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Chapter 4 - Group circumstances and structure. Chapter 4 includes a more in-depth treatment of three of these: physical environment, group size and structure, and group type. Some examples discussed in this chapter are primary groups, casual and social groups, work groups, educational groups, problem-solving groups, and computer-assisted groups.
CCHH AAPP TT EE RR Group Circumstances and Structure Stewart L Tubbs McGrawHill © 2004 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Slide Group Circumstances and Structure • • • • • • McGrawHill Glossary Case Study Physical Environment Group Size and Structure Type of Groups The Systems Approach © 2004 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Slide Glossary • Casual and Social Groups—include neighborhood groups, fraternities, and even classmates. The impact of these relationships on behavior is often quite profound • Communication Networks—the five patterns of communicating between group members • Education Groups—groups that interact for the sole purpose of study or instruction • Primary Groups—groups that usually include one’s family and closest friends • ProblemSolving Groups—groups that form in order to solve one or more problems McGrawHill © 2004 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Slide Glossary • Seating Patterns—often affect the type and volume of interaction in a group • Territoriality—the word was coined by Edward Hall and is defined as “the tendency for humans and other animals to lay claim to and defend a particular area or territory.” • Work Groups—the formations of people on the job McGrawHill © 2004 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Slide Case Study Chempure Pharmaceutical Company (A) 1. What are your impressions of the processes used to develop new medicines? 2. What do you think of the testing of chemicals on animals? 3. Are there any ways you could suggest to improve the use of teams in the drug development process? McGrawHill © 2004 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Slide Case Study Chempure Pharmaceutical Company (B) 1. How would you resolve the problem now facing the physician leading the project? 2. What future problems do you anticipate? How would you address them? 3. What practical lessons from this case apply to your life? McGrawHill © 2004 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Slide Case Study Chempure Pharmaceutical Company (C) 1. What do you think about how conflicts at Chempure are resolved? 2. What, if anything, would you recommend that Chempure do differently? 3. What other implications or lessons does this case present that apply to your life? 4. How does this case illustrate the Tubbs Model of Small Group Interaction? McGrawHill © 2004 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Slide Physical Environment • An environment that is conducive to more communication, such as the less traditional “open office,” is often more conducive to the success of group tasks • Territoriality – Inadditiontoidentifyingcertainplacesasour territory,wealsomoveaboutinaportablespace bubbleofabout18inchesineachdirectionthat weletonlycertainpeopleviolate Thisisreferredtoasourpersonalspace McGrawưHill â2004TheMcGrawưHillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved Slide Physical Environment • Territoriality (continued) – Intimate distance extends from touching to about 18 inches – Personal distance ranges from 18 inches to about 4 feet – Social distance refers to the distance between 4 to 12 feet – Public distance refers to 12 feet and beyond McGrawHill © 2004 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Slide 10 Physical Environment • Seating Patterns – Research has shown that even the seating patterns around rectangular tables have a major impact on interaction McGrawHill © 2004 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Slide 18 Types of Groups • • • • • McGrawHill Primary Groups Casual and Social Groups Educational Groups Work Groups ProblemSolving Groups © 2004 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Slide 19 Types of Groups • Work Groups – The level of productivity is set by group norms, not by physiologic capacities – Noneconomic rewards and sanctions significantly affect the behavior of the workers and largely limit the effect of economic incentive plans – Often workers do not act or react as individuals but as members of groups • A recent innovation in work groups is the self directedworkteam(SDWT) McGrawưHill â2004TheMcGrawưHillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved Slide 20 Types of Groups ProblemSolving Groups – The terms taskoriented, problemsolving, and decisionmaking groups have been used interchangeably to stress the emphasis on the cognitive end products of group discussion – One recent innovation is the use of tiger teams —small groups of highperforming people who are challenged by a company’s executive team totakeproblemsandfindworkablesolutions McGrawưHill â2004TheMcGrawưHillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved Slide 21 Types of Groups ProblemSolving Groups – Types of Discussion Questions • An effective problemsolving discussion begins with an effectively structured discussion question • A topic should be limited to one issue – – – – McGrawHill Questions of fact Questions of definition Questions of value Questions of policy © 2004 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Slide 22 Types of Groups • ProblemSolving Groups – Discussion Group Formats • Dialogue—a discussion or conversation between two people • Panel—usually involves a small number of people conducting an informal discussion on a topic that they have all thought about and possibly researched beforehand • Symposium—includes several participants, each of whom gives a short formal presentation on a prepared topic McGrawưHill â2004TheMcGrawưHillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved Slide 23 Types of Groups ProblemưSolvingGroups – Discussion Group Formats . . . (continued) • Forum—a questionandanswer period designed to allow audience members to interact with the discussion group • Colloquy—involves questioning of experts by the other experts on the panel, laypersons on a second panel, or laypersons in the audience McGrawưHill â2004TheMcGrawưHillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved Slide 24 Types of Groups DiscussionGroupTechniques – Phillips 66 • A specific technique developed by J. D. Phillips, it allows all members of an audience to form groups of about six people to discuss a specific topic for about six minutes and then report the group’s conclusion through a spokesperson – Case discussion • An educational discussion centered on a real or hypothetical event McGrawHill © 2004 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Slide 25 Types of Groups • Discussion Group Techniques (continued) – Role playing • Allows participants to adopt a new “role” or set of behaviors. – Fishbowl • One small group attempts to solve a problem for a specified period of time (e.g., 30 minutes), while a second group, seated around the outside of the first group, observes the process – Conference • A series of meetings on topics of common interest between and among people who represent different groups McGrawưHill â2004TheMcGrawưHillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved Slide 26 Types of Groups ComputerAssisted Groups – Through new software, small groups can now do computersupported cooperative work by means of groupware • Idea Generation and Anonymity 1. Idea generation/brainstorming 2. Idea grouping/issue analyzing 3. Voting 4. Outlining 5. Annotating McGrawHill © 2004 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Slide 27 Types of Groups—Practical Tips Here are 10 of the most common “team traps” to avoid 1. Leader abdication 2. Successionless planning 3. Downsizing 4. Political suicide 5. Team arrogance 6. Undefined accountability 7. Shortterm focus 8. Disruptive team member 9. Poor teamwork habits 10. Decision by default McGrawHill © 2004 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Slide 28 Types of Groups—Practical Tips Video conferencing works well when: – You need the benefit of facetoface contact and want to save the time and expense associated with traveling to another location – Your goal is to provide information such as briefings or training classes – You are broadcasting presentations to many employees McGrawHill © 2004 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Slide 29 Types of Groups—Practical Tips Video conferencing does not work as well when: – The time lag difficulties will be distracting or detrimental to communication – The added social context of facetoface communication is needed – The success of your meeting relies on short bursts of input from all participants – The group must discuss sensitive issues – The group misses out on side discussions that often result in new ideas during a facetoface meeting McGrawHill Adapted from Kristen Bell DeTienne. Guide to Electronic Communication © 2004 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved (Upper Saddle River, NJ: PrenticeHall, 2002), p. 79 Slide 30 Types of Groups • Leadership – With the advent of computers, leaders must rely on their groups to process the multitude of data – For leaders, computeraided communication can be an important means of influencing a group’s methods and capabilities • ComputerAssisted Groups: Where Are They Going? – In coming years, computer technology will play anincreasingroleingroupinteraction McGrawưHill â2004TheMcGrawưHillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved Slide 31 The Systems Approach In systems theory, the elements that constitute the internal influences of our model would be called part of the throughput of small groups • Probably the most important internal influence in the model is the type of group • The allchannel network was best for group member satisfaction, whereas the wheel producedthefastestresults McGrawưHill â2004TheMcGrawưHillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved Slide 32 The Systems Approach Asgroupsizeincreases,theallưchannel networkbeginstobogdowninconfusion, andamorecontrollednetworktendstobe moreappropriate Thetypeofgroupformatisrelatedtothe discussiongroupformatsandtechniques andthedesiredgroupoutcome McGrawưHill â2004TheMcGrawưHillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved ... animalstolayclaimtoanddefendaparticularareaor territory. WorkGroupstheformationsofpeopleonthejob McGrawưHill â2004TheMcGrawưHillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved Slide Case Study Chempure Pharmaceutical Company (A) ... You need the benefit of face to face contact and want to save the time and expense associated with traveling to another location – Your goal is to provide information such as briefings or training classes – You are broadcasting presentations to many employees... theyhaveallthoughtaboutandpossiblyresearched beforehand Symposiumincludesseveralparticipants,eachof whomgivesashortformalpresentationona preparedtopic McGrawưHill â2004TheMcGrawưHillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved