Fedora® and Red Hat® Enterprise Linux® Bible Christopher Negus Wiley Publishing, Inc Fedora® and Red Hat® Enterprise Linux® Bible Fedora® and Red Hat® Enterprise Linux® Bible Christopher Negus Wiley Publishing, Inc Fedora® and Red Hat® Enterprise Linux® Bible Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc 10475 Crosspoint Boulevard Indianapolis, IN 46256 www.wiley.com Copyright © 2008 by Wiley Publishing, Inc All rights reserved Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4744 Requests to the Publisher for 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fact that an organization or Website is referred to in this work as a citation and/or a potential source of further information does not mean that the author or the publisher endorses the information the organization or Website may provide or recommendations it may make Further, readers should be aware that Internet Websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read For general information on our other products and services or to obtain technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the U.S at (800) 762-2974, outside the U.S at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002 Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books Trademarks: Wiley, the Wiley Publishing logo, and related trade dress are trademarks or registered trademarks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc., and/or its affiliates in the United States and other countries and may not be used without written permission Red Hat and Fedora are trademarks or registered trademarks of Red Hat, Inc Linux is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners Wiley is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data available upon request ISBN: 978-0-470-23020-6 Printed in the United States of America 10 About the Author Christopher Negus has been working with UNIX systems, the Internet, and (most recently) Linux systems for more than two decades During that time, Chris worked at AT&T Bell Laboratories, UNIX System Laboratories, and Novell, helping to develop the UNIX operating system Features from many of the UNIX projects Chris worked on at AT&T have found their way into Red Hat Enterprise Linux, Fedora, and other Linux systems Chris is the author of all editions of what started out as Red Hat Linux Bible, which because of the name changes of Red Hat’s Linux projects has evolved into the book you are holding Most recently, Chris co-authored three books in the Linux Toolbox series: Fedora Linux Toolbox, Ubuntu Linux Toolbox, and SUSE Linux Toolbox (Wiley Publishing, 2007) Before that, Chris authored Linux Bible 2008 Edition and co-wrote Linux Troubleshooting Bible and Linux Toys II for Wiley Publishing During the past few years, Chris has written several books on UNIX and the Internet, including Internet Explorer Bible and Netscape Plug-Ins For Dummies for Wiley Publishing He also co-wrote several books for Que Publishing, including The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Networking (second and third editions) and Using UNIX (second edition) At home, Chris enjoys spending time with his wife, Sheree, and his boys, Caleb and Seth His hobbies include soccer, singing, and exercising with Sheree As always, I dedicate this book to my wife, Sheree This book would never have happened without her love and support Credits Acquisitions Editor Jenny Watson Development Editor Sara Shlaer Technical Editor Tim Boronczyk Copy Editor Nancy Rapoport Production Manager Tim Tate Editorial Manager Mary Beth Wakefield Vice President and Executive Group Publisher Richard Swadley Vice President and Executive Publisher Joseph B Wikert Project Coordinator Bill Ramsey Indexer Johnna VanHoose Dinse Media Associate Project Manager Laura Atkinson Media Assistant Producer Josh Frank Media Quality Control Kit Malone Anniversary Logo Design Richard Pacifico Preface With the Fedora Linux operating system and the instructions in this book, you can transform your PC into a safe, powerful, and free computer system Starting with Fedora, you can simply replace (or coexist with) Microsoft Windows on your everyday desktop computer You can also configure your computer to share your files, printers, Web pages, or directory services to other computers Then, if you choose, you can transition your skills to manage anything from a small office to a large, corporate Red Hat Enterprise Linux computer installation This book tells you how and gives you the software to it Who Are You? You don’t need to be a programmer to use this book You may be someone who just wants to use Linux (to run programs, access the Internet, and so on) Or you may simply want to know how to administer a Linux system in a workgroup or on a network I assume that you are somewhat computer literate but have little or no experience with Linux (or UNIX) You may be migrating from Microsoft operating systems to Linux because of its networking and multiuser features You may be looking to start a career as a computer technician or network administrator and find that spending a few dollars for an entire operating system and book is more economical than taking those technical classes offered on late-night television Or you might just think a “free” operating system is cool In any case, after you peruse this book you should have a good idea of how to run applications, set up a small network, connect to the Internet, and configure a variety of server types (Web servers, print servers, file servers, and so on) This book represents a great first few steps toward your becoming someone who can set up a home network or a small office network and maintain a group of computers This Book’s Learn-Through-Tasks Approach The best way to learn a computer system is to get your hands on it To help you learn Linux, this book takes a task-oriented approach Where possible, I step you through the process of working with a feature, such as setting up a network or configuring your desktop When you are done with a task, you should have a good, basic setup of the feature that it covers After that, I often provide pointers to further information on tweaking and tuning the feature Instead of assuming that you already know about cryptic topics such as troff, NFS, and TCP/IP, I ease you into those features with headings such as “Publishing with Fedora and RHEL,” “Setting up a File Server,” and “Connecting to the Internet.” Heck, if you already knew what all those things were and how to get them working, you wouldn’t need me, would you? 1074 Index playback and, 319 ports, 320 recording and, 325 recording sound and, 319 USB, 320 Sound Juicer, 318 extracting music CDs, 339–340 Sound test tab, Audio Configuration window, 322 source code building packages from, 219–222 installing packages from, 219–222 SourceForge, 193 SoX, converting audio files, 336–338 spam relaying, protecting against, 615 SpamAssassin, 808–812 spell checking, 254 Squid, debugging, 718 log files, 718–719 squid daemon, 710–712 squid.conf file, 712–714 access control, 714–716 caching, 716–717 debugging, 718 port numbers, 717 squirrelmail.conf, 875 SqurrilMail, 814–815 SRPM format, source packages, 220 SRPMS directory, 1006 SSH (Secure Shell package) remote login/execution, 409 scp command, 608–611 sftp command, 608–611 ssh command, 608–611 starting, 608 ssh command, 608–611 ssl.conf, 875 star topology, LANs, 636 StarOffice, 255 Base, 256 Calc, 255 Draw, 255 Impress, 255 Writer, 255 startup scripts, 525–527 static IP addresses, 664, 952 STMicroelectronics Web cams, 350 stylesheets, Konqueror, 130 su command, 416–418 subfolders, 90 subversion.conf, 875 sudo, administrative privilege and, 429– 431 sudoers directory, 426 super user, 416–418 X System, 418 super-server (xinetd daemon), 1011 support, 1036 password reset, 488 technical support mailbox, 487 swap file system, 440 SWAT (Samba Web Administration Tool), 769–778 Base options, 771 browse options, 775 global settings, 771–776 logging options, 774 printing options, 775 security options, 772 server, 1019 shared directories, 776–778 WINS options, 776 switches, LANs, 639 Sylpheed, 386 symmetric cryptography, 624 syslog.conf directory, 426 syslogd daemon, 428 syslogd service, 603–606 system activity, shell and, 151–152 system administrator, 415 Index 1075 system files, 959 system initialization init, 516 inittab file, 517–521 System menu, GNOME, 102–103 System Monitor, 454–455 system performance, 454 administration and, 431 laptops, 456–459 System Monitor, 454–455 top, 456 system startup/shutdown, 521 run-level scripts, 521–522 adding, 530 behavior, 527 manipulating run levels, 532–533 removing, 528–530 reorganizing, 528–530 xinetd services, 530–532 startup scripts, 525–527 System tab, Audio Configuration window, 322 system tasks scheduling, 533 at.allow, 533 at.deny, 533 batch command, 536 cron, 536–540 deleting scheduled jobs, 535 scheduled jobs, submitting, 534 scheduled jobs, viewing, 535 times, 533 System Tools menu, 422 tables Groff, 267–269 MySQL, 934, 937 tar.bz2 format, 221 tar.gz format, 221 taskbar, KDE, 121 windows and, 132 TCP wrappers, 600–603 TCP/IP LANs and, 640–645 troubleshooting, 674 tcshrc file, 482 technical support mailbox, 487 telnet, 398–399 termcap directory, 426 Terminal window, 227–228, 321 TeX amstex, 269 eplain, 269 files, creating, 270 texinfo, 270 texinfo, 270 text, Groff, 259–261 text-based e-mail, 392 text-based mail, 386 text-based Web browsers, 384 links, 384 lynx, 385 w3m, 385 TextMaker, 255 tftp (Trivial File Transfer Protocol), 824 themes, 93 GNOME, 110 thttpd Web server, 835 Thunderbird, 386, 391–392 LDAP address book and, 900–901 tiff2bw, 273 tiff2ps, 273 time zone installation, 27 installation and, 43 timeouts, vsFTPd, 830 TLDs (top-level domains), 684, 954 Tomboy, 113 top utility, 456 Totem movie player, 359 1076 Index tr command, 513 traffic, Apache server, 883 training, 1035 TransGaming Technologies, 288 transparent proxies, 589, 598 trapdoor algorithm, 584 tripwire, server security, 959 Trivial File Transfer Protocol (tftp), 824 troff command, 259–261 troubleshooting desktop GUI, startup, 141 video card tuning, 142–144 video card, gaming and, 144 installation, 81–82 LANs, 668–680 netatalk, 997–999 trusted software, 580 Tux Games, 289 TuxRacer, 303 TV cards, 345 supported, 346–348 tvtime, 346 channels, 348 starting, 348 Twitter, 118 ufs file system, 441 Ultracam Web cams, 350 umount command, 446 umsdos file system, 440 UNIX, 6–8 remote printers, 733 unix2dos, 273 unmounting file systems, 446, 763 until…do loop, 511 updates to servers, 959 upgrades, 29–30 configuration files, 30 conflicting packages, 29 digital certificates, 30 installation, 27 Java, 30 kernel, 30 third-party packages, 30 uploads, vsFTPd anonymous users, 828–829 local users, 827 URLs (Uniform Resource Locators), 369–371 USB, booting installation from device, 51 USB sound cards, 320 user accounts creating, 469–477 deleting User Manager and, 493 userdel and, 492–493 desktop users, 470 modifying User Manager and, 490–491 usermod and, 489–490 sendmail, 803 server users, 470 servers, adding to, 484 User Manager and, 474, 477 useradd and, 470–474 vsFTPd, 825–826 user interfaces, User Manager, 474, 477 deleting accounts, 493 modifying accounts, 490–491 User Switcher, 114 useradd, 470–474 useradd command, defaults and, 479 userdel command, 492–493 user-level security, netatalk, 992 usermod command, 489–490 users bash_profile files, 481 Index 1077 bashrc files, 481 defaults, 477–485 desktop, 470 initial tcshrc file, 482 initial login scripts, 480 multiple, netatalk setup, 990 Samba, adding, 780–781 SELinux, 463 server, 470 shell options, system-wide, 482 support password rest, 488 technical support mailbox, 487 system profiles, 483 uucp login, 429 variables environment variables, 154, 166–168 setting, 168–169 expanding, 166 shell variables, 503–505 vfat file system, 440 vi text editor, 184 commands with numbers, 189 file navigation, 188 searches, 188–189 starting, 185–188 Vicam Webcams, 350 video codecs, 354 copyrights, 353 file formats, 354 licensing fees, 353 playing, 352–353 Totem movie player, 359 Xine, 355–359 video cards 3dfx, 291 3Dlabs, 291 AIGLX, 138 ATI Technologies, 290 DRI (Direct Rendering Infrastructure), 290 gaming and, 144, 289–291 Intel, 291 Matrox, 291 NVIDIA, 290 tuning, 142–144 X.org project, 289 video conferencing, Ekiga, 349 Video4Linux interface, 349–350 viewing file information, Konqueror, 125 virtual desktops, KDE, 133 virtual environments, 242 KVM, 247–249 QEMU, 247–249 Xen, 243–246 virtual hosting, Apache, 873–874 virtual servers, sendmail, 801 VNC installation, 55–56 VOIP, Ekiga, 349 VPNs (virtual private networks), 706– 707 OpenVPN, 707 vsFTPd anonymous users, 825 configuration, 825 setting access, 826–829 user accounts, 825–826 downloading files, 826–827 FAQ, 831 firewalls and, 830 logging activities, 829 message files, 829 navigation, 830 permissions, 826 quick start, 824–825 root directory, 827 1078 Index timeouts, 830 uploads anonymous users, 828–829 local users, 827 vsFTPd (Very Secure FTP Server), 821–824 w3mWeb browser, 385 Web browsers, 367 Epiphany, 368 Firefox, 368, 373–375 bookmarks, 374 History, 375 pop-ups, 375 resizing text, 375 searches, 374 security, 375, 382–383 setup, 376–382 sidebar, 374 tabbed browsing, 374 tips, 383–384 HTML, 369 Konqueror, 369 text-based, 384 links, 384 lynx, 385 w3m, 385 tuning, 368 URLs, 369 protocols, 369–371 Web pages, 371–373 Web pages, 371–373 Web server, 957, 1014 installation, 54 Jigsaw 2.2.6, 836 lighttpd, 835 thttpd, 835 Zope, 835 webalizer.conf, 876 Web-based CUPS administration, 736– 738 Webcams, 345 EndPoints, 350 IBM C-it USB Webcams, 349 Konica, 350 OmniVision, 350 Philips USB, 350 SONiX PC Cameras, 350 STMicroelectronics, 350 Ultracam, 350 Vicam, 350 Video4Linux interface, 349–350 Winbond, 350 wget command, 406–407 while…do loop, 511 Wikipedia, gaming and, 288 Win4Lin, 236 Winbind, support, 47 Winbond Webcams, 350 windows, KDE moving, 132 pinning, 133 resizing, 133 taskbar and, 132 Windows dual boot, 62–67 partition size, 62–65 partitions size, 62–65 switching between Linux, 65–67 printers, 733–735 Windows applications, 236 Cedega, 237 CodeWeavers, 237 QEMU, 237 Win4Lin, 236 Wine, 236–238 application installation, 240 configuration, 240–241 Index 1079 drive letters, 239 launching applications, 240 tuning, 240–241 Windows network clients, Linux as router, 705–706 Windows-equivalent Linux applications, 224 Wine, 236–238 application installation, 240 configuration, 240–241 drive letters, 239 launching applications, 240 tuning, 240–241 wireless access point topology, LANs, 637 wireless LANs, 646–648 antennas, 651–653 cards, 649–650 configuration, 656 interface, 657–662 distance testing, 662 drivers, 653–655 hardware, 648–655 setting extensions, 662–664 software, 656 troubleshooting, 671–675 wireless peer-to-peer topology, LANs, 637 Wireshark, 675–680 word processing AbiWord, 255–257 KOffice, 255 StarOffice, 255 TextMaker, 255 wordtrans.conf, 876 writepermissions, 580 writing to CDs, 551–554 wvdialconf command, 693 WYSIWYM (What You See Is What You Mean), 272 X applications, remote, 229–232 X Window System, Mac OS X and, 984–985 super user, 418 X.org project, video cards, 289 xboard (chess), 297 Xen virtual environment, 243 guest operating system, 244–246 installation, 244 rebooting to, 244 xenix file system, 441 xfs file system, 441 xiafs file system, 441 Xine, 355–359 playlists, 357 troubleshooting, 357 xinetd daemon, 1011 XML (Extensible Markup Language), 274 XMMS (X Multimedia System), 331– 333 Equalizer, 334 Playlist Editor, 334–335 XMMS (xmms), 326 xmms-mp3 package, 319 xsane, 285 YouTube, 117 yum applications and, 194–201 packages, installing, 198–199 RPMs and, 198 software updates, 202 yum repositories, 196–197 yum.conf, 194–196 YumPlugins Wiki, 196 yum-utils package, 200–201 Zope Web server, 835 1080 Index GNU General Public License Version 2, June 1991 Copyright © 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed Preamble The licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom to share and change it By contrast, the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free software — to make sure the software is free for all its users This General Public License applies to 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Red Hat Linux Bible, which I began in 1999 About every six months since Red Hat Linux 6.1, I’ve followed new versions of Red Hat Linux with updates of this book Red Hat, Inc split its Red Hat Linux