www.ebook3000.com Palgrave Studies in Economic History Series Editor Kent Deng London School of Economics London, United Kingdom Palgrave Studies in Economic History is designed to illuminate and enrich our understanding of economies and economic phenomena of the past The series covers a vast range of topics including financial history, labour history, development economics, commercialisation, urbanisation, industrialisation, modernisation, globalisation, and changes in world economic orders More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/14632 www.ebook3000.com Gabriel Tortella Catalonia in Spain History and Myth Gabriel Tortella Universidad de Alcalá Madrid, Spain Palgrave Studies in Economic History ISBN 978-3-319-54950-7 DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-54951-4 ISBN 978-3-319-54951-4 (eBook) Library of Congress Control Number: 2017940633 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 This work is subject to copyright All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations Cover illustration: age fotostock / Alamy Stock Photo Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland www.ebook3000.com To José Luis García Ruiz, Clara Eugenia Núñez, Gloria Quiroga, Who made this book possible Contents Medieval Origins of the Spanish Nation The Slow Birth of Spain: One Thousand Years of History (479–1479) Medieval Catalonia Toward Union The Penultimate Step Union Conclusions References 1 10 17 21 26 28 Catalonia in Early Modern Spain The Difficult Welding of Two Crowns The Seventeenth-Century Crisis A Time of Depression The War of the Reapers, the First Catalan Rebellion Recovery References 29 29 36 36 39 44 48 vii www.ebook3000.com viii Contents Reform and Progress in the Eighteenth Century The War of Succession, Catalonia’s Second Rebellion The Nueva Planta: Political, Economic, and Fiscal Innovations The Political Nueva Planta The Fiscal Nueva Planta: The Catastro The Onset of Catalonia’s Development Population Agriculture Catalonia in the Spanish Empire: Commerce and Industry Commerce Industry Conclusions References 57 57 58 64 64 65 67 67 69 71 72 The Peninsular War: Birth of a Nation Introduction Spain’s War of Independence The ‘War of the French’ in Catalonia Conclusions References 75 75 77 81 84 85 Liberalism and Reaction Economic Stagnation and Political Paralysis A Growing Gap Reactionary Catalonia: The Carlist Wars The Slow Establishment of the Liberal System Catalonia’s Political Weight The Beginnings of Industrialization Slow Recovery The Rhetoric and the Cost of Protectionism The Catalan ‘Renaissance’ Nationalism and the 1898 Crisis Conclusions References 49 49 87 87 87 89 94 102 114 114 120 125 130 133 136 Contents ix The Twentieth Century (1900–1975) Spain in the Twentieth-Century Crisis Catalanism in the Happy Twenties The Lliga: Catalanists in the Spanish Government Catalanism and the Primo de Rivera Dictatorship The Second Republic The Catalan Statute of Autonomy From Revolution to Civil War The Civil War Postwar Repression Economic Stabilization and Development Politics in the Twilight of Fascism Economic Development in Spain and Catalonia Industrialization and State Intervention The Problems of Catalan Banks Commercial and Fiscal Balances: The Early Studies Conclusions References 139 139 147 147 152 157 157 160 165 171 175 175 178 179 181 183 184 187 From Dictatorship to Democracy Introduction Transition to Democracy Is Still Catalonia ‘The Factory of Spain? Crisis and Change in the Spanish Economy The Catalan Economy at the Turn of the Century The Generalitat in Action First Steps The 1979 Estatut: The Beginnings of Enforced Catalanization The Banca Catalana Affair Success and Failure of a Coercive Linguistic Policy Controlling the means of Communication The Catalan Population The Education Policy of the Generalitat The Social Support for Independence 189 189 192 202 202 206 207 207 www.ebook3000.com 209 214 227 233 236 241 258 x Contents Some Hotly Debated Issues Fiscal Balances Commercial Balances Political Consequences of Separation References 263 263 267 270 277 Conclusions The Weight of History Nation and Nationalism The Causes of Catalan Nationalism Why Now? References 279 279 282 287 289 296 Bibliography 299 Index 303 296 Conclusions subsidize friendly newspapers and TV networks, and to the ‘civil organizations’ (Assemblea de Catalunya, Omnium Cultural) which act as the transmission belts between the generalitat and the followers and supporters, the organizers of these mammoth demonstrations which have become so common in nationalist Catalonia, etc So, effectively, Madrid is contributing to subsidize Catalan independence Independence is the Promised Land for the Catalan political elite Although treated with kid gloves by all Spanish governments, Spanish courts and Spanish police, even Spanish newspapers, can be a nuisance Pujol has had his bad moments and embarrassments due to these nosy ‘outsiders,’ and a fair number of his friends and collaborators have been processed and a few even ended up in jail In an independent Catalonia, this would not happen The Catalan government would have its own public finances, its own judges, and its own police They are already there today, but there is too much interference from ‘Spain.’ The nationalist vote in Catalonia is located in the rural districts, which are overrepresented, and then in the wealthy districts of Barcelona, and other large cities; in other words, the old Carlist districts in the countryside and the urban prosperous upper middle class These people would be the absolute masters of an independent Catalonia The rest would pay a high price for independence in terms of economic difficulties (inflation, unemployment) and for being at the mercy of those in power References ÁLVAREZ JUNCO, José (2001), Mater Dolorosa La idea de España en el siglo XIX Madrid: Taurus BOYD, Carolyn P (1997), Historia Patria Politics, History, and National Identity in Spain, 1875-1975 Princeton: New Jersey, Princeton University Press BRUBAKER, Rogers (1996), Nationalism reframed Nationhood and the national question in the New Europe Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press Quiroga, Gloria (1999), El papel alfabetizador del Ejército de Tierra español Madrid: Ministerio de Defensa References 297 CHARRON, Nicholas, Victor LAPUENTE, and Lewis DIJKSTRA (2012), Regional Governance Matters, A Study on Regional Variation in Quality of Government within the EU WP 012/2012 2012 [Brussels], European Commission Working Papers FUSI, Juan Pablo (2000), Espa La evolución de la identidad nacional Madrid: Ediciones Temas de Hoy LÜTHY, Herbert (1962), ‘A Rehabilitation of Nationalism?’, in Jelensky, pp 85–99 MAS, Artur (2015), ‘A los espoles’ El Ps, September 2015 NÚĐEZ, Clara E (1992), La fuente de la riqueza Educación y desarrollo económico en la España contemporánea Madrid: Alianza Editorial PAYNE, S.G (1961), Falange A History of Spanish Fascism Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press RIQUER, Borja de (2004), Història de Catalunya, vols (“La Catalunya autonómica, 1975–2003, primera parte”) Barcelona: Edicions 62 WEBER, Eugene (1976), Peasants into Frenchmen The Modernization of Rural France, 1870–1914 Stanford, California: Stanford University Press www.ebook3000.com Bibliography ABELLÓ, Teresa et al (1998), La resposta catalana a la crisi i la pèrdua colonial de 1898 Barcelona: Generalitat de Catalunya y Editorial 92 ÁLVAREZ DE CIENFUEGOS, Isabel et al (1963), Homenaje a Don Ramón Carande Madrid: Sociedad de Estudios y Publicaciones AMAT, Oriol et al (Ed.) (2013), La cuestión catalana, hoy Madrid: Instituto de Estudios Económicos ANES, Gonzalo (Ed.) (1999), Historia económica de Espa, siglos XIX y XX Barcelona: Galaxia Gutenberg-Círculo de Lectores ARTOLA, Miguel (1959), Los Orígenes de la Espa Contemporánea vols Madrid: Instituto de Estudios Políticos CALATAYUD, S., J MILLÁN and M CRUZ ROMERO (Eds.) (2009), Estado y periferias en la España del siglo XIX Nuevos enfoques Valencia: Universidad de Valencia CAPMANY, Antoni de (1808), Centinela contra franceses Madrid: Gómez Fuentenebro y Cía CARRERA PUJAL, Jaime (1961), La economía de Cataluña en el siglo XIX vols Barcelona: Bosch CARRERAS, Albert (1990), ‘Catala, primera región industrial de Espa’, in Nadal and Carreras, pp 259–295 © The Author(s) 2017 G Tortella, Catalonia in Spain, Palgrave Studies in Economic History, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-54951-4 299 300 Bibliography CIPOLLA, C.M (1973), The Fontana Economic History of Europe, IV The Emergence of Industrial Societies Part Two London: Collins FERNÁNDEZ, Roberto (Ed.) (1985), España en el siglo XVIII Homenaje a Pierre Vilar Prólogo de J Fontana Barcelona: Crítica FONTANA, Josep (2003), La revolució liberal a Catalunya Lleida/Vic: Pagés/ Eumo FUENTE, Ángel de la and Clemente POLO (2014), La cuestión catalana II Balanzas fiscales y tratamiento fiscal de Catala Madrid: Instituto de Estudios Económicos GERMÁN, Luis, Enrique LLOPIS, Jordi MALUQUER and Santiago ZAPATA (Eds.) (2001), Historia económica regional de Espa, siglos XIX y XX Barcelona: Crítica HERNÁNDEZ ANDREU, Juan (1981), ‘La polémica Cambó-Calvo Sotelo sobre la valoración de la peseta’, Hacienda Pública Española, 69, pp 291–302 JELENSKY, Konstanti A (Ed.) (1962), History and Hope Progress in Freedom The Berlin Conference of 1960 London: Routledge & Kegan Paul LYNCH, John (1969), Spain under the Habsburgs Volume Two Spain and America, 1598–1700 New York: Oxford University Press MALUQUER DE MOTES, Jordi (1974), ‘El mercado colonial antillano en el siglo XIX’ in Nadal and Tortella, pp 322–357 MALUQUER DE MOTES, Jordi (2011), ‘El turismo, motor fundamental de la economía de Cataluña, 1951–2010’, Historia Contemporánea, 42, pp 347–399 MORALES, Antonio (Ed.) (2014), 1714 Cataluña en la España del siglo XVIII Madrid: Ediciones Cátedra MORILLA, José, Juan HERNÁNDEZ ANDREU, José Luis GARCÍA RUIZ, and José María ORTIZ-VILLAJOS (Eds.) (2010), Las claves del desarrollo económico y social Homenaje a Gabriel Tortella Madrid: LID/Universidad de Alcalá NADAL FARRERAS, Joaquim and Philippe WOLFF (Eds.) (1992), Historia de Catala Barcelona: Oikos-Tau NADAL, Jordi (1984), La población española (siglos XVI a XX) Ed corregida y aumentada, Barcelona: Ariel Nadal, Jordi (1992), Bautismos, desposorios y entierros Estudios de historia demográfica Barcelona: Ariel NADAL, Jordi, Albert CARRERAS and Carles SUDRIÀ (Eds.) (1994), La economía espola en el siglo XX Una perspectiva histórica Barcelona: Ariel www.ebook3000.com Bibliography 301 NADAL, Jordi and Gabriel TORTELLA (Eds.) (1974), Agricultura, comercio colonial y crecimiento económico en la Espa Contemporánea Barcelona: Ariel NADAL, Jordi et al (1988–1994), Història econòmica de la Catalunya contemporània vols Barcelona: Enciclopèdia Catalana ORWELL, G (1952), Homage to Catalonia New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich Inc PÉREZ MOREDA, V and D S REHER (Eds.) (1988), Demografía Histórica en Espa Madrid: Ediciones El Arquero PRAT DE LA RIBA, Enric (1998), La nacionalidad catalana/La nacionalitat catalana Madrid: Biblioteca Nueva PUJOL, Jordi (1976), La immigraciú, problema i esperanỗa de Catalunya Barcelona: Nova Terra PUJOL, Jordi (2002), ‘Cataluña, tierra de acogida’, in Cataluña hoy Ciclo de Conferencias de la Universidad Menéndez Pelayo, 23–29 July, Barcelona: Generalitat de Cataluña, pp.13–28 SÁNCHEZ-ALBORNOZ, N (1987), The Economic Modernization of Spain, 1830–1930 New York: New York University Press VICENS VIVES, Jaime y Montserrat LLORENS (1958), Industrials i polítics (segle XIX) Barcelona: Teide VICENS VIVES, Jaume (1936–1937), Ferran II i la ciutat de Barcelona, 1479–1516 vols Barcelona: Universitat de Catalunya VICENS VIVES, Jaume (2013), Notícia de Catalunya Barcelona: Editorial Vicens Vives VILARASAU, Josep (2012), Memorias El extraño camino a “la Caixa” Barcelona: RBA Index A Abd-el-Krim, Mohamed, 153–155 Africa, 6, 9, 34–35, 132, 237 Agustí, Ignacio, 128–129, 131, 190 Alcalá Zamora, Niceto, 161, 163–164 Alfonso II of Aragon, 11 Alfonso V of Aragon, the Magnanimous, 18, 21 Alfonso VI of Castile, 3, 7, Alfonso VIII of Castile, 11 Alfonso X of Castile, 198 Alfonso XII, 109, 126, 132, 150, 173 Alfonso XIII, 150, 173 Alicante, 171, 247 Almanzor, 6–8 Almirall, Valentí, 126 Almogávers, 12, 15 Álvarez de Castro, Mariano, 82 Álvarez Mendizábal, Juan, 105 Amadeo I (Amedeo of Savoy), 100–101, 111 America, 24–25, 67–69, 71, 81, 90, 115, 132, 209, 229, 237, 250 Amsterdam, 46 Anarchism (anarchist), 149 Andalucía, Andalusia, 144, 165, 207 Andorra, 202, 247, 257, 268, 294 Andreu Abelló, Josep, 223 Angouleme, duke of, 91 Annual, 153, 155 Antilles, 45, 112 Antonio Maura, 148, 151 Aragon, 3–5, 9–18, 20–27, 29–34, 36, 50–51, 53, 55, 57–62, 69–70, 79, 90, 103, 165–168, 170–171, 178, 198, 247, 248, 257, 265, 279–281 Arias Navarro, Carlos, 193 Armet, Lluís, 224 © The Author(s) 2017 G Tortella, Catalonia in Spain, Palgrave Studies in Economic History, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-54951-4 www.ebook3000.com 303 304 Index Assemblea de Catalunya (Asamblea de Cataluña), 177, 258, 296 Asturias, 3–4, 7, 9, 79, 108, 162–163, 174, 177, 180, 193, 209 Athens, 12, 15 Atlantic Ocean, Australia, 257, 267 Austria, 48–53, 118, 142, 209 Austria, Juan José de, 42–43 Autonomy (autonomist), 31, 83, 85, 126, 150, 157–158, 162, 164, 169, 177, 195, 197, 208, 250–251, 254–255, 292 Azaña, Manuel, 155, 159, 162, 164, 166–169, 171, 185–186 Aznar, José María, 206, 260 B Balance of payments, 152, 174, 204, 271 Balearic Islands, 1, 166, 178, 207, 237, 257, 266 Banca Catalana, 182–183, 204, 214–227, 233, 256, 294 Banco de Cataluña, 183 Banco Hispano Colonial, 112, 132 Bank of Barcelona, 108, 112, 118–119, 181, 214, 216 Bank of Isabel II, 108, 118 Bank of Saint Charles, 198, 285 Bank of Spain, 100, 118–119, 152, 156, 167, 175, 204, 217–222, 224, 276 Barcelona, 3, 5, 7–10, 12, 14–19, 23–24, 32, 35, 38–48, 50–54, 58, 60, 64, 66, 68–70, 72, 78–79, 81–83, 88, 95, 102–111, 119–120, 122, 126, 128–129, 131–132, 146, 149–154, 157, 162–163, 165, 168–169, 171–172, 174, 177, 179–180, 182–184, 192–193, 196, 206–207, 210, 213, 214–217, 220, 222, 226, 231, 234, 239, 244, 246, 254, 258–259, 261, 279, 281, 296 Bases de Manresa, 127 Basque Country, 87, 94, 110–111, 144, 147, 163, 196, 199, 201, 206–207, 209, 237, 242, 249, 252, 254, 264, 266, 295 Bayonne, 78, 81 Belgium, 45, 273, 291 Benedict XIII, 17 Berenguer, Dámaso, 8–11, 157, 279 Berwick, duke of (James FitzJames), 51–54 Biga, 18–20, 22 Bilbao, 93, 185, 204, 206 Bilingualism, 240 Biscay, 3, 146, 170, 220–221, 223, 228 Blanca de Navarra, 146 Bourbons (Bourbon dynasty), 72 Bourgeoisie (Catalan bourgeoisie), 18–19, 22, 27, 88, 103, 110–111, 114, 128, 145, 149, 153, 178, 184, 216, 287 Boyer Salvador, Miguel, 220 Brazil, 78, 117, 257 Bruch, 79, 83 Busca, 18–20, 22 Index C Cabana Vancells, Francesc, 214 Cabrera, Ramón, 94–95, 108–109, 111, 135 Caciquismo, 97, 142, 154 Cadells, 38 Cadiz, 67–69, 77, 80–83, 85, 91, 109, 130 Caixabank, 183, 206 Calvo Sotelo, José, 155–157, 165 Cambó i Batlle, Francesc d’Asís, 102, 129–130, 144, 148–153, 156, 181, 189, 253, 260 Canada, 209, 257, 267 Canadiense, La, 145, 151, 180 Canary Islands, 1, 169 Candidatura d’Unitat Popular (CUP), 259, 293 Cánovas del Castillo, Antonio, 98, 100 Cantonalism, 111, 198 Capmany, Antoni de, 83, 85, 190 Caresmar, Jaume, 64 Carlism, 93–95, 103–104 Carlist Wars, 89, 170 Carlos de Viana, 19–20 Carlos I (Charles V), 31, 34, 38 Carlos II, 38, 45, 50 Carlos III, 51, 63, 85, 285 Carlos IV, 78 Cartagena, 67, 79, 100, 111 Cartagena de Indias, 67 Carthaginensis, Casa de Contratación, 34, 67–68 Casanova, Rafael, 54, 56, 130 Caspe, 18, 170 305 Castaños Aragoni, Francisco Javier, 79, 82 Castile, 3–5, 9–13, 16, 18, 20–21, 24–26, 29–37, 39–40, 51, 56, 59, 61–63, 69–71, 83, 90, 128, 144, 165, 181, 198, 245, 248, 279–282 Catalana group, 217–219 Catalanism (catalanisme), 102, 113, 126–127, 129–130, 144, 147, 150, 152, 177, 208, 214, 221, 235, 253, 290 Catastro (Cadaster), 58–61, 63, 65–66 Centre Català, 126 Centre Escolar Catalanista, 126 Cercle Catalá de Negocis, 232 Cervera, 58 Charles of Austria (archduke, then emperor), 51–52 Círculo Hispano Ultramarino de Barcelona, 132 Ciutadans, Ciudadanos (political party), 261–262 Ciutadans honrats, 14, 33 Claris, Pau, 40–44, 130 Comillas, marquis of (Antonio López de Lamadrid), 111, 132 Commercial balance, 120, 184, 267–268 Communist Party (CP), Communists, 196 Companys, Lluís, 158, 160–164, 166–167, 172, 253, 260 Consell de Cent, 14 Consolat de Mar (Consulate of the Sea), 12, 58 www.ebook3000.com 306 Index Constitution, 75–76, 81, 85, 89–92, 94, 101, 103, 115, 159, 161–162, 167, 190, 196–197, 199–202, 209–212, 227, 232, 241–242, 248, 251, 256, 260, 274, 276, 284–285, 287, 289, 292–294 Convergència Democrática de Cataluña (CDC), 177, 179, 211, 218, 261 Convergència i Uniò (CiU), 189, 191–192, 201, 214, 222, 225, 239, 243, 255–256, 259–262, 289 Cordoba, 6, 10, 21, 79 Cortes of Aragon, 13 Cortes of Castile, 50 Corts Catalanes, 8, 13–14, 19, 22 Cotton, 68, 70, 83, 112, 114–118, 121–123, 125, 132 Croat, 19 Cuba, 100, 111–112, 127, 130–133, 198–199, 288 D Diada, 196, 202 Diario de Barcelona, 103, 217 Diputació, 16, 33, 40–41 Don Juan de Borbón (count of Barcelona), 3, 7, 9, 14–15, 41 E Ebro river, 18, 64, 79, 93 England, 4–5, 13, 16–17, 24, 26–27, 32, 34, 45–46, 50–51, 70, 76, 79, 84, 101, 109, 111, 121, 134, 243, 257, 284 Enrique IV of Castile, 18, 20 Ensenada, marquis de la (Zenón Somodevilla), 63 Equivalente, 59, 62–63 España, count of (Charles Espagnac de Ramefort), 67, 92, 99, 104, 117 Espartero, Baldomero, 94–99, 106–108, 110, 135 Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya (ERC), 158 Estatut d’Autonomia (Statute of Autonomy), 150, 177 Europe, 2–4, 11, 13, 15, 17, 21, 23, 26–27, 29–31, 33–34, 37, 39, 42, 44, 50, 68, 76, 84, 88, 91, 113, 139–140, 142, 145, 161, 173, 185, 206–207, 237, 246–247, 250, 252, 270, 272, 287 European Economic Community (EEC), 246, 267, 275 European Union (EU), EU, 198, 203–204, 209, 241, 244, 259, 267–276, 294 Extremadura, 144, 264 F Fabra, Pompeu, 231, 238 Falange Española, 170 Felipe II, 34, 38–39, 130 Felipe III, 37–38, 44 Felipe IV, 38–40, 42–44, 50, 55, 59, 281 Index Felipe V (Philippe of Anjou), 13, 32, 45, 47, 49–52, 54–55, 57, 59, 63, 70–71, 83, 85, 107, 115, 285 Feliu de la Peña, Salvador, 54, 56 Fernández Miranda, Torcuato, 194 Fernando I of Aragon (de Trastámara or de Antequera), 18 Fernando the Catholic (Fernando II of Aragon and V of Castile), 34, 279 Fernando VI, 63, 85, 89, 92, 103–104, 115–116, 285 Fernando VII, 77, 81–82, 89, 92, 103–104, 115–116, 285 Ferrer, Vicente (Saint), 17–18, 149 Fet diferencial, 8, 227, 288, 291 Fifth Basis (1869 Tariff), 111–112, 117 Figuerola, Laureano, 99, 107, 111–112, 117, 120, 122, 134, 143, 183, 190 Fiscal balances, 263 Flanders, 34–35, 38 Foment del Treball Nacional (Fomento del Trabajo Nacional), 121 Fondo de Liquidez Autonómica (FLA), 191 France, 4–6, 8–10, 13, 16, 20, 23–24, 27, 31, 35, 37, 39, 42–46, 50–53, 70–71, 76–79, 84, 89, 91, 94, 96–97, 105–106, 110, 112, 117, 129, 134, 153, 158, 162, 172, 174, 179, 182, 186, 195, 209, 229–230, 232, 247, 257, 268, 307 273, 280–281, 283–284, 287–288, 290 Francisco de Asís de Borbón, king consort, 97 Fuentes Quintana, Enrique, 174–175 Fueros, 33, 40, 43, 46–47, 49–50, 54–57, 69, 71, 83, 93–94, 146, 281 G Galicia, 3–4, 6, 80, 82, 93, 144, 165, 193, 209, 249, 254 García Moncó Fernández, Faustino, 216 Generalitat, 16, 33, 58, 151, 208, 241 Genoa, 10, 39, 51 Germany, 57, 82, 117, 125, 127, 134, 140–142, 145, 158, 160, 165, 182, 204, 209, 229, 255, 267, 271, 273–275, 285–286 Gerona, Girona, 66, 79, 82–83, 102, 150 Gibraltar, 6, 51–52, 78, 247 Girona, Manuel, 108, 111 Godoy, Francisco, 78, 96, 105 González, Felipe, 206, 222, 224 Granada, 2, 4, 11, 24, 79, 82 Greece, 142, 205, 281, 285–286 Greuges (grudges), 13, 35, 40 Guadalupe, 22, 35 Güell i Ferrer, Joan, 132 Guerra, Alfonso, 222, 224 Guerra dels Malcontents (War of the Aggrieved), 81 www.ebook3000.com 308 Index Guerrilla, 79–80, 82, 91 Gutiérrez, Antoni, 224, 289 H Habsburg, dynasty, 31, 39, 50, 52, 55, 250 Havana, La Habana, 67, 130 Herrero Rodríguez de Miđón, Miguel, 200 Hispania, 2, 4–6 Hispano-Suiza, 179 Hitler, Adolf, 140, 145–146, 160–161 Holland, 16–17, 39, 45–46, 76 Homs, Francesc, 236, 272 I Ibárruri, Dolores (“la Pasionaria”), 195–196 Ibiza, Eivissa, 12, 166 Illiteracy, illiterate, 91, 288 Immigration, 236, 239–241 Independence, 70, 75, 77, 81, 103, 115, 258, 295 India, 68 Indianas, 68–69 Industrialization, 65, 87, 89, 114, 116, 133, 147–148, 179, 181, 184, 199, 203 Industry, 38, 47, 63–64, 67, 69–72, 88–89, 94, 106, 113–122, 125–126, 128, 133–135, 144, 147, 156, 166, 179, 182–183, 206–207, 216, 218, 254, 281–282, 287–288, 290 Inquisition, 22–23, 25, 34, 36, 83, 92, 250 Institución Libre de Ensanza, 143 Isabel II, 98, 108, 111 Isabel I the Catholic, 24 Italy, 26, 34–35, 54, 57, 100, 117–118, 125, 127, 140, 142, 145, 165, 209, 229, 255, 257, 267, 273, 285–286, 291 J Japan, 57, 286 Jiménez Villarejo, Carlos, 220 Jocs Florals (Juegos Florales), 126 Juana Enríquez, 19–20, 22 Juana la Beltraneja, 21 Juana la Loca (the Mad), 24, 30 Juan Carlos I, 176, 193 Juan II of Aragon (el Grande), 18–21, 24, 279 Junqueras, Oriol, 273, 274 Junts pel sí, 262 K Keynes, John Maynard, 141 L Lacy, Luis de, 82–83, 85, 90, 103 Largo Caballero, Francisco, 168–169, 199 Law of Commercial Relations with the Antilles, Ley de Relaciones Index Comerciales las Antillas (1882), 112, 117, 121, 133 Law of Linguistic Normalization, Ley de Normalización Lingüística de Catala (1983), 212, 227 Law of Linguistic Policy, Ley de Política Lingüística (1998), 212, 227 León, 3–4, 7, 9, 13, 163, 181, 248 Lérida, Lleida, 11, 42, 150, 171 Lerroux, Alejandro, 144, 161–164 Liechtenstein, 275 Lisbon, 3, 78, 80 Literacy, 289 Llauder, Manuel, 104 Lliga de Catalunya, Lliga Regionalista, 126 London, 46, 70, 129, 264 López de Lamadrid, Antonio (marquis of Comillas), 111 López Rodó, Laureano, 174–175, 216 Louis Philippe d’Orleans, 96 Louis XIII, 41–42 Louis XIV, 42, 45, 50, 52, 54 Low Countries, 26, 34–35, 37, 39, 42, 45, 50 Luisa Fernanda de Borbón, duchess of Montpensier, 97–98 M Machiavelli, Niccolò, 22, 24, 31, 280 Macià, Francesc, 151, 154, 157–158, 160, 167, 260 309 Madrid, 41, 51–52, 69, 75, 78, 80, 82, 89–90, 93–96, 98–99, 104, 106–110, 114, 116, 118, 128–129, 131, 133, 144, 152, 157–158, 162–163, 165, 167, 169–172, 174, 178, 182, 185, 190, 192–193, 195, 206–207, 209–211, 214, 224, 233, 236–237, 241, 244–245, 260, 263, 264–266, 287, 294–295 Maestrazgo, 93–94 Mallorca, Majorca, 4, 11–13, 15, 52–53, 59–60, 82, 165, 281 Malos usos, 19, 22 Mancomunitat de Catalunya, 150, 154 Manresa, 127, 134 Marca Hispanica, 3, María Cristina de Borbón-Dos Sicilias, 92 Martí, José, 70, 130 Martínez Anido, Severiano, 152–153 Martínez Campos, Arsenio, 100–101, 111, 135 Marx, Karl, 78, 80, 91 Mas Gavarrò, Artur, 240, 260–261, 292 Mateo Sagasta, Práxedes, 101 Maura, Antonio, 148–149, 151 Mediterranean Sea, 1, 5–6, 10, 12, 46, 51, 107, 110, 178 Melilla, 1, 132 Memorial de greuges (Memoria en defensa de los intereses morales y materiales de Catala), 113 Mena, José María, 220 www.ebook3000.com 310 Index Mendizábal, see Álvarez Mendizábal, Juan Menorca, Minorca, 12, 51–52, 166 Mexico, 67, 115, 209 Millet Maristany, Félix, 172, 174, 177, 181–182 Montjuic, 42, 82, 107 Montpensier, duke of (Antoine d’Orléans), 98, 100 Montserrat, 79, 177 Morocco, 1, 149, 153–156, 174 Moscow, 197 Murat, Joachim, 78 Murcia, 9, 11–12, 110, 144 Mussolini, Benito, 140, 145 N Naples, 18, 21, 24, 26, 31, 34, 52 Napoleon, 77–78, 80–85, 91–93, 96, 115, 130 Narváez, Ramón María (duke of Valencia), 97, 99, 108 Nationalism, 130, 245, 282, 287 Navarre, Navarra, 2–4, 13, 18–19, 24, 26, 56, 93–95, 165, 178, 201, 206–207, 264, 266, 295 Negrín, Juan, 169–170 Nin, Andreu, 169 Normalization, 212, 227 Norway, 118, 275 Nueva Planta, 13, 57–58, 281 Nyerros, 38 O O’Donnell, Leopoldo, 98–99, 109 Old Regime, 58, 76 Olivares, count-duke of (Gaspar de Guzmán Pimentel), 39–40, 42 Olson, Mancur, 57, 63, 71 Omnium Cultural, 258, 296 Opus Dei, 174, 176 Ortega y Gasset, José, 159, 291 Ortínez, Manuel, 216–217 P Pacific ocean, 34 Països Catalans, xiv Palencia, 11, 163 Paris, 129–130 Parlament, 257, 260, 262, 271, 294 Partido Conservador Conservative party, 89, 101 Partido Liberal (Liberal Party), 112–113, 234 Partido Moderado (Moderate Party), 106 Partido Obrero de Unificación Marxista (POUM), (Workers Party of Marxist Unity), 168–169 Partido Popular (PP), Popular Party, 205, 210, 256 Partit Socialist Unificat de Catalunya (PSUC), (United Socialist Party of Catalonia), 168, 223, 289 Pedro IV of Aragon (the Ceremonious or of the Little Dagger), 18 Peninsula, Iberian, 1–2, 4, 6–7, 10–11, 24, 36, 80, 91, 228, 233, 247 Peru, 115 Index Petronila of Aragon, 9–10 Philippines, 81, 127, 130, 133, 199, 288 Pi i Sunyer, Carles, 183 Piris, Jean-Claude, 272, 276 Pi y Margall, Francisco, 107, 110 Poland, 125, 127, 139, 286 Portugal, 1–4, 6, 13, 20–21, 24–27, 34, 37, 40, 42, 44, 77–78, 80, 92–94, 142, 203, 247, 255, 268, 280 Prat de la Riba, Enric, 126, 131, 133, 144, 149–150, 172, 238–239, 282–283, 287 Príncipe de Vergara, see Espartero Prodi, Romano, 275 Protectionism, 19, 22, 89, 114, 120, 147–148 Puerto Rico, 112, 127, 130, 133, 257 Puig Antich, Salvador, 173, 177 Puigdemont, Carles, 263, 293 Puig i Cadafalch, Josep, 150, 154 Pujol, Florenci, 183, 214 Pujol, Jordi, 177, 189, 194–196, 214, 215, 217, 218, 221, 233, 238, 256–257, 289, 292 Pyrenees, 2–3, 6–7, 12, 38, 40, 43–45, 80, 82, 85, 91, 93–94, 109, 157, 180, 229, 236, 281 R Rabassa morta, rabassaire, 161 Rajoy, Mariano, 205, 295 Ramón Berenguer IV, 130 Recasens, Galcerán de, 1819 Remensas, 22 Renaixenỗa, 126127, 129 311 Richelieu, Cardinal (Armand-Jean du Plessis), 39, 42 Riego, Rafael del, 90–91, 103 Rodríguez Zapatero, José Luis, 205 Romanones, count of (Álvaro de Figueroa y Torres), 151 Rome, 23, 280, 291 S Sagasta, see Mateo Sagasta Salamanca, 11, 80, 109, 250 Salamanca Mayol, José (marquis of Salamanca), 108 Samper, Ricardo, 161–162 Sanjurjo, José, 160–161, 163, 253 Sanromá, José María, 107, 190 San Sebastián, 157 Santander, 111, 204 Sardà i Dexeus, Joan, 118 Savoy, 52, 100 Scotland, 4, 27, 54, 197, 230 SEAT (Sociedad Española de Automóviles de Turismo), 146, 180, 207 Self-determination, 150, 252, 293 Self-government, 211, 292 Senyera, 153 Separatism, 128–130, 146, 153, 181, 185, 189–192, 260, 262, 292 Serrano Domínguez, Francisco (Duke of la Torre), 99, 107 Seville, 4, 10, 34, 67, 97, 165, 185, 193 Sicily, 12, 14, 17, 52 Smith, Adam, 69, 269 Solé Tura, Jordi, 196, 225 Somatent, 79, 83 www.ebook3000.com 312 Index Suárez González, Adolfo, 193–196, 206 Switzerland, 209, 273, 275 T Taifas, Tamarit, Francesc de, 40–41 Tariffs, 102, 106, 112, 116, 121, 134, 252, 272 Tarraco, 5–6 Tarradellas i Joan, Josep, 166–167, 169, 195–196, 211, 213, 216, 242, 261 Tarragona, 5, 42, 147, 150, 171, 180, 255 Tennenbaum, Moisés David, 214 Terra Lliure, 193, 213 Toledo, 3–4, 6–7 Toreno, count of (José María Queipo de Llano Ruiz de Saravia), 79, 105 Tourism, 179, 205, 207 Tragic Week (1909), 149, 151, 170 TV3-Televisió de Catalunya and Catalunya Radio, 233–234 U Única Contribución, 59 Unió Democràtica de Catalunya (Unió), 177 Union of Arms, 39–40 United Kingdom, 197, 209, 247, 267, 270, 275 United States of America, 174 University of Barcelona, 58, 175, 213 Urgel, Urgell, 18 Utrecht, 53, 55, 67 V Valencia, 4, 7, 9, 11–14, 16–17, 51, 59–61, 79–80, 90, 108, 110–111, 158, 167–169, 171, 178, 185, 193, 206, 237, 248–249, 257, 281 Valladolid, 11, 24, 32, 160 Valls Taberner, Luis, 174 Vandellós i Sola, Josep, 238 Vellón, 37, 44 Vicens Vives, Jaume, 46, 60, 71, 239, 250, 282 Vilarasau, Josep, 218 W Wellesley, Arthur (duke of Wellington), 80, 85 Wilfred the Hairy (Guifre el Pilòs), 7, 130 Wilson, Woodrow, 150–151, 252, 293 ... whole of the Peninsula was left in Christian hands under two kingdoms, Spain (including Navarre) and Portugal Geographical factors explain the strength and variety of the Peninsula’s regions,... Stabilization and Development Politics in the Twilight of Fascism Economic Development in Spain and Catalonia Industrialization and State Intervention The Problems of Catalan Banks Commercial and Fiscal... Balearic Islands, the Canary Islands, plus two nearby north-African cities, Ceuta and Melilla, plus a few minor islands and islets in the Mediterranean between Spain and Morocco The Iberian Peninsula