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Chapter 10 - Review of human systems. In this chapter, you will learn to: Discuss the importance of human anatomy as it relates to the paramedic profession; describe anatomical position; properly interpret anatomical directional terms and body planes;...
9/10/2012 Chapter 10 Review of Human Systems Lesson 10.1 Human Anatomy and Terminology Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 9/10/2012 Learning Objectives • Discuss the importance of human anatomy as it relates to the paramedic profession • Describe anatomical position • Properly interpret anatomical directional terms and body planes Learning Objectives • List the structures that compose axial and appendicular regions of the body • Define the divisions of the abdominal region • List the three major body cavities • Describe the contents of the three major body cavities Human Anatomy • Study of how the human body is organized • Reason for anatomy knowledge – To assess patient by body region – To help communicate well with other health team members Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 9/10/2012 Anatomical Position • Directional terms for human body, used by medical field • Person standing erect with feet, palms facing examiner • Supine position – Lying on back, face up Anatomical Position • Prone position – Lying on stomach, face down • Lateral recumbent position – Lying on left, right side • Regardless, patient’s position always conveyed, reference anatomical position Directional Terms • Up, down, front, back, right, left • Always refer to patient, not examiner Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 9/10/2012 10 Anatomical Planes • Internal body structure relationships classified into anatomical planes • Viewed as imaginary straight‐line divisions of the body • Sagittal plane: runs vertically through middle, creates right, left sections • Parasagittal plane: to one side of midline 11 Anatomical Planes • Transverse plane – Horizontal division, divides body into top, bottom sections – Superior, inferior sections • Coronal, frontal plane – Divides body into front, back – Anterior, posterior sections 12 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 9/10/2012 13 Body Regions • Appendicular region – Limbs – Extremities • Axial region – Head – Neck – Thorax – Abdomen 14 Body Regions • Abdomen has four quadrants – Upper right – Lower right – Upper left – Lower left – Run horizontally through umbilicus – Run vertically from xiphoid process through symphysis pubis 15 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 9/10/2012 16 Body Cavities: Thoracic • Thoracic cavity – Divided into two portions by midline structure/mediastinum – Includes trachea, esophagus, thymus, heart, great vessels – Lungs located on either side of mediastinum – Surrounded by rib cage – Separated from abdominal cavity by diaphragm 17 Body Cavities: Abdominal, Pelvic • Contains two pleural cavities (contain lungs) and pericardial cavity (contains heart) – Cavities lined with serous membrane – If serous membrane contacts organ, is visceral – If serous membrane contacts cavity wall, is parietal – Thin lubricating fluid film produced by membranes, reduces friction 18 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 9/10/2012 Body Cavities: Abdominal, Pelvic • Lined with thin sheet, membranous tissue, secretes serous fluid • Visceral peritoneum – Serous membrane that covers abdominal organs • Parietal peritoneum – Serous membrane that covers body cavity wall 19 Body Cavities: Abdominal, Pelvic • Mesentery – Peritoneal organs held in place by connective tissue – Holds some abdominal organs to body wall, offers pathway for nerves, vessels to reach organs 20 Body Cavities: Abdominal, Pelvic • Retroperitoneal – Abdominopelvic organs with no mesentery, peritoneum, are retroperitoneal – Behind peritoneum – Include kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, colon portions, urinary bladder • Pelvic cavity enclosed by pelvis bones • Referred to collectively as peritoneal or abdominopelvic cavity 21 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 9/10/2012 22 Lesson 10.2 Cell Structure 23 Learning Objectives • Discuss the functions of the following cellular structures: the cytoplasmic membrane, the cytoplasm (and organelles), and the nucleus • Describe the process by which human cells reproduce 24 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 9/10/2012 Cell Structure • Cells are basic life unit – Highly organized, composed of protoplasm, living matter – Main parts are cytoplasmic membrane (plasma membrane), cytoplasm, nucleus • Cytoplasmic membrane – Encloses cytoplasm, forms outer cell boundary – Two layers of phosphate‐containing fat molecules, phospholipids 25 Cell Structure • Form fluid framework for membrane – Substances outside membrane, extracellular (outside cell), intercellular (between cells) – Substances inside membrane, intracellular – Enclose, support cell contents, regulate what moves into, out of cell 26 27 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 9/10/2012 Cell Structure • Central layer, lipid bilayer – Composed of double layer lipid molecules – Liquid quality – Protein molecules “float” on inner, outer surfaces 28 Cytoplasm • Lies between cytoplasmic membrane and nucleus – Nucleus is round structure in cell center • Organelles – Specialized structures in cell – Perform functions important for cell survival 29 30 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 10 9/10/2012 502 Which conditions can cause loss of the senses of taste and smell? 503 Visual System • Components – Eyes – Accessory structures: eyelids, eyebrows, eyelashes, tear glands – Optic nerve – Tracts – Pathways 504 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 168 9/10/2012 Visual System • Second cranial nerve (optic nerve) – Conducts impulses from eye to brain – In brain, impulses create vision sensation • Third cranial nerve (oculomotor nerve) – Conducts impulses from brain to eye muscles – Causes contractions that move eye 505 Consider the neurological evaluation. Why is an examination of the eyes a key part of this? 506 Vascular Tunic Layer • Choroid – Contains most blood vessels of eyeball • Ciliary body – Consists of ciliary muscles that change shape of lens, complex capillaries in producing aqueous humor 507 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 169 9/10/2012 Vascular Tunic Layer • Iris – Colored part of eye – Mainly smooth muscle that surrounds pupil – Regulates amount of light – Controls size of pupil 508 Nervous Tunic Layer • Retina – Outer pigmented retina – Inner sensory layer – Responds to light – Rods, receptors for night vision – Cones, receptors for daytime, color vision 509 510 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 170 9/10/2012 Sclera • Firm, opaque, white outer layer • Helps maintain eye shape • Protects internal eye structures • Attachment point for eye movement muscles • Continuous with meningeal layers of brain that extend along optic nerve 511 Cornea • • • • Continuous with sclera Avascular and transparent structure Permits light to enter eye Bends, refracts entering light 512 Eye Compartments • Lens – Separates two compartments – Suspended by ligaments • Anterior chamber – Filled with aqueous humor – Helps maintain intraocular pressure, keeps eye expanded – Refracts light – Provides nutrition for chamber 513 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 171 9/10/2012 Eye Compartments • Posterior chamber – Surrounded almost completely by retina – Filled with transparent, jellylike substance (vitreous humor) – Helps maintain intraocular pressure – Helps hold retina in place – Refracts light 514 Eye Accessory Structures • Protect, lubricate, move, aid eye function • Eyebrows – Provide shade from direct sunlight – Prevent perspiration from running into eyes 515 Eye Accessory Structures • Eyelids – Protect eyes from foreign objects – Blinking helps lubricate by spreading tears over surface – Help regulate amount of light entering eyes • Conjunctiva – Thin, transparent mucous membrane – Covers inner eyelid surface, outer sclera surface 516 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 172 9/10/2012 Eye Accessory Structures • Lacrimal gland – Makes lacrimal fluid (tears) that leaves gland through several ducts, passing over anterior eyeball surface – Superolateral corner of orbit – Makes tears to moisten eye surface, lubricate eyelids, wash away foreign objects – Tears also contain lysosomes, destroy some bacteria 517 Eye Accessory Structures • Lacrimal gland – Excess fluid collected in medial corner through punctum (opening of each canal) – Lacrimal canals open into lacrimal sac – Sac continues into nasolacrimal duct 518 519 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 173 9/10/2012 External Ear • Includes auricle, pinna • External auditory meatus opens into external auditory canal – Lined by hairs, ceruminous glands – Glands make cerumen – Canal terminates medially at eardrum (tympanic membrane) • Middle ear contains auditory ossicles 520 521 Internal Ear • Holds sensory organs for hearing, balance • Interconnecting tunnels, chambers within bony labyrinth filled with endolymph – Clear fluid • Space between membranous and bony labyrinth filled with perilymph – Fluids similar to cerebrospinal fluid 522 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 174 9/10/2012 Besides pain and impaired hearing, what other symptom would you look for in a patient with an inner ear problem? 523 Auricle • Shaped to collect sound waves • Directs waves toward external auditory meatus • From meatus, waves travel through auditory canal to tympanic membrane, causing vibration 524 What are ways to communicate with a hearing‐impaired patient? 525 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 175 9/10/2012 Middle Ear • Connected to inner ear by round and oval windows – Membrane‐covered openings • Openings not covered by membranes offer passage for air from middle ear – Opens into mastoid air cells 526 Middle Ear • Other opening is auditory/Eustachian tube – Opens into pharynx – Allows equalization of air pressure between outside air, middle ear cavity – Children have shorter tubes 527 Middle Ear • Auditory ossicles – Malleus – Incus – Stapes – Transmit vibrations from tympanic membrane to oval window 528 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 176 9/10/2012 Inner Ear Bony Labyrinth • Divided into three regions • Vestibule – Primarily balance • Cochlea – Hearing – Organ of Corti: hearing sense organ, lies inside cochlea • Semicircular canals – Primarily balance 529 Summary • Paramedic must understand human anatomy fully, which helps to organize patient assessment by body region – Will help paramedic to communicate well with medical direction, other members of the health care team • Anatomical position refers to patient standing erect with palms facing examiner 530 Summary • Directional terms are expressed in anatomical terminology – Up or down, front or back, and right or left always refertopatient,notexaminer Internalbodystructureisclassifiedinto anatomicalplanesofthehumanbodyandcan bethoughtofasimaginarystraightline divisions 531 Copyright â 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 177 9/10/2012 Summary • The appendicular region of the body includes limbs, or extremities; the axial region consists of the head, neck, thorax, and abdomen • The abdomen usually is divided into four quadrants: upper right, lower right, upper left, and lower left • The three major cavities of the human body are the thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity, and pelvic cavity 532 Summary • The thoracic cavity contains the trachea, esophagus, thymus, heart, great vessels, lungs, cavities, and membranes that surround them • The abdominopelvic cavity is surrounded by membranes and contains organs/blood vessels • The cytoplasmic membrane encloses cytoplasm and forms the outer boundary of the cell 533 Summary • Cytoplasm lies between the cytoplasmic membrane and the nucleus – Specialized structures in the cell (organelles) are located in cytoplasm; they perform functions key to the survival of the cell – The nucleus is a large, membrane‐bound organelle that controls all other organelles in cytoplasm • All human cells, except reproductive (sex) cells, reproduce by a process known as mitosis in which cells divide to multiply 534 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 178 9/10/2012 Summary • Four main types of tissue make up organs – Epithelial tissue covers surfaces, forms structures – Connective tissue is made of cells separated from each other by intercellular material, known as extracellular matrix – Muscle tissue is contractile tissue responsible for movement – Nervous tissue has the ability to conduct electrical signals known as action potentials 535 Summary • A system is a group of organs arranged to perform a more complex function than any one organ can perform alone • The 11 major organ systems in the body are integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, circulatory, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive • The integumentary system consists of skin and accessory structures such as hair, nails, and a variety of glands – Functions include protecting body against injury and dehydration, defense against infection, temperature regulation 536 Summary • Skeletal system consists of bone and associated connective tissues, including cartilage, tendons, ligaments – Provides rigid framework for support, protection Providessystemofleversonwhichmusclesactto producebodymovements Threeprimaryfunctionsofmuscularsystem aremovement,posturalmaintenance,heat production 537 Copyright â 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 179 9/10/2012 Summary • Nervous and endocrine systems are major regulatory and coordinating systems of the body – Nervous system rapidly sends information by means of nerve impulses conducted from one area of the body to another – Endocrine system sends information more slowly by means of chemicals secreted by ductless glands into the bloodstream 538 Summary • Heart and cardiovascular systems are responsible for circulating blood throughout the body – Blood transports nutrients, oxygen to tissues; carries carbon dioxide and waste products away from tissues; carries hormones produced in endocrine glands to their target tissues – Blood also plays key role in temperature regulation, fluid balance – Blood protects body from bacteria and foreign substances 539 Summary • Lymphatic system includes lymph, lymphocytes, lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, and thymus gland – Has three basic functions • Helps maintain fluid balance in tissues • Absorbs fats and other substances from digestive tract • Plays role in immune defense system of body 540 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 180 9/10/2012 Summary • Organs of respiratory system and cardiovascular system move oxygen to cells – Move carbon dioxide from cells to where it is released into air – Entrance to respiratory tract begins at nasal cavity and includes the nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, and larynx – Below the glottis are structures of lower airway and lungs • Include trachea, bronchial tree, alveoli, lungs 541 Summary • The digestive system provides the body with water, electrolytes, and other nutrients used by cells – The gastrointestinal tract is an irregularly shaped tube – Associated accessory organs (mainly glands) secrete fluid into the digestive tract 542 Summary • The urinary system works with other body systems to maintain homeostasis by removing waste products from blood and helping to maintain constant body fluid volume and composition – Contents include two kidneys, two ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra 543 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 181 9/10/2012 Summary • Purpose of male reproductive system is to make and transfer spermatozoa to female – Consists of testes, epididymis, ductus deferens, urethra, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, scrotum, and penis • Purpose of female reproductive system is to make oocytes and to receive the spermatozoa for fertilization, conception, gestation, birth – Consist of ovaries, uterine (or fallopian) tubes, uterus, vagina, external genital organs, and mammary glands 544 Summary • Senses provide brain with information about the outside world – Senses recognized as special senses: smell, taste, sight, hearing/balance 545 Questions? 546 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 182 ... appendicular regions of the body • Define the divisions of the abdominal region • List the three major body cavities • Describe the contents of the three major body cavities Human Anatomy • Study of how the human body is organized... For each of the 11 major organ systems in the human body, label a diagram of anatomical structures, list the functions of the major anatomical structures, and explain how the organs of the system interrelate to perform ... Areolar connective tissue – Loose tissue – Delicate fiber webs, variety of cells embedded in matrix of soft, sticky gel – “Loose packing” material of most organs, other tissues – Attaches skin to underlying tissues