19 Schor, J (1993) The overworked American: The unexpected decline of leisure New York: Basic Books Schwanen, T (2007) Gender differences in chauffeuring children among dual-​earner families The Professional Geographer, 59(4), pp 447–​62 Schwanen, T., Hardill, I., Lucas, S (2012) Spatialities of ageing: The co-​construction and co-​evolution of old age and space Geoforum, 43(6), pp 1291–​95 Schwanen, T., Kwan, M P., Ren, F., (2008) How fixed is fixed? 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Industrial Relations, 64(4), pp 555–​74     Index Age, 9, 16, 74, 85, 96, 105, 127–​8, 134–​40, 178, 185, 211 Chronological age See Lifecourse Agency work See Flexible labour Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings See Survey Arts, 173, 175–​80, 182–​3, 185–​6, 190, 193, 195–​6 Austerity, 134, 207, 212 Autonomy See Quality of work Becker, Gary See Mainstream economics British Household Panel Survey See Survey British Social Attitudes Survey See Survey Bounded rationality, 7 Budget constraint See Constraint Business travel See Travel-​for-​work Capitalism, 4, 38, 44–​5, 54, 66, 75–​6 Car, 154–​55, 160, 163, 169, 171–​2, 180, 204, 211, 213 Cardinal See Methods Care Childcare, 4, 11, 37, 62, 70, 78, 84–​8, 110–​11, 138–​9, 143–​7, 161, 171, 181, 202–​3, 211 Grandparenting, 20, 24, 88, 103, 110, 125, 128, 130, 133–​4, 137–​8, 143, 147, 202 for ill/​elderly relative or friend, 70, 86, 92, 130, 134–​7, 139, 141–​3, 147, 202, 206, 211 School-​age children, 11, 112, 115–​6, 161, 192 Career Anchor, 106 Development, 80, 105–​8, 134, 136, 163, 166, 170–​1, 203–​4, 206, 213, 215 Kaleidoscope career, 106, 122 Limitations, 76, 82, 98–​9, 114, 160, 165, 203, 208, 213 Protean career, 105–​7 Carers (Equal Opportunities) Act 2004, 134, 211 Case study See Methods Causality, 3, 5, 14, 22, 38, 128, 143, 178, 197, 205, 216–​7 Childcare See Care Choice, 3, 29, 42–​50, 68, 79, 99, 102–​7, 117, 132, 154–​6, 162–​3, 174, 199, 202–​3, 207–​9, 219 Rational choice See Mainstream economics Coalition See Government 255   256 Index Commitment, 49, 64, 70, 74–​7, 79–​80, 82, 105–​8, 113, 121, 131–​132, 137, 143–​4, 146, 166, 185, 214–​5 Community Life Survey See Survey Commute Commuting tolerance, 158, 171, 204 and housing markets, 153, 156–​7, 162, 203, 208 long distance commutes, 156, 162, 204 and mainstream economics, 156–​9 School-​run, 112, 115–​16, 151, 155, 160–​1, 171, 206 Spatial entrapment, 159–​61, 204 Compressed hours See Flexible working arrangements Compromise, 17, 41, 49, 105–​6, 131, 156, 167, 208–​9 Concert, 16, 176, 178–​80, 182–​5, 193 Conservative See Government Constraint Budget constraint, 3, 29, 31, 33–​5, 44, 102 Resource constraint, 29, 37 and time-​use, 3–​4, 11, 25, 29–​30, 34–​42, 46, 48–​9, 61, 71, 77, 88, 113, 156, 192, 199, 203, 208, 219 Corporate Social Responsibility, 215 Culture, 42–​3, 51, 166, 179–​93, 195, 214 Cultural activity, 179–​80, 185–​6 Cultural value, 173–​6, 181, 195–​6, 205, 212, 214 Long hours culture, 75–​6, 107, 121–​2 Workplace culture, 63–​4, 170 Disability, 9–​10, 68, 96, 130, 139, 144–​5, 192, 201, 214 Discretion See Quality of work Divorced, 10–​11, 142 Domain satisfaction See Well-​being Domestic travel See Travel-​for-​work Dual career household See Household models Easterlin paradox See Income Economic crisis, 14, 66, 69, 77, 79, 83–​5 Education, 8, 11–​12, 62–​3, 67, 69, 77, 88, 99, 104–​5, 109, 115, 120, 128, 134, 139, 142, 147, 192, 202 Egalitarian See Household models Employer-​supported volunteering See Volunteering Employment See Paid work Entrepreneur, 78, 123 Environment Natural, 127, 155, 175, 213, 218 Work, 148, 170, 214, 217 Equal Pay Act, 62 Ethnicity, 8, 10, 61, 127 European Union, 2, 65–​6, 74, 133–​4, 169 European Working Time Directive, 65–​66, 74 Opt-​out,  65–​7 Extensive labour extraction See Quality of work Extrinsic Reward See Volunteering Factory Act, 55, 71, 83, 210 Feminist economics, 3, 25, 30, 39–​41, 46–​50, 127–​30 Finance, 12–​13, 35, 47–​8, 58, 60–​1, 67–​8, 70, 78–​9, 110, 156–​8, 177, 179 Financial pressure, 47, 65, 78, 101, 134, 148, 211, 213 Finland, 69–​70 Flexible labour Agency work, 85–​6, 99, 210 Gig economy, 78, 84, 210 Insecure, 59, 80–​1 Temporary work, 59, 77, 80, 84–​5, 99 Zero hours contracts, 59, 85, 99, 114, 210 Flexible working arrangements Compressed hours, 111–​12, 115–​19 Flexi-​time, 111–​12, 115–​19, 121 Home-​based teleworking, 111–​12, 115–​17, 122, 154, 172   Index Job share, 67, 111–​12, 116–​18, 202 Part-​time work, 35, 40, 47, 59, 62–​6, 70, 74, 78, 83–​6, 88, 97–​9, 103, 108–​18, 145, 156, 202 Reduced hours, 35, 40, 55, 77, 83–​5, 111–​14, 119, 142, 200, 202, 214, 218 Term-​time work, 111–​12, 115–​18 Flexible Working Regulations, 68–​9, 71, 111, 123, 134, 210–​11, 218 Flexibility, employer-​oriented, 84–​6, 89, 99, 114–​15, 120–​3, 160–​3, 166, 193, 208, 210, 213–​15 Flexi-​time See Flexible working arrangements, Ford, Henry, 56, 71 France, 65, 67 Friend, 11, 15, 24, 48, 77, 86, 108, 110, 126, 129, 136–​7, 145–​7, 167, 170–​6, 182, 194, 205 Full-​time See Working hours Gender Norms, 50, 65, 103, 116, 131, 151, 156, 158, 160, 165, 202 Pay gap, 19, 62, 101, 107, 218 Inequality, 4, 44–​5, 49–​51, 63, 105, 123, 131, 165, 206, 208 Germany, 69–​70 Gig economy See Flexible labour Good job See Quality of work Government  Coalition, 65 Conservative, 57, 64, 135 New Labour, 62, 65, 67 Grandparenting See Care Gross Domestic Product See Well-​being Habit See Institutional economics Hakim, Catherine See Mainstream economics Hakim’s Preference Theory, 39–​41 Happiness See Well-​being 257 Health, 2, 5, 6, 8–​10, 12–​13, 65–​6, 76, 130–​2, 134, 145, 148, 166, 169–​70, 172, 176, 179–​80, 199, 204 Historical site, 173, 175, 179, 181–​3, 185–​6, 193, 204–​5, 212 Home-​based teleworking See Flexible working arrangements Household division of labour, 3, 26, 46, 51, 56, 61, 63–​4, 83, 97, 101, 103, 105–​8, 122, 160, 165, 201–​2, 213, 218 Household models Dual career household, 22–​3, 25, 63, 104–​5, 109–​10, 120, 160, 202 Egalitarian, 70, 102, 104–​5, 122–​3, 156, 202, 211 Male breadwinner, female homemaker, 48, 102–​3, 165, 201 One and a half worker, 103, 202 Housework, 3, 15, 26, 39, 47, 64, 77, 84, 86–​9, 92, 97, 102–​5, 109–​11, 122, 133, 139, 141–​2, 161, 181, 199, 201–​2 Horizontal segregation, 63, 69, 81–​2, 107, 165 Human capital, 40, 131, 144, 177 Income, 2–​3, 6, 8, 11–​14, 29, 31–​33, 36–​7, 44, 57, 62–​64, 67, 78–​9, 96, 103, 107, 142, 157, 166, 174, 177, 201, 209, 212 Easterlin paradox, 8, 14 Income effect See Labour supply theory Indifference curve See Labour supply theory Inequality See Gender Information and Communication Technology (ICT), 8, 15, 53, 59–​ 60, 63, 71, 76, 112, 121, 152, 154, 162–​3, 172, 178, 209 Insecure See Flexible labour Institutional economics, 29–​30, 38–​9, 41–​3, 45 Norms, 3, 8, 34, 42–​5, 53–​5, 71, 75, 81, 123, 216–​17 Habit, 34, 42–​3, 50   258 Index Intensive labour extraction See Quality of work International Policy, 211, 213, 218 Travel See Work-​related travel Internet, 15, 83, 162, 173, 182, 185, 194–​5, 205 Social media, 15, 185, 205, 218 Interview, semi-​structured See Methods Intrinsic Reward See Volunteering Older adult, 23, 128, 130, 132, 134, 142–​3, 148, 180, 181, 206, 211, 213 and research, 16–​17, 126–​8 Transitions approach, 13, 16–​17, 127–​8, 133, 139, 142, 147–​8 Young, 68, 85, 99, 105, 109, 121, 128–​30, 132–​9, 142–​5, 147–​8, 180, 185, 192, 211 Long working hours See Working hours Loneliness See Well-​being Job quality See Quality of work Job satisfaction See Well-​being Job share See Flexible working arrangements Mainstream economics Becker, Gary, 3, 29–​30, 36–​40, 47, 50–​1, 102, 156–​7 Hakim, Catherine, 30, 39–​41, 43, 50 Labour supply theory See Labour supply theory Rational choice, 3, 29, 31, 34, 39, 43–​4, 47–​51, 157 Self-​interest, 36, 39, 46, 48, 102, 129, 131 Male breadwinner, female homemaker See Household models Manager, 21–​24, 38, 45, 49, 54, 56–​61, 62–​3, 74–​7, 79, 81, 88–​90, 92, 98, 104, 112–​15, 120–​23, 144, 154, 160, 168–​70, 200, 218 Married, 10, 46–​7, 49, 77, 96, 102, 142, 160, 165, 192, 216 Marx, Karl, 3, 30, 44–​5, 75 Maternity leave, 62, 68–​70 See also Shared Parental Leave Methods Cardinal, 6–​7 Case study, 17, 19, 21–​6, 68, 119–​22, 133, 143–​8, 164, 168–​71, 180 Interview, semi-​structured, 18, 20, 22–​5, 120, 143–​4, 168–​70 Mixed methods, 16–​19, 22, 24, 125, 147, 160–​1, 166, 168, 199, 217–​18 Ordinal, 6–​7 Primary data, 7, 21–​5 Quantitative, 16–​19, 22–​3, 43, 125, 133 Kaleidoscope career See Career Labour Force Survey See Survey Labour market, 35, 40, 46–​51, 59–​79, 82–​6, 99–​107, 130–​4, 143–​6, 154–​60, 177, 200–​4, 210–​11 Labour supply theory Assumptions of, 30–​31 Budget constraint See Constraint Income effect, 32–​3 Indifference curve, 32–​5, 43 Limitations of, 33–​4 Substitution effect, 32 and Utility, 29, 31–​3 Leisure Leisure experience, 173–​6, 181–​2, 185–​6, 194–​7, 204 Leisure time, 13, 15, 25, 31–​33, 60, 67, 92, 117–​9, 130, 139, 142, 147, 155, 164, 169–​71, 173–​97, 199, 204–​12, 218, 978 Satisfaction with amount of leisure See Well-​being Liberal, 64–​5, 67, 69, 101, 127, 210 Life satisfaction See Well-​being Lifecourse and chronological age, 9, 127–​8, 134–​40   Index Qualitative, 16–​19, 22–​4, 79, 105, 126, 133, 143, 146–​7, 167, 203, 217 Regression, probit, 90, 92, 133, 187, 193 Secondary data, 16, 19–​21, 25, 133, 147, 199, 218 Statistical significance, 10, 14, 17, 21, 46, 96, 114, 139, 148, 186–​7, 193 Thematic coding method, 22, 25 Triangulation, 18, 25, 217 Momentary measure See well-​being Museum, 173, 175, 177–​9, 181–​3, 185–​7, 193, 196, 205, 212 New Labour See Government Norms See Institutional economics Norway, 69–​70, 160 Occupation, 20, 23–​4, 49, 57, 59, 61–​3, 75–​77, 79–​83, 88–​97, 104–​7, 113–​14, 151, 158, 163, 168, 177, 180, 190, 200, 208, 215, 217–​18 Skilled, highly, 22–​4, 49, 61, 63–​4, 83, 89, 97, 104, 120–​1, 153, 156, 168–​71, 215, 218 Skilled, low, 55–​6, 63–​4, 114, 158 Older adult See Lifecourse Opt-​out See European Working Time Directive Ordinal See Methods Organizations, 2, 22–​4, 57, 75, 77, 106, 111, 113–​14, 119–​20, 122, 135, 152, 162–​6, 170, 177, 201, 205, 209, 212–​15 See also Voluntary and Community Sector Organizations (VCSOs) Overtime, 3, 35, 67, 74–​5, 83, 86, 88–​9, 92, 97, 121, 141–​2, 164, 192–​3, 208 Qualitative See Methods Quality of work Autonomy, 56, 74, 77–​82, 90–​3, 96–​8, 115, 164, 180, 201, 214–​15 259 Discretion, 34, 56, 75, 80–​1, 90, 98, 201 Extensive labour extraction, 44, 71–​2, 76, 92, 212 Good job, 45, 79–​80 Intensive labour extraction, 55, 60, 67, 71–​2, 74, 76–​7, 78–​9, 81–​6, 90, 96–​7, 121, 163, 167, 172, 201, 210–​12, 214–​15 Job quality, 79–​82, 114 Training, 65, 70, 80, 132, 135–​6, 151, 169 Quantitative See Methods Paid work Employment, 13, 20–​22, 35, 39–​42, 47, 49, 55, 58–​71, 73, 75–​6, 78–​80, 86, 97, 101–​15, 128, 130, 134–​5, 144, 151, 159–​60, 201, 208–​12, 217 Second job, 78–​9, 85 Self-​employment, 59, 73, 77–​9, 83–​4, 98, 107, 109 Part-​time work See Flexible working arrangements  Paternity leave, 68 See also Shared Parental Leave Pensions Act, 134 Post-​industrial society, 1, 16, 25, 65, 69, 71, 74, 81, 101, 104, 132, 148, 154, 199, 207, 210, 219 Definition of, 58–​61 Preference Theory See Hakim’s Preference Theory Presenteeism, 75, 121 Primary data See Methods Private sector, 22, 24, 65, 67, 96, 113–​15, 117, 125, 135 Probit regression See Regression Professional, 23–​4, 49, 59, 61–​3, 74–​81, 88–​90, 92, 97, 104, 106, 112–​15, 121, 154, 163–​70, 180, 200, 210 Protean career See Career Public policy, 67, 133, 199, 210–​14, 218–​19   260 Index Public sector, 23, 69, 82, 84, 96, 114–​16, 120, 134–​5, 207, 211, 215 Radical economics, 3, 8, 25, 30, 40, 44–​6, 50, 74–​5 Rational choice See Mainstream economics Reduced hours See Flexible working arrangements Reflexive measure See well-​being Regression See Methods Regulation, labour market See Carers (Equal Opportunities) Act 2004 See Equal Pay Act See European Working Time Directive See Factory Acts See Flexible Working Regulations See Pensions Act Relative (family member), 11, 40, 48–​9, 86, 110, 137, 142, 147, 167, 206 Resource constraint See Constraint Retirement, 13, 24, 88, 109, 128, 130, 134, 136–​9, 142–​7, 192, 199, 201–​3, 214, 219 Revealed preference See Well-​being School-​age children See Care School-​run See Commute Second job See Paid work Secondary data See Methods Self-​employment See Paid work Self-​interest See Mainstream economics Shared Parental Leave, 69, 211–​12, 219 Skilled, highly See Occupations Skilled, low See Occupations Sleep, 3, 33, 102, 110, 160, 166–​7, 200 Spillover, 4, 89, 120, 167, 173, 181, 188, 193–​6, 200, 204–​6, 209 Sport Mild intensity sport, 182–​6, 194–​6, 215 Moderate intensity sport, 182–​6, 195 Team sport, 176, 180, 205, 209 and Togetherness See Togetherness Social media See Internet Socio-​economic, 43, 179, 193, 197, 204, 216 Stated preference See Well-​being Statistical significance See Methods Stress See Well-​being Subjective well-​being, Definition of, 4–​5 Factors affecting, 8–​16 Measurement of, 6–​8 Substitution effect See Labour supply theory Surplus value, 44 Survey Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, 19, 62–​3 British Household Panel Survey, 19–​20, 34, 49, 74, 86–​7, 108–​110, 132–​3, 161, 179 British Social Attitudes Survey, 20, 132–​3, 137–​8, 143 Community Life Survey, 20, 126, 132, 135–​8 Labour Force Survey, 19–​20, 61, 74, 85–​6, 160, 165 Understanding Society, 2, 7, 20–​1, 86–​9, 92, 104, 109–​11, 114–​9, 134, 138, 139–​43, 182–​5, 189–​94 Workplace Employee Relations Survey, 21, 114 Sustainability, 213, 218 Sweden, 69–​70, 101, 158–​9, 164 Taylorist work organization, 56, 71, 76, 80–​1, 86, 90, 201 Taylor, Frederick, 55–​6, 71 Technology, 1, 8, 15, 26, 42–​3, 49, 53, 59–​60, 76, 88–​9, 121, 203, 218 Television, 15, 77, 178, 195, 200, 205 Temporary work See Flexible labour Term-​time work See Flexible working arrangements Thematic coding method See Methods   Index Togetherness, 170, 176, 180, 194, 205, 207–​9, 219 Trade-​off, 30, 32, 34–​6, 76, 97, 108, 131, 176 Trade union, 55, 57, 65, 67, 85 Training See Quality of work Transitions approach See Lifecourse Travel-​for-​work Business travel, 1, 16, 151, 153, 162–​70, 218 Domestic travel, 151, 162, 215 International travel, 1, 151, 162, 166, 169, 213, 215, 218 Triangulation See Mixed methods Trigger volunteer See Volunteering Trust, 129, 144, 162, 209 Uncertain, 78, 81, 134, 163 Underemployment, 67, 99, 200, 210 Understanding Society See Survey Unemployment, 12–​14, 33, 67, 98, 133, 144, 174, 199–​200 Unpaid work Care See Care Housework See Housework Unpaid overtime See Overtime Voluntary work See Volunteering U-​shape, 9, 12–​14, 76, 200 Utility, 6, 29, 31–​3, 35–​9, 48, 102, 131, 157–​8, 161, 174–​5, 195, 201 Vertical segregation, 63, 69, 81–​2, 107, 165 Voluntary and Community Sector (VCO), 120, 125, 127, 213 Voluntary and Community Sector Organizations (VCSOs), 125, 128–​9, 143–​4, 203, 213–​5, 219 Volunteering Employer-​supported volunteering, 135, 148, 206, 209, 215 Extrinsic reward, 130–​2, 134–​5, 144, 147, 203, 209, 211, 215 Intrinsic reward, 82, 130–​2, 134, 136, 142–​8, 158, 201, 203, 211, 213, 215 261 Trade-​off with care and paid work, 138, 141, 144, 147 Trigger volunteer, 13, 128, 133, 139, 142, 147, 202, 219 Wage rate, 13–​14, 31–​33, 35 Walk, 146, 169, 182–​3, 209 Welfare, 13–​14, 23, 31–​3, 41, 45, 62–​7, 81, 101, 123–​9, 133–​4, 143, 148, 177, 211, 219 Well-​being and GDP, 2, 6, 217 Domain satisfaction, 4–​5, 7, 9, 13, 25, 173, 179, 181–​2, 187, 193, 201–​2, 216 Happiness, 2, 4–​11, 13, 16, 25, 132, 170, 173, 179–​82, 186–​7, 192–​3, 195–​7, 208, 216 Job satisfaction, 7, 76–​7, 82–​3, 96–​8, 108, 113–​14, 167, 173, 180, 187, 194, 196, 201, 205–​9, 214–​15 Life satisfaction, 2, 5–​7, 11–​16, 25, 76, 92, 96–​7, 119, 122, 131–​2, 148, 161, 173, 179, 186, 192–​3, 200, 203, 216 Loneliness, 15, 167, 178, 209 Momentary measure, 7, 179 Reflexive measure, 7–​8, 187 Revealed preference, 4, 6–​7, 27, 33–​4, 216 Satisfaction with amount of leisure, 5, 7, 76, 92, 98, 117–​19, 142, 147, 187, 192–​6, 200 Stated preference, 4, 7, 27, 34 Stress, 14–​15, 49–​50, 60, 67, 76–​8, 80, 82, 108, 112, 122, 130, 155, 158, 161, 167–​70, 178–​80 Subjective well-​being See Subjective Well-​being Working hours Full-​time, 86, 107, 109, 115 Long working hours, 15, 55, 64–​6, 70–​1, 74–​8, 80, 86, 106, 121–​2, 193, 200, 212   262 Index Work-​life balance, 66–​9, 77, 79, 107, 113–​14, 121, 123 Workplace Employee Relations Survey See Survey Work-​related travel Travel-​for-​work See Travel-​for-​work Travel-​to-​work See Commute Young See Lifecourse Zero hours contracts See Flexible labour ...  Time Well Spent     Time Well Spent Subjective Well- ​Being and the Organization of Time Daniel Wheatley London • New York   Published by... Subjective Well- ​Being and Time- ​Use:  An Introduction A Pluralist Perspective on Time- ​Use 29 Time- ​Use: The Historical and Policy Context 53 Work- Time, the Quality of Work, and Well- ​Being... Chapter One Subjective Well- ​Being and Time- ​Use An Introduction 1.1  SUBJECTIVE WELL- ​BEING AND TIME- ​USE IN CONTEXT This book explores the relationship between how we use our time and well- ​ being,