Creative Globalization This work is dedicated to the memory of Monique Dobbelaere It was written at her bedside and was finished shortly before her passing She devoted herself to the study of the arts and their history, and she always played a central role in the research programs on which the present contributions are based Smart Innovation Set coordinated by Dimitri Uzunidis Volume 16 Creative Globalization Stéphane Callens First published 2018 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address: ISTE Ltd 27-37 St George’s Road London SW19 4EU UK John Wiley & Sons, Inc 111 River Street Hoboken, NJ 07030 USA www.iste.co.uk www.wiley.com © ISTE Ltd 2018 The rights of Stéphane Callens to be identified as the author of this work have been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018937007 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-78630-227-4 Contents Introduction ix Chapter Globalization and Innovation: An Intellectual Landscape 1.1 Globalization: theoretical approaches 1.1.1 The “Supply” approach: Kenichi Ohmae 1.1.2 The “Political Action” approach: Zygmunt Bauman 1.1.3 The “system” approach: Ulrich Beck 1.1.4 Theoretical approaches before 1986 1.2 Industrial risks in the world: catastrophes 1.3 Work accidents around the world 1.4 Discussion 2 14 15 18 25 Chapter Scaling Up 31 2.1 As societies choose 2.2 The sociotechnical system of the electric vehicle 2.2.1 Light vehicle design 2.2.2 Decisive factors in the electric vehicle’s acceptability 2.3 Inglehart’s postmaterialist values 2.3.1 Cultural values and the electric vehicle 2.3.2 Discussions and implications 2.4 Deployment of the electric vehicle and power relations 2.4.1 The role of territorial collectives 2.4.2 Ulrich Beck’s “cosmopolitan communities of climate risk” 2.4.3 Individuality with multiple affiliations (Beck) 2.4.4 Electromobility 31 33 34 37 40 41 47 48 49 50 53 54 vi Creative Globalization 2.4.5 Rural and urban areas in the history of electric distribution networks 2.4.6 Sustainable territorial strategies: limitations of strategies based on space rationalization 2.4.7 “Technological conservatism” versus the “emancipatory catastrophe” 2.4.8 Where and how climate risk communities emerge? 2.4.9 Efficiency of local policies 2.4.10 The spread of the hydrogen vehicle 2.5 The primary electric vehicle markets 2.5.1 Pioneering markets 2.5.2 Emerging markets 2.5.3 Renewal markets 56 57 58 62 63 64 66 68 69 70 Chapter Born Global 73 3.1 Definition 3.2 The two worlds of born global organizations 3.2.1 Born global firms in regions with a majority of local entrepreneurship 3.2.2 Born global firms in open regions 3.2.3 A convergence of organizational form 3.3 The born global organization: a new paradigm 3.3.1 Redesign of the theoretical bases: intellectual rights, learning, intercultural distance 3.3.2 An entrepreneurial paradigm of simplicity 3.4 Collaborative economics and born global organizations 3.4.1 Creative destruction? 3.4.2 Collaborative economics and the dynamics of civic spirit 3.5 An economy of remoteness 3.5.1 Birth of the unicorn 3.5.2 The benefits of remoteness 73 78 80 81 83 84 86 87 89 90 92 96 97 98 Chapter Penpushers and Hotheads 101 4.1 The curse of the company leader 4.2 The behavioral finance of attractiveness 4.2.1 Models with “heuristics and biases” 4.2.2 Models with preference formation 4.2.3 Coordination models 4.2.4 Argument and limits 101 103 104 106 107 108 Contents 4.3 The behavioral finances of venture capital 4.3.1 Models with heuristics and biases 4.3.2 Preference formation models 4.3.3 Coordination outside the market 4.3.4 The contribution of behavioral approaches to the analysis of venture capital 109 112 116 117 119 Chapter Innovation and Freedom of Circulation 121 5.1 From the dilemma to the trilemma of Myrdal 5.1.1 Innovation systems in globalization: a comparison of 1997/2017 5.1.2 Common markets: two, three and four freedoms 5.1.3 Innovation, spatial or social segregation in common markets 5.2 Multilateral management 5.2.1 Migration, wage and commerce: a review of the literature 5.2.2 Citizenship around the world 5.2.3 Institutional outlines of multilateral management 5.2.4 Citizenship and innovation vii 121 123 125 128 133 135 139 147 148 Conclusion 153 Bibliography 171 Data sources 189 Index 193 Introduction The Birth of Art The purpose of this work is to discuss the importance of the transformations in innovation systems brought about by globalization We understand this term as the existence of new macroeconomic solidarities These have been problematized since the mid-1980s, with Kenichi Ohmae’s assessment of a tripolar world [OHM 85] However, global macroeconomic solidarities have existed for a very long time Thus, multiple responses have been offered to the question of when globalization began The academic debates in economic history put forth a date of origin, either that of the complete coverage of the globe by maritime routes [FLY 04] or that of the start of economic integration throughout the 19th Century [BÉN 08] Other specialists are interested in the relationships between anatomically modern humans and their environment, and they introduce a caesura that is major in their eyes: that of the birth of the arts [FLO 17b] The presence of anatomically modern humans in Western Europe is attested by a fossil in a cave in Kent, which dates back to between 44 and 41 kyr (44,000–41,000 years before the present day) The first globalization is that of a terrestrial expanse that spreads anatomically modern humans across every imaginable environment, from Australia to the Arctic Circle Then came maritime expansion, the Industrial Revolution and contemporary globalization: however, since the first terrestrial expansion, the question of innovation has been asked, x Creative Globalization because global occupation is only possible because of the discovery of new methods of life that are appropriate for very different environments The birth of the arts was thus given its rhythm by successive globalizations and fragmentations In the 19th Century, the Mediterranean civilization of antiquity was like the cradle of the arts, already associating defragmentation or globalization and birth of the muses The popular list of the arts generally distinguishes classical arts (architecture, sculpture, graphic arts, music, literature and poetry) and modern arts (those since the invention of photography), thereby setting arts whose invention dates back to the Paleolithic period against those introduced very recently in terms of the history of humanity Due to this double birth, some approaches will focus on the contemporary aspects and cloud the consideration of origins, as was the case of Theodor Adorno’s theory of esthetics [ADO 70]; others, on the other hand, will first question the oldest period, like Georges Bataille shortly after the discovery of the Lascaux cave [BAT 55] Why art? For contemporary specialists in prehistory, the responses run in two different directions, either referring to cultural evolutionism, a progressive awakening on the occasion of environmental modifications or a history of beliefs and rites in the tradition of Mircea Eliade [ELI 64], which leads to the formulation of a hypothesis associating the translation toward the upper Paleolithic and a spiritualization of the environment [ELI 74] Cultural evolutionism could provide a reassuring message: the shocks from modifications to the environment lead to innovations There could be an automatic mechanism associating climatic volatility and innovation The periods that form critical times for the formation of the arts are those with the maximum climatic instability; it is therefore necessary to explore this first hypothesis I.1 Climatic instability and innovation The birth of the classical arts (music, dance, fine arts and decorative arts) can be presented in two phases with an intermediary “leap” This “leap” took place in the Late Pleistocene (120 to 11.7 kyr), Introduction xi around 45–35 kyr The Late Pleistocene period was marked by strong climatic instability, more significant volatility than in the warmer period that followed it, the Holocene (starting at 11.7 kyr) Schematically following a long “ocher age” was the period of territorial expansion for anatomically modern humans, where a procession of the arts is attested The populations of different human groups are low, with a probable regrowth of the anatomically modern human populations around 50 ka, whereas Eurasia had seen the growth of the Neanderthals in the previous period One of the longest known sequences of anatomically modern humans occupying a site can be found in the extreme south of the African continent The Blombos Cave and the Klipdrift Shelter were used between 108 and 59 kyr [ROB 16] The ocher age started long before any climatic disturbance in Blombos The so-called “Still Bay” is that of the “stamps”, blocks of engraved ocher most likely used for body paintings and sophisticated tools made of up bones The apogee of the series of cultures on the site can be found between the primary climate change and after the response of adapting subsistence policies The following period, 66–59 kyr, known as “Howiesons Poort”, marked a clear step backwards Technologies remained stable while the environment was constantly instable [ROB 16] These two periods include the probable demographic minimum of the modern human species after a mega-catastrophe dating back 72 kyr Figure I.1 The ocher age and climatic instability, distance in km from sea sites (source: [ROB 16]) Bibliography 187 [YU 13] YU N., DE JONG M., STORM S et al., “Spatial spillover effects of transport infrastructure: evidence from Chinese regions”, Journal of Transport Geography, vol 28, pp 51–66, 2013 [ZE 14] ZE S., Discours de présentation de l’OBOR l’Institut Schiller, available at: http://newparadigm.schillerinstitute.com/fr/media/one-roadand-one-belt-and-new-thinking-with-regard-to-concepts-and-practice, 2014 [ZHA 09] ZHANG M., TANSUHAJ P., MCCULLOUGH J., “International entrepreneurial capability: the measurement and a comparison between born global firms and traditional exporters in China”, Journal of International Entrepreneurship, vol 7, pp 292–322, 2009 Data Sources Data Used in Chapter The databases used come primarily from the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters at the University of Louvain, which manages the EM-DAT database, and from the International Labor Organization in Geneva The contextual data (active population and globalization indices) were provided by the World Bank’s databases Incidences are expressed in rates for 100,000 people Data Used in Chapter The sample includes the following countries: Algeria, Armenia, Australia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Chile, China, Taiwan, Colombia, Cyprus, Ecuador, Egypt, Estonia, Germany, Ghana, Iraq, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Libya, Malaysia, Mexico, Morocco, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Pakistan, Palestine, Peru, the Philippines, Poland, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Singapore, Slovenia, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, the United States, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Yemen, and Zimbabwe – Data on environmental values and cosmopolitanism around the world: World Value Survey wave 6, 2010–2014, particularly questions 122–126 (multiple affiliations) and questions 30, 78, 80–83, Creative Globalization, First Edition Stéphane Callens © ISTE Ltd 2018 Published by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc 190 Creative Globalization 122 on personal ecological engagement IHH calculation by country through religious confession declarations – Sample of 84,000 people in 52 countries representing approximately two-thirds of the world’s carbon transport – The rate of countries with mining income above 5% of the tax revenue is 35% around the world, according to the available data (concerning 142 countries); the rate of countries with mining income is estimated at 39% in the WVS sample – World Bank Data, consulted in January 2015, on the population, energy data and carbon transport Database of 214 countries is presented Reference year used: 2013, or, failing that, last full year for the series – Data on manufacturer associations concerning electric vehicle sales around the world (vehicles likely to circulate on a highway network) Year 2013, complete data; years 2014, 2015: incomplete data Data from automobile manufacturers: 2013 sales around the world (conventional and electric vehicles), production by brand (574), technical data on the 42 most sold electric vehicles – S Callens, “Data on the electric vehicle in the countries from the World Value Survey sample”, June 2014, 132 p.: data on the plans and facilities offered for electric vehicles collected for the 52 countries of the WVS sample, completed by data on France, Belgium and Denmark Data Used in Chapter Data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), years 1999–2016 APS (Adult Population Survey) data: 2,000 adults in each of the 70 countries sampled each year Data Used in Chapter Our contribution is based on databases concerning migration, salary and commercial exchanges arising from the International Labor Organization and the World Bank The database used also includes Data Sources 191 data on social rates in 193 countries established through a 2007 survey by Education International, as well as the institutional database ICTWSS on 49 countries and the survey on values around the world WVS 2010–2014 Index A acceptability, 37, 38 acculturation, 20, 118 Africa, 14, 17, 20, 56, 76, 124, 127, 128 apocalypse, 49 Arab Spring, 92, 96 attractiveness, 14, 26, 103, 104, 108, 109, 111, 112, 139 Australia, 24, 133 B, C Bangladesh, 16, 28, 29, 63, 81 Bauman, 5, 7, 26, 27 Beck, 8, 10–15, 27, 29, 48–54, 60, 62, 69 Belize, 129 Bhopal, 7, 14 brain drain, 124, 151 brands, Brexit, 121, 130, 149 Canada, 24, 114, 115, 117, 139 capital risk, 102, 110, 111, 114, 117, 118 China, 23, 24, 32, 33, 37, 38, 42, 44, 47, 64–66, 70, 78, 82, 91, 139, 143, 150 citizenship, 8, 121, 133, 134, 135, 137–145, 148, 150–152 climate change, 6, 10, 12, 13, 46, 49–52, 54, 57, 61, 70 common market, 121, 122, 125–130, 132 commonwealth, 130, 140–144, 146, 149, 151, 152 communication, 91 competitiveness clusters, 99, 102, 105 countries with oil and gas revenues, 62 creative class, 82 cultural and creative activities, 91, 93 customs union, 122, 135 D Damasio, 106, 107 de Tocqueville, 2, 93, 94, 97 diaspora, 129, 131, 132, 138 distance CAGET, 87 psychic, 84, 86 districts, 99 double standard, 27, 28 Creative Globalization, First Edition Stéphane Callens © ISTE Ltd 2018 Published by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc 194 Creative Globalization E Ebola haemorrhagic fevers, 21 economy behavioral, 39, 103, 104, 106, 108, 109, 111–113 collaborative, 86, 88–90, 92, 93, 96 Egypt, 23, 44, 53, 63 electric vehicles, 33, 35, 37–39, 41, 42, 47, 50, 54–66, 68, 70 Elias, 11, 27, 94 emancipatory catastrophe, 12, 48, 49, 51, 58, 62, 63, 69 enlargement, 4, 33, 74 entrepreneur, 83, 86, 98, 109, 111, 116, 123, 131 entrepreneurial breeding grounds, 116 environmental engagement, 43 Europe, 15, 17, 18, 22, 23, 27, 28, 34, 37, 38, 42, 44, 50, 54, 55, 57, 61, 65, 66, 70, 91, 95, 124–127, 134, 144 European Union, 2, 24, 70, 79, 81, 121, 126, 127, 130, 131, 134, 135, 137, 139, 143, 149 F, G factor endowment, 135 financing of innovation, 110, 120, 124 fiscal power, 125, 126, 129, 130 Florida, 98 four freedoms, 121, 128, 132 fragmentation, 133 freedom of establishment, 121, 125, 126, 132, 142, 148, 151, 152 free trade, agreements, 122, 137 G20, 148 Germany, 10, 26, 27, 38, 54, 64 Great Politics, 13 H, I Haiti, 56, 66, 68, 69, 76 Hall and Soskice, 23, 28, 125 Hirschman, 96 hydrogen, 33, 35, 36, 42, 47, 54, 64, 65, 71 India, 7, 14, 15, 23, 24, 32, 56, 76, 134, 138, 143, 149 inflation, 144 informal regionalism, 125–127, 129, 130 innovation system, 1, 3, 33, 34, 101, 121, 123, 124 J, K, L Japan, 3, 22, 25, 32, 37, 42, 44, 54, 58, 64–66, 77, 133, 138 Kahneman, 105, 106, 113, 115, 119 Kant, 11 Kazakhstan, 44, 53, 56, 63 Klein, 5, Korea, 42, 47, 64 Lascaux, 5, 97, 98 liberal paradox, 126 London, 65, 149 loss of aura, 93, 97 M Manila, 38, 68, 69 markets emerging, 37–39, 42, 49, 54, 66, 67, 69, 70 pioneering, 37–39, 43, 49, 54, 66–69 renewal, 35, 37–39, 42–44, 54, 66, 70, 88 Index Mercosur, 122, 126–129, 134, 135, 140 metropolises, 9, 52, 62, 64, 68 multilateralism, 133 Myrdal, 14, 15, 121, 124, 125, 128, 148 195 risk, 1–3, 8, 10, 12, 14–16, 18, 20, 21, 26, 29, 46, 49–52, 54, 57, 61, 62, 101, 103, 105, 109, 110–112, 114–120 Russia, 37, 53, 63 S N, O Norway, 33, 39, 44 obvious cosmopolitanism, 11, 53 Ohmae, 2–4, 7, 26, 28, 33, 34, 48, 74, 75, 133 P Paixhans, 32 paleolithic, 97, 98 paradigm of the University of Uppsala, 74 Peru, 44, 63, 94, 95 policies industrial, 1, 3, 134 migration, 121, 130, 139, 148 Porter, 99 postmaterialist, 40 process of civilization, 10, 11, 27, 54 prospection, 111–113, 117 protectionism, 2, proximity, 57, 61, 96, 97, 98, 99, 108, 117 public transport, 64 Q, R quality procedure, 26, 89 R&D, 32, 65, 76, 101, 109, 115, 123, 129, 150, 151 Rana Plaza, 16, 18, 28 refugees, 131, 138 remoteness, 86, 96, 98, 99 resilience, 4, 144 rickshaw, 32 salaries, 20, 21, 28, 105, 129, 136–138, 143, 145 Schengen zone, 135, 140, 142, 144, 145, 146 segregation social, 128 spatial, 127, 128 simplicity, 34, 87, 88, 96, 99 Singapore, 4, 79, 81 society of the spectacle, 93 T technological boundary, 111, 116 conservatism, 28, 39, 58, 60 television, 90, 94 Tianjin, 16, 29 Triad, 3, 7, 26, 79, 95, 123, 124, 132, 150 U Uber, 89, 149 unions, 140 United Kingdom, 20, 38, 54, 79, 121, 130, 131, 143, 149, 150 United States, 2, 8, 15, 24, 26, 31, 38, 54, 64, 77, 87, 92, 115, 124, 143 utopia, 48, 70 Utterback, 36, 37, 101, 102, 104 V, W Vargas 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Industrial Revolution and contemporary globalization: however, since the first terrestrial expansion, the question of innovation has been asked, x Creative Globalization because global occupation... a will to respond to different urban crises The theoretical framework of the creative class” is not xxii Creative Globalization overly restrictive, and it subsists, accompanying urban policies... contemporary globalization, which he explains through the emergence of a creative class He defended a theory in which social stratification is more important than the distant effects of globalization