Diana Bairaktarova · Michele Eodice Editors Creative Ways of Knowing in Engineering Creative Ways of Knowing in Engineering Diana Bairaktarova  •  Michele Eodice Editors Creative Ways of Knowing in Engineering Editors Diana Bairaktarova Department of Engineering Education Virginia Tech Blacksburg, VA, USA Michele Eodice University of Oklahoma Norman, Oklahoma, USA ISBN 978-3-319-49351-0    ISBN 978-3-319-49352-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-49352-7 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016961694 © Springer International Publishing AG 2017 This work is subject to copyright All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Foreword At their most creative, engineers envision sustainable ways to provide communities with the essentials for life—water, food, shelter, energy, and security—as well as the necessary resources and support services like transport, physical and electronic infrastructure, and healthcare that enable well-being Through imaginative design and inventive ways of making things, engineers shape our built environment through the provision of new products, processes, and systems Working in interdisciplinary contexts, they help create objects of both utility and beauty, enabling individuals and multicultural communities to meet their diverse needs and to achieve higher personal and collective aspirations This timely book explores a variety of innovative pedagogical strategies for engaging students in creativity-enhancing ways of experiencing what means to engineer Being serenaded in song about the virtues of thermodynamics or composing a poem about a dry scientific law or making a fun video about an engineering concept or being part of a conductor-less orchestra is not what first comes to mind when we think of a day in the life of an engineering student Yet these are amongst the eclectic range of learning performances that are discussed in this book Engineering is not a narrow technical pursuit It is both an art and a science, drawing on many types of knowledge and divergent ways of understanding the world The successful application of technical knowledge depends critically on enabling knowledge about the human condition; knowledge from the social and behavioral sciences, the liberal arts, and humanities Engineering is a profoundly human endeavor Success as an engineer depends vitally upon being self-aware, emotionally intelligent, empathetic, an active listener and a nuanced communicator with diverse groups, persuasive both orally and in all manner of written styles, trustworthy and collaborative, and able to perform in structured teams as well as ad hoc groups that emerge in the course of a project These essential professional abilities are sometimes referred to as “soft skills,” but this is a misnomer While engineering has a reputation for being a difficult discipline to master due to the emphasis on the “hard” sciences and mathematics, the truth is these knowledge domains are relatively easy to distil and transmit as compared to the messy process of formation of professional knowledge and skills and the development of character, judgement, insight, and ultimately wisdom v vi Foreword This book reminds us that the most enlightened engineering education has always fostered an appreciation in our students that to engineer is to be a creative agent engaged in the most pressing local, national, and global conversations of the day In the enthusiastic embrace of the engineering sciences half a century ago, much of engineering education lost sight of the nontechnical dimension of the profession In this process even the defining art of the engineer, design, almost vanished from curricula It is pleasing to see that the balance between the art and the science in engineering is being restored A critical dimension of this restoration is having a deep appreciation of the professional skills being integral to the education of an engineer This process of rebalancing implies that engineering educators, who are themselves engineers, must engage in meaningful conversations with their peers in the arts and humanities and indeed education on how best to accomplish a more holistic engineering education experience These conversations must be predicated on an openness to discovering there are other ways of knowing, a willingness to learn about alternative modes of inquiring into the world and a better understanding of the epistemological foundations of our own discipline The critical need for such conversations should not be underestimated Engineering academics have an unfortunate tendency to be all wise and assume they can master all there is to be known about professional skills and how best to incorporate the development of these skills into courses and curricula On the contrary, the creation of learning experiences that blend technical and professional knowledge and skills in new ways needs to be a collaborative effort, an interdisciplinary partnership based on mutual respect and appreciation for what different nonengineering perspectives can bring to the table Such an interdisciplinary collaboration is exemplified by the editors of this book, Diana Bairaktarova and Michele Eodice I have long argued that we need radical new approaches in engineering courses and curricula to re-establish a more appropriate balance between technical knowledge, know-how and skills, and the formation of professional abilities The imaginative design of co-created, interdisciplinary courses must be founded upon relationships of trust and respect between academics from vastly different intellectual traditions This co-creation may also involve students from the different disciplines Building such relationships takes time and a sustained commitment; they cannot be rushed or planned out on a rigid timetable Often serendipity plays a major part; being open to unexpected opportunities that arise or simply being mindful, being present in the moment, is an essential ingredient This work requires initiative and resourcefulness, taking professional risks and showing personal courage, a strong determination to succeed, and persistence in the face of opposition, obstacles, and setbacks In short it requires grit Formal education tends to privilege particular types of knowledge and empirical ways of knowing Our educational system, based as it is on a nineteenth-century industrial conception of production, has a tendency to suppress imagination This can be very discouraging for those who learn differently or use ways of knowing that not fit the prevailing analytical paradigm or conventional assessment regime Yet the apparent misfits in the current educational system may be the very people we need to take up a career in engineering, in order to truly diversify the profession For engineering to reach its full potential, we need to attract and retain a broader Foreword vii range of people, people who look at the world in different ways and people who deviate from our current ways of thinking Engineering needs to be more inclusive of individuals from groups in society that are currently underrepresented in its ranks but who possess the abilities that our current system of engineering education values and is designed for But more than that we must diversify our student body in terms of those from currently represented and underrepresented groups who bring other types of skill and knowledge, contrarians who exhibit nontraditional attributes that will enrich engineering education and transform professional practice through enlarging what it means to engineer Many of the pedagogical experiments described in the book point to ways we might open the doors to a broader participation in engineering in both these ways Engineering is a global profession Its practice may involve engineers and other disciplines drawn from many national and ethnic backgrounds, educated in different countries yet its impact is felt locally, in a particular socio-cultural, economic, and political context Likewise engineering education is a major global export, where tens of thousands of students from many nations are educated as engineers in countries other than their own and in a language that is not their mother tongue Engineering courses and curricula are exported to countries that may have quite different cultural precepts, philosophical understandings, and social mores to those where the learning was designed There is no universal model for how engineers might be best educated; one size does not fit all As one of the chapters in the book illustrates, we need to be thoughtful and employ cultural sensitivity in translating educational practices The most prized possession of any professional is their integrity In your dealings as an engineer, who you are as person is far more important than what you know or what you can Accordingly, engineering educators have a solemn responsibility to their students and to the communities they serve to help their students to know themselves, to understand the obligations of being professional, to explore their innate moral compass as well as become knowledgeable about various ethical precepts and frameworks, and to provide them with useful tools for critical self-­ reflection to guide them throughout their career In earlier eras, when most engineering academics had experience working as an engineer and design was still a central plank of engineering education, communicating the import of what it means to be a professional and how you might prepare to accept sometimes awesome responsibilities was an osmotic process that took place over an extended time The wisdom of the years was imparted over the student’s drawing board through numerous exchanges with instructors based on personal accounts, “war stories,” and discussions about notable engineering failures A variety of ethical questions were explored through these exchanges, and the moral dilemmas of engineering practice were ever present in the shadow of the then recent events of WW II and the tensions of Cold War Many professors modeled what it was difficult to be a “reflective practitioner,” even though reflection was not formally part of the curriculum We live in quite different era The underlying educational assumptions have changed, the curriculum is very different, most academics have not had the benefit of practicing engineering, the classroom experience is being transformed, the sheer viii Foreword scale of the engineering education enterprise is grown considerably, and every student has instant access at the fingertips to global informational resources on a previously unimaginable scale So educators must now be more intentional about incorporating instruction and learning experiences that actively foster identity development, to expose students to the legal and ethical dimensions of engineering and to develop the ability to critically reflect This book provides numerous ideas and innovative approaches as to how we might enhance all three of these elements of professional formation appropriate to contemporary conditions of engineering education Some of these approaches are quite radical, even confronting All the more reason to engage with them and to challenge our implicit assumptions about what learning to engineer might look like The book also highlights the need to develop critical thinking in engineering students This is the foundation for developing effective decision making under uncertainty and with incomplete information, essential attributes for a professional engineer It helps students become more comfortable living with ambiguity rather than relying on the false certainty and illusory confidence afforded by neat and tidy closed form problems with simple solutions Engineers work on “wicked problems” and are called upon to make life and death judgment calls In the academy, the development of critical thinking skills has historically been seen as the province of the liberal arts and humanities where there are no simple answers to complex questions and positions are arrived at on the basis of reasoned arguments This way of thinking and working makes many engineers, engineering educators, and engineering students at best uncomfortable and skeptical and at worst, incredulous, cynical, and even dismissive This is why universities and colleges with engineering schools must also have a vibrant liberal arts community, valued on its own intellectual terms The sorts of deep interdisciplinary insight needed to foster authentic critical thinking in engineering programs depend profoundly upon founts of disciplinary excellence beyond engineering and respectful boundary crossing in both directions by academics of good will The coeditors of this book, Diana Bairaktarova and Michele Eodice, are such boundary agents They have developed a strong professional working relationship and rapport based on a deep appreciation for what the other can bring to the conversation This relationship led to the creation of this eclectic collection of papers written by fellow travelers on this journey of exploration of Creative Ways of Knowing in Engineering My hope is that the example set by these pioneers will encourage other engineering educators to reach out and partner with colleagues on the other side of campus in the liberal arts and humanities, education, and the other social and behavioral sciences to explore innovative and fun ways of stimulating the artist in their engineering students Swinburne University of Technology,  Hawthorn, VIC, Australia Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA David F. Radcliffe Acknowledgements This work is the outcome of the combined efforts of many people—most especially the creative students and teachers who talk at length and with great passion about their creative ways of knowing in engineering This book has, in a manner of speaking, been less than a year in the making, and there are more people to thank for the ideas reflected here than can possibly be named Regardless, we must make an attempt We thank David Radcliffe, whose interdisciplinary work through the years as well as the work of many other leaders in the STEM education field has paved the way for current efforts to include the arts in STEM In describing her own journey, Diana wants to mention especially the influence of her Professor, Dr William Graziano, whose mentorship has been uplifting and inspiring Life has strange way of changing the paths we take and sometimes introduces us to people we feel we have always known Professor Graziano, who has inspired Diana to care about her students and to creatively search for new knowledge, embodies and exemplifies an academic soul very similar to Diana’s father’s Through these influences, Diana built confidence that she can motivate and inspire her students to strive to their best work We dedicate this book to Dr William Graziano, and to all the creative teachers across this country and the world, whose innovative and cross disciplinary work encourages creative thinking and work in education Diana owes a bigger debt of gratitude than she can ever express to her friend, colleague, and coeditor, Michele Eodice Michele was a great inspiration for this edited collection and a source of many flourishing ideas of creative ways of knowing in engineering Cheryl Cohen was heroic in her editorial assistance with an early draft of the first chapter of this book, and Desen Ozkan was unfailingly supportive and helpful in every imaginable way We hope Desen, a future engineering educator and researcher, will continue to passionately enact a shift back to artistry in engineering education in order to successfully bridge the humanities and engineering Diana thanks her husband Michael and her son Nikola for being the inspiration and constant support for her work ix x Acknowledgements Michele would like to thank Diana Bairaktarova for her friendship and for the opportunity to learn more about teaching from an excellent teacher When Diana opened her classroom and curriculum to Michele and to others, they had a chance to see and share the “goodness” of students, and their excitement for learning as a reminder of why we work in higher education Thanks also go to Kami Day for her support, editorial and otherwise 220 C Groen et al own academic backgrounds, overall opinions of the role of creativity in engineering teaching and learning, and the ways in which their own educational practices have evolved as they gained a greater understanding of this topic Through the voices of these students, this chapter serves as a representation of our view regarding the future of creative ways of knowing in engineering education We hope that this chapter serves as an inspiration for the continued development of engineering teaching and learning through creativity and drawing on many ways of knowing In the following sections, we present actual reflections from graduate students at Virginia Tech, who are preparing for careers in engineering education, as they discuss their experiences and thoughts for the future Cassandra Groen Cassandra’s initial interest in engineering started when she was in high school as her family encouraged her to combine her talents in math and science with her love of structural design and desire for a broader impact on society She graduated with Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees in Civil Engineering in 2009 and 2011, respectively During her graduate work as a Master’s student, Cassandra realized her passion for working with other students and conducting education research She is currently a Ph.D candidate in the Department of Engineering Education at Virginia Tech where her research interest focuses on professional identity formation in undergraduate civil engineering students Initially, education researchers perceived creativity to be an innate characteristic or personal trait that was possessed by specific individuals (Collard & Looney, 2014), inherently communicating that only certain types of people are creative However, this perception is shifting as educators across the disciplines are encouraged to teach creativity by teaching creatively (Collard & Looney, 2014; Craft, 2003) These creative ways of teaching are aimed at fostering students as individual people who are complete with their own sets of prior knowledge, identities, histories, and cultural upbringings By challenging these characteristics through the encouragement of innovation in a variety of ways and contexts, instructors inherently foster students’ creative capacities for learning and knowing as they adjust to and cope with new information (Collard & Looney, 2014) However, I was not a student who was exposed to this inclusive pedagogy and conception of creativity In my reflection, I explain how I lost my connection to the civil engineering discipline as struggled to learn creatively and practice my creativity during my undergraduate career I would say that my experience as an undergraduate civil engineering student was a fairly typical one Upon entering college, I realized that college life was not like those found in the movies where students sat outside in the quad and philosophized about contemporary issues It also wasn’t like the brochures I had seen that featured students building a mini Indy racer in the lab or constructing a bridge—at least not until senior year Rather, the majority of my undergraduate experience was laden with long hours of lecture, completing countless pages of calculations, and meeting tight deadlines This monotonous routine of going to lecture, copying notes, turning in homework, and taking exams slowly became my life and who I was I succumbed to the idea that this is what engineering education is and this is how teaching and learning is supposed to be Creative Ways of Knowing and the Future of Engineering Education 221 Statics was the most complex course I experienced during my undergraduate career In that class, our instructor utilized a lecture-based pedagogical technique He would stand at the front of the class, transfer his hand-written notes to the board, and go through example problems I struggled with the speed at which he drew his free body diagrams and scribbled the calculations on the board Soon, I found myself overwhelmed and disengaged But that was okay; the math was pretty simple, and I could learn the material on my own after the class as long as I had my notes To my dismay, my approach did not work, as evidenced by my receiving a “C” as a final grade in the course While I had met the minimum grade requirement to continue in my program, I was unsure of my engineering competency This selfdoubt prompted me to question my life choice to become a civil engineer and my intelligence If statics is the “bread and butter” of civil engineering, how was I going to survive the harder courses in my program? Despite my concerns, I kept pushing through my courses and pushing through the math Creativity was something that was associated with a romanticized view of engineering and my “learning” of concepts dwindled to rote mathematical practice of textbook problems Today, as an emerging engineering educator, I draw from my own prior experiences to influence how I approach teaching and engage my students in new and creative ways As a student, I became objectively disconnected from the course material and my major Now, as an engineering instructor, I strive to inspire my students and strengthen their disciplinary ties through creative pedagogies Specifically, my teaching philosophy and practices are inspired by emerging research within this field, particularly regarding the ways in which instructors bring students’ individual creativity and personalities into the classroom In a thermodynamics course, Diana Bairaktarova (Bairaktarova & Eodice, 2017) introduced a project that prompted students to submit a video of performed written essays, poems, songs, stories, or commercials that explained thermodynamics course As I reviewed student project submissions, I could tell that the students, while a little uncomfortable in front of a camera, enjoyed the freedom to creatively express their ideas and were proud to bring their own identities and styles into their work They developed comedies, poems, and metaphors to link course topics such as the Ideal Gas Law, Maxwell’s Demon, or the basic laws of thermodynamics to their everyday lives Another way in which instructors bring student identities into the classroom is through writing In an engineering writing course, instructors are beginning to utilize ethical cases as a creative and engaging way to teach technical writing skills to students (see chapter titled “Ethics and ingenuity: Creative engagements of ethical dilemmas in the engineering writing classroom”) While writing is not always viewed by students as a necessary professional skill, Moore draws on the conflict of knowledge (Craft, 2003) to create writing prompts that ask students to choose a contemporary technology and present a self-directed “devil’s advocate” discussion corresponding to the technology By using a writing assignment of this nature, Moore is encouraging students to creatively question their own views and perspectives while negotiating existing conflicts on a technology that is of interest or importance to them By struggling through these conflicts, students will gain an ethical 222 C Groen et al awareness as engineers and enhance their abilities to generate and discuss nontraditional ideas for new engineering problems and solutions With this assignment, Moore is linking individual student interests and goals to the ethical formation of future engineers through writing—which is something that I would love to try in my classroom with my future students As a new engineering educator with one semester of teaching experience, I am inspired by this emerging body of research It is encouraging as a new educator that many of the ways in which researchers and instructors are incorporating creativity into their classrooms is not as labor-intensive as one may initially assume, particularly when teaching traditionally tough, fundamental engineering courses such as thermodynamics These new and creative ways of teaching spark students’ own creative interests by giving them more agency in directing course projects and incorporating their own identities into them Creative ways of teaching for creative ways of knowing provide instructors with the tools to make knowledge more accessible, relevant, and applicable to students and their everyday lives I know that as an instructor, I plan to add this body of work and incorporate many of the topics discussed within this volume into my own classroom practice to keep my students engaged and involved in their learning Chris Gewirtz Chris is a Ph.D student in the Department of Engineering Education at Virginia Tech He has always had a knack for breaking and bending rules since he wanted to be a mad scientist when he was young He has spent one semester teaching the introductory engineering workshop in the Spring of 2016 He thinks engineering has so much potential to change the world; a potential that is often squandered on slight improvements to technology meant for entertainment or violence, and works towards systematic change as a result His research interests fall under the umbrella of what we unintentionally teach engineers and what we could intentionally teach engineers through service learning, innovation, macro-ethics, social justice, humanitarian engineering, and default mode thinking As a future engineering educator, I recognize the importance of creativity, though I not consider it to be universally appropriate, and I think that uncritical support of education for creativity deserves the skepticism of some authors (Coate & Boulos, 2012; Craft, 2003) That said, I think that the first thing that we can to move away from a rigid classroom and toward seeing student creativity is to allow for “resilient” creativity As an instructor, your role may seem rigid, following along with the classroom policies, procedures, and overall curriculum As some researchers discuss (e.g., Coate & Boulos, 2012; Henderson & Dancy, 2007; Schön, 1983), there may be institutional features that hinder student creativity • You may perceive making adaptive changes to your curriculum to be counter to the department culture • You may not have the time to plan the kind of change that you think the curriculum needs • You may find that students themselves have resistance to activities that require creativity Creative Ways of Knowing and the Future of Engineering Education 223 • You may feel pressured to “cover” or address material at the expense of new pedagogy Ideally, as an instructor you would want full freedom and control, but this is often unrealizable Luckily, as I hope my writing will indicate, the inertia and rigidity of institutional structure may not pose too great an obstacle for “resilient” creativity The metaphor goes like this: the rules and policies of a class are like an unmovable object and resilient creativity acts like an unstoppable force The unstoppable force of a student’s creativity can be encouraged; this is what intrinsic motivation is all about Raising intrinsic motivation may have its own barriers Learning and implementing something new is typically anxiety-inducing, and you may not feel equipped to motivate students in a way that is new to you I suggest Jones’ MUSIC model (Jones, 2009) for attempting to generate student creativity But even without eliminating an unmovable object or rallying more of an unstoppable force, creativity still has an avenue Our unmovable object has cracks (often known as loopholes), and this is where your work on creativity can start The following is, in my opinion, a good example of resilient creativity in an otherwise rigid structure During the Fall quarter of my Junior year, I took a class combining theories of material properties and optics called “Optomechanics & Optical Materials” or “Optical Materials” for short The class was in the style of a traditional lecture; our class of 11 would come in, listen and watch presentations, ask the occasional question, and complete homework problems based on what we picked up in class There was a midterm and a final, and there was one more assignment determining our grade: a very short design project We had to select a series of thin films to meet design constraints such as reflectivity and tilt stability Most student answers were not that different, after all, we only had control over the thickness of the films, the film material, and the number of films Still, for me there was enough wiggle room, enough of a loophole in the assignment Instead of educated guesses and following known thin film designs, I wrote a MATLAB program that simulated combinations of thin films, accounted for dispersion, and found the best combination of film I went above and beyond, as I might in a future professional position, and the results were excellent and unique I also found use for the program in research outside of the class Structuring learning experiences so that there is more than one pathway to a clearly measurable result can bring about this creativity In Virginia Tech’s introductory engineering class, which I taught for a semester, we implement a few exercises with multiple pathways • We have students perform “Product archeology” on a cell phone of their choice, and we ask them to describe the conditions that influence the design of their particular phone • We have students set up their own experiments to measure the period of a pendulum using an Arduino Echolocation sensor setup (with some guidance from their instructors, particularly concerning hardware) 224 C Groen et al There are a few principles for designing these “loopholes.” • If you can change the rules (a.k.a., the “unmovable object”), they can have a huge effect on stomping out or encouraging creativity, and you can start the work of great change via simple experimentation with loopholes • Try not to predict from where or from whom creativity will come Expectations affect students (Baxter Magolda & King, 2012), and your expectations may open opportunities for one person while closing them for another (students might get the impression that “you must be this tall to be creative”) • Find out what the rules are Some of them are obvious (i.e., students must turn in homework, late homework receives no credit, the report should have the described features to receive full credit, students must present for 8–10 min) Some rules are implicit (e.g., only the instructor commands the attention of the class, every question has one right answer) You can design loopholes for both kinds of rules It may be that a lack of loopholes hides the potential for creativity from your students If you relax requirements of process that accompany some learning activities and allow students freedom to choose undefined pathways, you may begin to see the creativity that your students are capable of Adetoun Taiwo Adetoun Taiwo is a Ph.D student in the Department of Engineering Education at Virginia Tech She has a Bachelor’s in Biomedical Engineering and Master’s in Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering from Virginia Commonwealth University She has taught the second semester of foundations in engineering course for one semester and is motivated to find creative ways to keep engineering students engaged and interested while learning engineering She sees engineering education as a tool for driving innovation and development in the world She seeks to nurture interest in engineering through precollege initiatives She wants to pursue research in the areas of innovation, engineering design and retention Creativity and innovation go hand-in-hand It is fruitless to attempt to come up with new innovations that solve practical problems in our world without applying creative skill Creativity is both individual and collaborative The creative process is mysterious, intriguing, and elusive, and the demands of the twenty-first century call for more creative educational environments Schools are called to nurture creativity and universities are called to become centers for creativity and innovation (Coate & Boulos, 2012) Teachers and students alike can benefit from creative environments In traditional lecture settings, there is a considerable amount of pressure on the student to “soak in” as much information as possible for later success on assessments like midterm and final exams Even though there is a certain degree of necessity for a wide knowledge-base on particular core subjects, this system often does not foster the needed retention and transfer necessary for application of acquired knowledge in the future This passive method of learning is especially difficult when there are barriers like fatigue or low attention span on the behalf of the students Upon completion, a number of graduates leave their institutions with high grades but Creative Ways of Knowing and the Future of Engineering Education 225 lack the ability to transfer their learning to new environments when they join the workforce A curriculum which is fixed or compulsory may pose challenges to stimulating creativity—possibly more so than a curriculum which is more flexible (Craft, 2003) The demand for skilled graduates, coupled with the increasing demand for creativity in the workforce, makes creative learning environments very crucial for students Personally, I have been at both the giving and receiving ends of creative learning environments As an instructor of a first year engineering class at Virginia Tech, Foundations of Engineering, I had the opportunity to apply creativity in my teaching An important point to note is that the design of the course was done by the engineering education department and replicated in multiple sections, two of which I instructed Most of the content, activities, and assignments were ready-made for me, but I had a little bit of freedom to make changes as I saw fit The semester began with an introduction to the design process, project-based learning, and a semester long project Each student was placed in a small team to which they belonged for the rest of semester I created the five-member teams, making sure that they were as representative as possible in terms of gender, skill level, and their access to resources Over the course of the semester we covered topics and gave assignments that were related to their projects and helped them in preparing their deliverables Creativity was built into the design of this class because the structure of the class involved multiple modes with which students could learn At the beginning of the semester, we did an activity called “the marshmallow challenge” to get students to learn about efficient problem-solving The marshmallow challenge involves constructing a freestanding structure out of yard of tape, yard of string, 20 pieces of spaghetti, and marshmallow in 18 min The marshmallow is placed at the top of the structure and the tallest structure wins We also watched a number of YouTube videos interspersed into the lectures over the semester The students worked on a project and made prototypes in and outside of class The content of meetings involved activities that applied creativity such as drawing, 3D modeling, writing, visual presentation, and oral presentation depending on the agenda for the day This same semester, I was enrolled in Practicum in Engineering Classroom (ENGE 5504) and it was a great opportunity for me to learn about teaching and apply my learning at the same time My instructor for this class made our learning very engaging and interesting The class was unique and it was evident that the instructor applied creativity in her teaching In her class, we took turns reading poems at the beginning of each class and took a short period of time to respond to whatever poem was read Some of the poems were directly related to teaching and some were not We also did other things that seemed unrelated to teaching such as talking about our weekends, talking about the meaning of our names, and sharing stories of our diverse cultures Something our instructor emphasized is that we can relate everything we were doing to teaching In retrospect, each in-class activity either helped us interact or sparked our curiosity, which fosters learning as guiding dialogue and questioning to shape student learning (Collard & Looney, 2014) 226 C Groen et al Our class meetings were very interactive and we transitioned between multiple activities, keeping each meeting engaging In addition to reading and responding to poems, other activities our instructor facilitated included regular discussions on assigned articles and book chapters that we read and our experiences with teaching on a weekly basis Our classroom was also arranged in a way that we could all see each other, which helped our discussions In addition, we took a short break about halfway through every class meeting This allowed us to reset our minds and get re-energized for the second half of each meeting In addition to discussing our experiences in class, we wrote reflections on our teaching experiences and would sometimes get feedback from our peers or the instructor depending on what we had written in our reflections The feedback from my practicum class helped shape some of the things I did in my own classroom Over the course of the semester, I tried creative ways to keep my students engaged Some of the class sessions involved learning how to use MATLAB. Prior to teaching this course, I had a low competency level using this programming software, and I was learning how to use it along with my students In order to create an environment in which they could develop in their learning in spite of my level of competency, I gave them more opportunities than were required to practice using MATLAB in the classroom I also followed a similar pattern when we started Computer Aided Design using Inventor During those sessions, I walked around the classroom to see how they were doing and answered any questions they had I also encouraged them to help each other, which reduced the burden on me to teach them everything they needed They were more engaged and livelier during these sessions than they were during the sessions that involved me delivering content from lecture slides During some of the practice sessions, I would play background music in the classroom For the first time, I had my students write a few points that they had learned, especially after I had taught them about some basic aeronautics This gave me an opportunity to find out what they learned during the class meeting Sometimes I saw the classroom as a laboratory where my students could try their hand at some activities and come to a new understanding, and other times I saw the classroom as a playground where they could have fun In either case, I wanted my students to learn There is a level of excitement that comes from being able to move around and interact in a classroom and I want to always have some degree of this component in my future teaching experiences I have also come to value the importance of applying multiple modes of learning, as I believe this helps students connect with course material in a more personal and engaging way Last year I organized an event called “crafty circuits” in Ibadan, Nigeria for participants between the ages of and 13 years old The focus of the event was to inspire children in STEAM (science, technology, engineering, art, and mathematics) by introducing them to playful ways of learning This event was modeled after “squishy circuits,” an interactive model for teaching children about electricity using play dough made from food ingredients We opened with an introduction using colorful and informative slides, and students did a hands-on activity We took a break from the hands-on activity for lunch and offered a salsa dancing tutorial ses- Creative Ways of Knowing and the Future of Engineering Education 227 sion We then resumed the hands-on activity after the break and closed out The participants had the opportunity to take their creations home as well as some of the supplies In response to the question, “What you hope to gain?” The participants wrote, “I want to learn new things”; “I hope to learn how to be able to things big myself”; “I want to learn”; “I want to learn how to create”; “I want to learn how to be creative”; “I want to learn how to design”; “I want to gain a lot of things.” From this sample of children, it is evident that we all want to learn creatively and creativity from a young age This often changes over time as we grow older and get exposed to different rigid pedagogies and curricula, but to meet the complex demands of our emerging society, we need to be intentional about providing learning environments that nurture creativity (National Academy of Engineering, 2005) Lindy Cranwell Lindy is currently pursuing a part-time Ph.D in Planning, Governance and Globalization (PGG) at Virginia Tech The PGG program is administered out of the School of Public and International Affairs Lindy’s research will focus on faculty attitudes and meaning-making associated with comprehensive internationalization of university campuses and she has a passion for promoting professional and cultural skills for all university students Additionally, Lindy works full-time as Director of International & Graduate Education in the Via Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering at Virginia Tech In this position, Lindy works on global engagement, international programs, graduate program recruitment, and the overall running of the graduate program Lindy also interacts closely with the College of Engineering, the Graduate School, and other on-campus committed to internationalization “Transformative learning is grounded in approaches of risk-taking, exploration of self, collaboration and play” (Coate & Boulos, 2012, p. 130) This quote, found in an article about creativity in education, highlights the inherent creative quality of global education programs and experiences in the university learning process As a full-time international educator in higher education and a part-time student (now working on a Ph.D.), I have lived this truth both as an administrator and student A well-designed global education program has the power to enable students to be extraordinarily creative with their world and disciplinary views Ann Craft (2003) describes extraordinary creativity as “the production of new knowledge which has a major impact on an existing area of knowledge, the boundaries of which are monitored by experts within that field” (pp.  114–115) In my work, I have been part of planning faculty-led study abroad programs for several years I help engineering faculty (experts in their field) organize meaningful learning experiences at international locations for undergraduate and graduate level students One of my department’s successful faculty-led international programs has been to the Dominican Republic Faculty members led students to Punta Cana and Santo Domingo where students studied airport planning and sustainable water resources through a civil engineering lens Prior to the classes/program, students were prepared in meetings for their upcoming learning experience Students were taught about the Dominican culture, learned local dances, were introduced to the Spanish language, and were encouraged to think about the differences between 228 C Groen et al engineering in the United States and the Dominican Republic This type of program preparation was an individual and group exercise in risk-taking, culture awareness, group collaboration, and (definitely) play (the dance lessons were especially fun) However, none of the preparation and self-discovery prior to the international experience compared to the learning experiences in-country Engineering students were able to meet with local Dominican engineers and citizens, sharing hands-on work involving water sources and airport testing Students attempted to navigate projects with limited data, unfamiliar environments, and a conflicting mindset about time and resources from the USA. One student expressed the richness of the experience by saying, “I loved being able to go out in the community to hands-on work, rather than sitting in a classroom Interacting with the locals and really making a difference in their community made this class hands down the best course I have taken” (Anonymous student, 2013) As students lived the differences in engineering between the USA and the D.R., they were transformed Student learned to move out of their comfort zone and (I believe) never again approached civil engineering without considering a broader view of solutions In addition to my professional experience, I studied abroad as an undergraduate student I can give a testimony to the strength of creative thinking generated by a degree program placed in a lived-experience setting As an undergraduate in a Spanish language program, the cultural and language content in my courses was interesting, but the production of new knowledge during a six-week study abroad program to Mexico surpassed the acquisition of knowledge gained in multiple courses on campus I believe that my positive experience in Mexico was not all by chance and location alone The faculty leader was deliberate in the choice of courses, location, university, housing, and excursions to best provide a learning environment She exemplified the “need for creative leadership within the university in order to face the challenges of the knowledge community” (Coate & Boulos, 2012, p. 131) This past semester I was part of another example of deliberate creativity in teaching and learning I was a volunteer teaching assistant for a professor in a freshman engineering classroom focused on teaching the concept of global culture and leadership in engineering At the end of the course, all students (of this large class) participated in an international abroad trip to solidify the objectives of the class Class activities and speakers were focused on providing the students with knowledge and/ or practice with cultural differences and leadership both in society and the workplace In one three-hour class session, communication specialists led the class through a simulation of different cultures In this exercise, students were instructed on how to act within their assigned culture and had an opportunity to practice Then the cultures had to interact and navigate communication without understanding each other It was very uncomfortable for most students, but it brought to light what Collard and Looney (2014) said about disequilibrium’s potential to “spur creative processes” (p.  350) This classroom was extremely student-centered with assignments designed to allow students freedom to explore and learn about the impact of engineering choices on society and vice versa Creativity in education has many definitions Global education curriculum, programs, and experiences have inherent creative quality and serve as one avenue to Creative Ways of Knowing and the Future of Engineering Education 229 motivate learning in university students This particular type of creativity provides opportunities for students to take risks, explore who they are in relation to others, work in teams, and have a little fun I have a passion for promoting international education I look forward to future opportunities to use my passion for creative teaching in this regard I believe that the opportunity to learn about other cultures, leadership styles, and approaches to academic disciplines combined with an international experience will propel students into transformative learning Rabih Younes Rabih is currently a Ph.D candidate in Computer Engineering at Virginia Tech He has earned his Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees in Computer Engineering from the Lebanese American University, Lebanon He has had a passion for teaching since he was young and started tutoring students when he was fourteen Later, he taught technical engineering courses in colleges and universities He is currently getting certified in Engineering Education at Virginia Tech and plans on becoming a professor after earning his Ph.D. For more information, you can visit his personal website: www.rabihyounes.com Since the early 1900s, research has discussed how engineering education should be improved and how to apply the field’s research practically within engineering classrooms (Mann, 1918) Today, just a few years away from 2020, engineering students are still very far from the vision that was discussed in the article “The Engineer of 2020” that was published in 2004 (National Academy of Engineering, 2004) In most universities, the same old curricula are being taught using the traditional methods of teaching that were in use decades ago without focusing on all the important advancements of engineering education research Most people teaching in universities are adept researchers, but they are not always fit to teach twenty-first century students Those faculty members may have never taken any courses, or attended any workshops or seminars about education in their whole lives We even see new faculty, who have a deeper understanding of engineering education and are more up-to-date with current research in engineering education, also adopting traditional ways of teaching for a variety of reasons (Henderson & Dancy, 2007) James J.  Duderstadt (2009), who was the President of the University of Michigan from 1988 to 1996, once said: “Most of our universities are attempting to produce 21st century engineers with a 20th century curriculum in 19th century institutions” (p. 4) During my years in college and graduate school most of my classes, if not all of them, were based on lectures and techniques that go against most of the research that has been conducted in engineering education or in education in general I have also taught college courses where I wanted to change the content and the way the class was offered, but I could not realize that due to multiple reasons Those reasons include the heavy load of materials that are required to be taught class, making it very hard to incorporate more modern components, alongside departmental and higher administrative requirements, ABET requirements, etc Those are some of the barriers that Henderson and Dancy (2007) discovered based on interviews with faculty members These barriers include student attitudes toward school, expectations of content coverage, lack of instructor time, departmental norms, student resistance, class size and room layout, and time structure 230 C Groen et al On the other hand, during my experience teaching Cisco Networking Academy (NetAcad) courses, which are very technical courses about computer networks, I have experienced successful methods of applying research to STEM educational practices, both at the instruction level and within the curriculum The technical nature of these courses makes them a good candidate to use for comparison to technical engineering courses The way NetAcad applied research in education to practice in teaching courses was mainly due to three updates to their old ways of teaching: • Continually updating the curriculum to include all current changes and advancements in industry and academia • Continually updating the equipment used in classrooms and laboratories to fit current technology needs and advancements • Adding a requirement for instructors, which they called the “Instructor Trainer Qualification” (ITQ) The ITQ is a test that every instructor who plans on teaching a type of higher level classes (instructor training classes) should pass prior to teaching those classes It mainly consists of a full-day test that has multiple parts One part is about the instructor’s mastery of course material, another part is about the technical skills of the instructor, and the rest is about their teaching skills and pedagogical methods (Cisco Systems, 2005) We currently need serious research on how we could practically bridge the gap between the research in engineering education and how professors are currently teaching in engineering classrooms Most methods that are discussed in previous research suggest major changes in the curriculum and reshaping nearly all the classes in the discipline That kind of change takes a lot of time and is subject to a lot of resistance, whether from faculty or students (Henderson & Dancy, 2007) Previously proposed methods look very good on paper but they fail to make it to classrooms or are taking a lot of time to be integrated and applied What is needed now, as an intermediate solution, are effective ways to apply current research that fits practically with the existence of current curricula and faculty Something like NetAcad’s ITQ should definitely exist to set minimum standards for engineering instructors If a person is very good at conducting research, it does not necessarily mean that they would be a good teacher Research and teaching are definitely correlated but being proficient in one does not necessarily indicate proficiency in the other Probably the most important issue in classrooms is that teachers fail to motivate students without the presence of exams This type of extrinsic motivation makes students lose connection to the material after they take the exam A heavy load of exams, within a culture of studying only to obtain good grades, transforms students into machines, forgetting about their dreams and creativity Research exists on multiple ways to motivate students and let them be more interested and engaged This research could be applied by instructors along with their administrative and curriculum standards On the other hand, not having enough time is one of the most significant obstacles standing in the way of applying engineering education research outcomes in classrooms Programs are saturated with technical subjects that need to be covered by the end of the course in order for the student to be prepared for the next level Creative Ways of Knowing and the Future of Engineering Education 231 Large amounts of required coursework presented in too-small units of time begin in early education and continue throughout a student’s academic and professional life This creates stress which affects the person’s quality of life and damages their desire to become an engineer People often join engineering schools because they like to solve problems, they want to be able to accomplish some projects and dreams, and they want to help make the word a better place Engineering students can end up forgetting about all those things and postponing them until an unreachable time in the future because of the way they are being taught in classrooms Instructors might succeed in building a student who is knowledgeable about all the complicated theories in their field along with having some practical experience in the field, but they fail to foster the dreaming and creative part in the student Therefore, on top of the urgent need for qualified teaching faculty, there is definitely a need to make some space in the curriculum for instructors to apply their special research-informed techniques in order to better fulfill their teaching responsibility Computers can now a lot of things that instructors still spend a significant amount of time teaching in class For example, calculus classes spend a lot of time on the subject of integrals, a subject so challenging that it could lead some students to hate the material and possibly their major Nowadays, computers can perform these tasks more efficiently than any human Students only need to learn the insight behind using integrals and how to use them to solve problems For instance, students should learn about the multiple types of integrals and how integrals can serve them, then practice using them to solve real-life problems, and find their answers using computers Making time in the curriculum and updating it to fit what the research in engineering education informs us is crucial to improve the teaching quality, and thus improving the quality of the graduating engineers To conclude, in order to create a twenty-first century engineer, we need teachers who follow and apply twenty-first century research that informs us about how creative ways of knowing in engineering would form better engineers References Anonymous student (2013, September 27) Punta Cana 2013 post-trip assessment Retrieved from www.survey.vt.edu Bairaktarova, D., & Eodice, M (2017) Thermodynamics in high energy rhymes and rhythms Advances in Engineering Education (Forthcoming) Baxter Magolda, M., & King, P (2012) ASHE Higher Education Report (Vol 38, Issue 3, pp. 1-138, Publication) Wiley Online Library doi:10.1002/aehe.20003 Cisco Systems (2005) Cisco Networking Academy Instructor Training Guidelines v2.0 Retrieved from http://www.cisco.com/c/dam/en_us/training-events/netacad/academy_roadmap/docs/ Instructor_Training_Guidelines.pdf Coate, K., & Boulos, A (2012) Creativity in education: Challenging the assumptions London Review of Education, 10(2), 129–132 doi:10.1080/14748460.2012.691278 Collard, P., & Looney, J. (2014) Nurturing creativity in education European Journal of Education, 49(3), 348–364 doi:10.1111/ejed.12090 232 C Groen et al Craft, A (2003) The limits to creativity in education: Dilemmas for the educator British Journal of Educational Studies, 51(2), 113–127 doi:10.1111/1467-8527.t01-1-00229 Duderstadt, J. J (2009) Engineering for a changing world: A roadmap to the future of engineering practice, research, and education (Rep.) Ann Arbor, MI: The Millennium Project, The University of Michigan Retrieved from http://milproj.dc.umich.edu/pdfs/2009/engineering%20for%20a%20changing%20world.pdf Henderson, C., & Dancy, M. H (2007) Barriers to the use of research-based instructional strategies: The influence of both individual and situational characteristics Physical Review Physics Education Research 3(2) Retrieved from http://journals.aps.org/prper/abstract/10.1103/ PhysRevSTPER.3.020102 Jones, B.  D (2009) Motivating students to engage in learning: The music model of academic motivation International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, 21(2), 272– 285 Retrieved from http://www.isetl.org/ijtlhe/pdf/IJTLHE774.pdf Mann, C. R (1918) A study of engineering education [the Carnegie foundation for the advancement of teaching (2010)] Boston: Merrymount Press Retrieved from http://web.mit.edu/~jwk/ www/docs/Mann%201918%20Study_of_Engineering_Educ.pdf National Academy of Engineering (2004) The engineer of 2020: Visions of engineering in the new century Retrieved from http://www.voced.edu.au/content/ngv:63792 National Academy of Engineering (2005) Educating the engineer of 2020: Adapting engineering education to the new century Washington, DC: National Academies Press Schön, D. A (1983) The reflective practitioner: How professionals think in action New York: Basic Books Afterword The project of developing this collection sprang from a friendship and from a mutual respect for disciplinary expertise After meeting Diana Bairaktarova and her students several years ago, I saw how introducing opportunities for creativity could enhance learning I was impressed with the poems and videos students produced to depict the laws of thermodynamics, but I also realized how challenging it was to move students to try the creative approach I am referring to a wonderful group of young people who, it seemed, had already put away the creative drive that likely influenced their path to engineering in the first place Fortunately, Diana re-­ awakened that drive with her energy and assignments I am thankful that in my lifetime perceptions of creativity have moved from seeing it reside in exceptional individuals who are somehow set apart from the rest of us to understanding the potential for creative opportunities in everyday learning and teaching Like other affordances for learning, these context-sensitive opportunities must be thoughtfully designed for creativity to flourish When we orient students to the problem-based thinking foundational to engineering, what some of us fail to realize is that the creative arts are also problem-­ based in that the intersection of what is and what might be longs to be revealed in some form Bridging the STEM fields with the liberal and creative arts is not a new assembly; as Diana Bairaktarova notes in her introductory chapter, that synergy is historically found in the scientist-artist identity The question becomes how we reinstate this synergy into the current curriculum of higher education? It seems our colleges of engineering are often big islands in the middle of our campuses; the challenge is to build partnerships that bring excitement about creative ways of knowing All fields are converging around issues and problems urgent to our planet The required innovative approaches can be leveraged with creative ways of knowing: “To creatively solve open-ended problems that have no known solutions involves divergent or intuitive thinking skills” (Feist, p. 287) Setting up the conditions for learning in these ways is what we hope this book helps readers to © Springer International Publishing AG 2017 D Bairaktarova, M Eodice (eds.), Creative Ways of Knowing in Engineering, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-49352-7 233 234 Afterword Finally, a collection like this is an act of “collective virtuosity”—a term used by Diane Dabby in this volume to describe the improved performance of a group based on the work the group does together We offer engineering education an example of how collaboration with other disciplines can lead to a future of creative solutions Reference Feist, G. J (1999) The influence of personality on artistic and scientific creativity In Sternberg, R. J (Ed.), Handbook of creativity Cambridge: Cambridge University Press .. .Creative Ways of Knowing in Engineering Diana Bairaktarova  •  Michele Eodice Editors Creative Ways of Knowing in Engineering Editors Diana Bairaktarova Department of Engineering Education... joined the Department of Engineering Education in the fall of 2015 after being an assistant professor of engineering practice at the University of Oklahoma’s College of Engineering She taught several... conversations of the day In the enthusiastic embrace of the engineering sciences half a century ago, much of engineering education lost sight of the nontechnical dimension of the profession In