VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI INSTITUTE OF VIETNAMESE STUDIES AND DEVELOPMENT SCIENCES NGUYEN THI LIEN THE ANCIENT VILLAGE OF DONG SON FROM THE EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY TO PRESENT MASTER THESIS MAJOR: VIETNAMESE STUDIES HANOI, 2013 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI INSTITUTE OF VIETNAMESE STUDIES AND DEVELOPMENT SCIENCES NGUYEN THI LIEN THE ANCIENT VILLAGE OF DONG SON FROM THE EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY TO PRESENT Master thesis, major: Vietnamese studies Code: 60 22 01 13 Supervisor: Prof.Dr Ngo Đuc Thinh Hanoi, 2013 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This thesis is seen as the result from having studied at Institute of Viet Nam studies & Development of Science – Hanoi National University along with having spent most of the time on practical inspecting experience throughout the studies The author would sincerely like to express the grateful to those beloved lecturers who have directly lectured those Master classes for the year of specialized in Viet Nam studies and beloved teachers who are in the Management Board of Institute, Department of Education for offering all necessary help under any conditions throughout the course of the studies so that this highly-expected thesis was successful completed Especially, the author would like to thank so much to the professor Ngo Duc Thich for his thoughtful in guiding and spending most of his valuable time to exchange ideas and direct for the author During the instruction time under his close surveillance and instruction, the author has gained so much of both theoretical and practical experience in terms of working style, planning skill and serious attitude towards works Besides, in order for this thesis to be successfully completed, the author would also like to thank to the local authority of Dong Son ancient village, local council of Ham Rong street, the Management Board of vestiges and landscapes of Thanh Hoa …furthermore thanks to the people of Dong Son ancient village for providing a lot of useful information Last but not least, the author would like to thank to the Management Board of Hong Duc University – Thanh Hoa; those beloved teachers in the Head of Department of Social and Science, family members, close friends who have always been there for me to make this thesis done successfully My most sincerely thanks to all! Hanoi, date 02 month 05 year 2013 Author Nguyen Thi Lien UNDERTAKING MINUTES I would like to guarantee that these content and material, data used in this thesis are true and collected, performed by me only All these works were done under the close supervision and directly instructed by the Professor Ngo Duc Thinh All references used in this thesis were extracted from mentioned specified sources Author Nguyen Thi Lien TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 Rational of the study Objectives and scope of research 3 The purpose of the thesis .3 Research situation related to the thesis Research methods New results and contributions of the thesis Organization of the thesis CHAPTER 1: APPEARANCE OF DONG SON ANCIENT VILLAGE IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY 1.1 Some basic concepts 1.1.1 The concept of village .8 1.1.2 The concept of ancient village 1.1.3 The concept of traditional village 1.2 Dong Son – riverside and half-mountain half-plain village 10 1.2.1 Geographic location 10 1.2.2 Natural condition 10 1.2.3 Landscape 15 1.3 The long tradition of the Dong Son ancient village 19 1.3.1 The history and development of the Dong Son ancient village 19 1.3.2 Traditional economics 21 1.3.3 Traditional culture 24 1.3.3.1 Tangible culture 24 1.3.3.1.1 Resident organization, cuisine, apparel, travel 24 1.3.3.1.2 Historical relics 28 1.3.3.2 Intangible culture 30 CHAPTER 2: SOME TRANSFORMATIONS OF DONG SON ANCIENT VILLAGE FROM AUGUST REVOLUTION TO PRESENT 44 2.1 The theory of social transformation 44 2.2 Transformations of Dong Son ancient village in the war against America (1954 – 1975) .45 2.2.1 Context of the transformation .45 2.2.2 Expression of the transformations 46 2.3 Transformations of Dong Son ancient village from Doi Moi (1986) to present 54 2.3.1 Context of the transformation .54 2.3.2 Expression of the transformation 55 2.3.2.1 Economic transformation 55 2.3.2.2 Social transformation 59 2.3.2.3 Cultural transformation 68 CHAPTER 3: CONSERVATION, DEVELOPMENT OF CULTURE IN THE ANCIENT OF DONG SON VILLAGE WITHIN THE CONSTRUCTION OF NEW RURAL AT PRESENT 76 3.1 Awareness and role of citizens and local government in preservation and construction of culture .76 3.1.1 Awareness, role of people .76 3.1.2 Awareness, role of the Party, State and local government 78 3.2 Current situation of cultural conservation and construction in the ancient village of Dong Son at present 80 3.2.1 According to the movement of cultural village .80 3.2.2 According to the proposed projects 87 3.2.3 According to 19 criteria of new rural construction of the Prime Minister 88 3.3 A number of solutions and proposals .89 3.3.1 A number of solutions 89 3.3.2 A number of proposals 92 CONCLUSION 95 REFERENCES 97 INTRODUCTION Rational of the study The village is a community or a basic clustered human settlement of Vietnamese people It has an origin of old since the disintegrated process of the primitive communal mode And then, it has become social classes and a first state in Vietnam In the history, Vietnamese village associated with the length of the country’s history It is the process of continuous development, not only improve and adapt to the natural world, but combat against also foreign aggression and domination In the process, the country has sometimes lost, but the village has not lost It still maintained and developed until today It not only plays an important role in the history of the country, but is also home, active school, and closely connected place with everyone in Vietnam In the spiritual and deep concept of Vietnamese people, the village represents the ancestral land, is also home to acknowledge success and reputation of everyone Thus, the research about Vietnamese village is necessary to know about the process of formation, development, contribution, location, and role of village in the local history There are many researches in and out country, which studied about Vietnamese village They provided a lot of documents and new information, which contribute to better understanding of Vietnamese villages and society However, the results of these researches have still not fulfilled the demands of Vietnamese village nowaday Because of urban life, Vietnamese society as well as village is changing rapidly Therefore, it is necessary to have more studies about Vietnamese village to find solutions for retaining the beauty of the Vietnamese village before its changes in recent years Ever Dong Son ancient village has known as the first place that has found out the Dong Son culture – a brilliant culture in the nation’s history Other subjects of the Dong Son ancient village is not actually known or studies by people as well as researchers The research into Dong Son village will give us a comprehensive view of a village in its stature in the world Dong Son village as well as many other Vietnamese ancient village, is a community of the residents, economics, culture, and society, appears very early, and has a special position in the close relationship among family, village, and state, which took place during the process of national construction and defense over thousand years Moreover, it has different characteristics from other villages However, in the nowadays, because of developing trend of humanity, Vietnamese village in general and Dong Son village in particular is facing to fierce challenges between tradion and innovation, ethnic and modern Although, it needs to innovate, it still needs to retain and preserve special identities of the village It is an extremely important requirement that need to get attention not only of the government, but get also awareness of everyone who is living in the village as well as in the community Thus, the study in depth about the Dong Son ancient village in early twentieth century to the present is essential It can show more detail about the changes in all aspects of people’s life in the village, and contribute to conservation and promotion of typical cultural values in the village As a result, everyone knows how to make their homeland to become a better place step by step As urbanization process, the typical identities of village was being eroded and lost from time to time Therefore, I chose the Dong Son village for my research to learn about its changes and to contribute to rediscover its distinctions 10  Not participated  Unknown Q32: What is new expression of culture nowadays in the Dong Son village?(Can choose more than one answer) On the positive expression:  Participate in activities, charitable contributions, and humanitarian  Strive to study, have a career  Take care of life both physical and emotion  Approach and handle information rapidly  Dynamic, creative  Others On the negative expression:  Revealing apparel  Mix between Vietnamese with English  Practical lifestyle, and focus on money  Unknown/ not care about the values of traditional culture in village  Others Q33: Does Dong Son village develop the movement of conservation and cultural construction?  Yes  No Q34: How you think about the conservation and cultural construction in the Dong Son village?  Good Bad Normal Q35: How is the process of these movements in above?  Quick Slow Normal Q36: Whether these movements need to maintain or not in the future?  Yes  No Q37: What are methods to maintain conservation and cultural construction? (Can choose more than one answer) Follow to policies of Party and State 118 Guaranteed fund Staff training Mobilize, propagate people’s awareness and responsibility  Others Q38: Have you any other thoughts or comments to contribute to constuct culture of village in the situation nowaday? ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… Thank you for you cooperation! POEMS OF PEOPLE IN DONG SON VILLAGE Dong Son village festival6 On 3rd has village festival Drum, flag, and sedan make crowded, interesting queues Tradition and old left Worshiping in the communal house makes the village interesting Many people carry a thurible Bepleasedto rememberassacredsaints AnnualSpringMeetingofYoung Unionfinishedthepeacefulvillageofvillage Many elegant and polite people Backcommendationfestivalinthe Dong Son village In the fields are green rice Godjustrainsdown without worries Glad tobegot a good crop Golden riceharvests to makeprosperous in the village (Đang Van Que) Ancient Dong Son Dong Son ancientvillage ismyhometown There arerivers, mountains, hills surrounding Title by the author 119 Landscapecountryside isblue water, green mountains Faucet, Tiger, Dragon is playingplaces Naturesubtleundulating Banian-tree, water well, is playing withmoonshine Horse gallops to the mountainto see Pine trees cheer, bamboo flutes assonglyrics Original, popular, moreish The village's past, which is theholy land! Metallurgy, thecastshould look The handof genius, crystallized inthe Amasterpiece oftheWest-East Civilizedera, Dragon, Fairy Thousand-year-intact Stone, bronze, ceramicquarter, how many dates? Sacredlandwasspeechless Onetime,traditional village, thegloryforever Thedrumsforeverring Brightsource, the portvillage of Dong Son (Luong Viet Giam) LIST OF INTERVIEWEE DEEPLY IN THE DONG SON VILLAGE No FULL NAME DATE OF BIRTH Duong Dinh Tuong 1938 Nguyen Van Hue 1938 Luong Trong Due 1932 Luong Thanh Tung 1938 Luong Trong Buu 1926 Luong Thi Dac 1940 Nguyen Van Canh 1953 120 Luong Trong Bang 1959 Duong Thi Loan 1958 10 Luong Thi Vu 1940 11 Nguyen Thi Lang 1930 12 Nguyen Xuan Lung 1942 13 Duong Thi Vu 1931 14 Luong Trong Hao 1945 15 Nguyen Thi Hoa 1946 16 Duong Chan 1930 17 Luong Thi Tam 1931 SOME IMAGES OF THE DONG SON ANCIENT VILLAGE 121 The part teading to the ancient village of Dong Son (Source: By author) 122 Old houses in the Dong Son Village [Source: By author] High-rise buildings in the Dong Son Village [Source: By author] 123 Gates of the Dong Son village [Source: By author] Mother Temple [Source: By author] 124 Gate of Great Holy Temple LeUy – Tran Khat Chan [Source: By author] Great Holy temple LeUy – Tran Khat Chan [Source: By author] 125 Archaeological site (Seventh excavation – 2003) [Source: By author] Mother holy of three temple [Source: By author] 126 One day of festival in mother holy of three temples [Source: By author] 127 Altar of LuongTrong Family [Source: By author] 128 Rite of libation in festival of village Dong Son [Source: By author] Procession in festival of village Dong Son [Source: By author] Cultural house of village Dong Son [Source: By author] One restaurant in the Dong Son ancient village [Source: By author] ... Time: From early twentieth century (1900) to 2010 The purpose of the thesis Based on the appearance of the Dong Son ancient village in early twentieth century, compare with the other ancient villages... Son ancient village Scope of the research Scope of the problem: study about the appearance of the Dong Son ancient village in early twentieth century to see unique characteristics of the village. .. refers to the custom of Kết chạ of Dong Son villagers with Giang Hen ones Through this traditional 12 custom, the author highlighted the unique in the spiritual life of the people of Dong Son village