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Chapter 2 - Note-taking, paraphrasing and summarising. On completion of this chapter students will know how to: take notes from oral and written sources, summarise written text, paraphrase relevant information from references and use quotations.
tag, Crossman and Bordia 11 2-11 Summarising (cont.) • Five steps to summarising (Swales & Feak, 2005): – Read text quickly to determine important information – Read text in detail and note down main facts and ideas – Write main points in your own words – Write important material in relation to the main points – Re-draft summary, adding or deleting materials if necessary Copyright 2009 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia 12 2-12 Paraphrasing • Use for smaller units of information, such as one or two sentences • Maintain the exact meaning and reference the idea appropriately • See examples on next slide and also in Chapter 4: Academic conventions, pp 74–76 Copyright 2009 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia 13 2-13 Paraphrasing (cont.) Example Original text ‘To be effective, a brand identity needs to resonate with customers, differentiate the brand from competitors, and represent what the organization can and will over time’ (Aker & Joachimsthaler 2000, p 40) Copyright 2009 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia 14 2-14 Paraphrasing (cont.) Example (cont.) Acceptable paraphrase A brand that aims for a successful identity must fulfil the following criteria: meet the practical and emotional needs of its customers, portray itself as being different from other brands selling similar services or products and provide a future vision of the company (Aker & Joachimsthaler, 2000) • Longer, new structure, and synonyms used where appropriate Copyright 2009 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia 15 2-15 Paraphrasing (cont.) Example (cont.) Unacceptable paraphrase An effective brand resonates with customers, differs from competitors and represents what the company will try to over time (Aker & Joachimsthaler, 2000) • Most key words are unchanged and the structure of the original has been kept Copyright 2009 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia 16 2-16 Six steps in paraphrasing Read original passage and understand the meaning fully (several readings) Find synonyms for the information words Make notes from the original passage Write the paraphrase from your notes Check your paraphrase to see if all the information from the original is included and you are not plagiarising the passage Reference the source appropriately in-text as well as in the reference list Copyright 2009 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia 17 2-17 Quoting from sources • Use quotations only when the original words add to your argument • Ask yourself: – – – – Does the quotation support my argument? Is it memorable? Does it add the weight of an authority? Is the quotation necessary because it provides the specific details of a law or regulation? Copyright 2009 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia 18 2-18 Quoting from sources (cont.) • Avoid writing an essay that is a collection of patched-together quotes • Be careful not to insert a quote just because you think it ‘looks good’ • Show quotation marks and the full reference, including the page number Copyright 2009 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia 19 2-19 Summary: Note-taking • Helps students prioritise and remember material • Uses shortened forms of words or phrases • Places details under subheadings • Can be done in any method the student is comfortable with Copyright 2009 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia 20 2-20 Summary: Summarising • Shorter version of the original • Three main components: – equal coverage – unbiased – rewritten in your own words • Five steps: – – – – – skim reading detailed reading writing of main points writing of essential elements of main points redrafting Copyright 2009 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia 21 2-21 Summary: Paraphrasing • Rephrases material without changing meaning • Includes the same amount of information as the original text • Six steps: – – – – – – reading and understanding finding synonyms for information words making notes writing a paraphrase revising the paraphrase referencing Copyright 2009 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia 22 2-22 Summary: Quoting • Should be done only if it is memorable or the paraphrase leads to loss of essence or meaning • Includes the words, grammar and punctuation of the original writing • Material that is added to or deleted from the original text should be inserted in parentheses Copyright 2009 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia 23 2-23 ... revising the paraphrase referencing Copyright 20 09 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia 22 2- 22 Summary: Quoting • Should be done only if... points – Re-draft summary, adding or deleting materials if necessary Copyright 20 09 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia 12 2- 12 Paraphrasing... elements of main points redrafting Copyright 20 09 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Communication Skills, by Bretag, Crossman and Bordia 21 2- 21 Summary: Paraphrasing • Rephrases material