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How to know the immature insects; an illustrated key for identifying the orders and families of many of the immature insects with suggestions for collecting, rearing and studying them Làm thế nào để biết côn trùng chưa trưởng thành; một chìa khóa minh họa để xác định các đơn đặt hàng và gia đình của nhiều loài côn trùng chưa trưởng thành với các đề xuất để thu thập, nuôi dưỡng và nghiên cứu chúng
TME IMMATUR F CHU How To Know THE IMMATURE INSECTS An illustrated families of CO key many suggestions them for identifying the of the orders and immature insects with for collecting, rearing and studying =o a a o m o H F CHU Ph.D Zoologist Institute of Zoology, National Academy of Peiping Peiping, China 1946-47 Visiting Professor Iowa Wesleyan College M C COMPANY PUBLISHERS BROWN Dubuque, Iowa '^Uttimd'KtH Copyright H E © ^"^^^ilAtunc Sctiu 949 by Jaques Library of Congress Catalog Card Number A50-2933 ISBN 0-697-04807-1 (cloth) ISBN 0-697-04806-3 (paper) THE PICTURED-KEY NATURE SERIES How To Know The AQUATIC PLANTS, Prescott, 1969 BEETLES, Jaques, 1951 BUTTERFLIES, Ehrlich, 1961 CACTI, Dawson, 1963 EASTERN LAND SNAILS, ECONOMIC PLANTS, Burch, Jaques, 1962 1948, 1958 FALL FLOWERS, Cuthbert, 1948 FRESHWATER ALGAE, FRESHWATER FISHES, Prescott, 1954, 1970 Eddy, 1957, 1969 1968 1963 IMMATURE INSECTS, Chu, 1949 INSECTS, Jaques, 1947 LAND BIRDS, Jaques, 1947 LICHENS, Hale, 1969 GRASSES, Pohl, 1953, GRASSHOPPERS, Heifer, LIVING THINGS, Jaques, 1946 Booth, 1949, 1970 MAMMALS, MARINE ISOPOD CRUSTACEANS, Schultz, 1969 MOSSES AND LIVERWORTS, Conard, 1944, 1956 PLANT FAMILIES, Jaques, 1948 POLLEN AND SPORES, Kapp, 1969 PROTOZOA, Jahn, 1949 ROCKS AND MINERALS, Heifer, 1970 SEAWEEDS, Dawson, 1956 SPIDERS, Kaston, 1952 SPRING FLOWERS, Cuthbert, 1943, 1949 TAPEWORMS, Schmidt, TREMATODES, Schell, 1970 1970 TREES, Jaques, 1946 WATER BIRDS, Jaques-Ollivier, 1960 WEEDS, Jaques, 1959 WESTERN TREES, Baerg, 1955 Printed in United States of America INTRODUCTION NSECTS constitute the largest group of the animal kingdom There are over seven hundred thousand species which have been named and described and still a large number of new species is being added to our knowledge every Because year of the great diversity of their behavior and From habits, their study is filled with interest the econo- mic point of view, some insects are considered beneficial and others know injurious human to beings The better we our insect enemies and insect friends, the better are our chances of anticipating protections or of preparing and conducting our defenses against them Insects are highly different in their young and their adult stages For example, the butterflies fly in air and feed on nectar of flowers while their caterpillars live on plants and chew these coarse tissues; mosquitoes suck blood while their larvae dwell in water; not feed great damage at all but their larvae are thousands of differences in their body to structures know between the adult insects ture insects From and either the we know aspect the more ways insect parents it and to of living and also of the We their children also necessary to is many moths our crops There know the need imma- economic standpoint or the evolutionary of the immature stages the better we un- derstand the adult insects Unfortunately our knowledge of the immature insects is still far away from complete Much work must still be done in this interesting and very important field This book is compiled from the available literature and designed to make it as easy as possible to acquire a ready knowledge illustrated keys of the immature insects It contains a for identification of these insects to orders principal families number of and their For advanced study, important references are giv- book the author feels like an explorer entering an uncharted region At best there will be ommissions and mistakes I shall be grateful for any corrections or constructive suggestions to en In attempting this put into later printings of the book N The excellent W P Hayes, Professor of Entomolon the immature insects during the time instruction of Dr v)ogy University of Illinois HOW when TO KNOW THE IMMATURE INSECTS was a the author made the book Iowa Wesleyan College, student in his classes has possible Dr H E Jaques, Professor of Biology, has given encouragement and invaluable suggestions My wife, Y S and in many other ways The author Liu has helped with drawings wishes thank them most sincerely to January 1, 1949 4^ We much kind help China Peiping, have found and an for all their Dr Chu -^^ /^ ":> a thoroughly trained Entomologist a most faithful friend He has given the preparation of this manual in a com- not only excellent teacher but also time and thought to parative new and sects will find it difficult field highly helpful We feel certain that students of in- CONTENTS Page What Are Immature The Importance What Immature Where How How Immature Insects Insects to Collect to Collect to of Insects Look Like Immature Insects Immature Insects Rear Immature Insects 19 21 26 Pictured-Keys to Orders of Immature Insects 28 Pictured-Keys to FamiHes 54 Order Protura 54 Order Thysanura 55 Order Collembola 58 Order Plecoptera 59 Order Ephemeroptera 62 Order Odonata 67 Order Orthoptera 69 Order Coleoptera 72 Order Hemiptera 129 Order Homoptera 135 Order Neuroptera 140 Order Trichoptera 146 Order Lepidoptera 149 Order Diptera 189 Order Hymenoptera Some Important References Index and Pictured Glossary 210 217 224 f WHAT ARE IMMATURE DEVELOPMENT OF INSECTS to form one cell fertilization results within the eggshell This is INSECTS — When an egg and a sperm unite embryo begins to develop embryonic development and all and called the that takes place after hatching or birth is postembryonic development completed when the insect is fully grown and capable of producing young The life cycle is — METAMORPHOSIS The term metamorphosis is derived from Greek words, nieta, change, and morphe, form, designating a change of form The plural is metamorphoses It is defined as the series of changes through which an insect passes in its growth from the egg through the larva and pupa to the adult, or from the egg through the the nymph a) to the adult Gradual or simple metamorphosis — In many insect species the similar to the adult externally, except for the complete absence of wings But after a period of growth the wing may appear, attached to the outside of the body as small wing pads The more developed the young insect becomes, the more it resembles its parents Such a development is called a gradual young are very much or simple metamorphosis The young of such insects are called nymphs They commonly have Fig The life stages of chinch bug, Blissus leucopterus (Say) a-e, 1st the same habits as their parents to 5th instar nymphs; adult; g, eggs (U.S.D.A.) and the nymphs and adults frequently feed together An example is the aphids where both adult and young are habitually found associated on the same plant Grasshopper nymphs and adults both eat grasses and clovers and may be found hopping about together in the pastures The insects of gradual or : f, simple metamorphosis include the orders Plecoptera, Ephemeroptera, Odonata, Embioptera, Orthoptera, Isoptera, Dermaptera, Thysanoptera, Corrodentia, Mallophaga, Anoplura, Hemiptera and Homoptera All these insects are collectively known as the Heterometabola b) — Complete or complex metamorphosis In this type of metamorphosis, the young are very different from their adults There are no external traces of wings The young are known as larvae and the adult is preceded by a pupal stage The insects having this type of metamorphosis are collectively called the HoiometaJboia and include the orders Coleoptera, Neuroptera, Trichoptera, Lepidoptera, Mecoptera, Diptera, Siphonaptera, Strepsiptera and Hymenoptera HOW TO KNOW THE IMMATURE INSECTS Fig The life stages of Anomala konsano Hayes Cr McColloch: a, egg; b-d, 1st to 3rd instar larvae; e, pupa; f, adult c) (Redrawn from Hayes) No metamorphosis — The insect of this type of metamorphosis have no distinct external changes in development, except in size When the young hatches from the egg it resembles its parents and scarcely shows any changes in appearance during the or Ametabola course of development This is especially true of a small number of wingless insects belonging to the orders Protura, Thysanura and Collembola These insects shed their outer coat (molt) from time to time to permit more comfortable growth, but all of these successive stages appear very much the same except in size Some would call these immature stages "nymphs" but "young" seems to be a more accurate and preferred term Fig a, Protura; b, Thysanura HOW TO KNOW THE IMMATURE INSECTS A descriptive list of a collection of early stages of Japanese Lepidoptera Proc U S Not Mus 28:937-956 1905 Forbes, W T M 1911 Field key to sphingid caterpillars of the Eastern United States Ann Ent Soc Amer 4:261-262 1923 The Lepidoptera of New York and neighboring states Cornell Agr Exp Sta Mem 68:1-729 Jones, F M and H B Parks 1928 The bagwonns of Texas Bull Texas Agr Exp Sta 382:1-36 Mosher, Edna 1914 The classification of the pupae of the Ceratocampidae and Hemileucidae Ann Ent Soc Amer 7:277-300 The 1916 classification of the pupae of Saturnidae the Ibid 9(2):136-156 A 1916 Bull Pupae 1917 based on characters of the Lab Nat Hist 12:12-159 Maine species of Notodonloidea Bull Maine classification of Lepidoptera pupa 111 of St some Agr Exp Sta 259:29-84 Order DIPTERA Banks, N 1912 The structure of certain dipterous larvae with particular reference to those in human foods U S Dept Agr Bur Ent Tech Ser 22:1-44 1925 Felt E P W Key to gall midges Bull N Y St Mus 257:1-239 A study of the leaf -mining Diptera of North America Cornell Agr Exp Sta Mem 78:1-228 Frost, S 1923 T 1922 Illustrated synopsis of the puparia of one hundred muscoid fUes Proc U S Nat Mus 60(10):l-39 1925 The puparia and larvae of sarcophagid flies Proc U S Nat Mus 66(29): 1-26 1926 Descriptions of larvae and pupae of two-winged flies belong- Greene, C ing to the family Leptidae Ibid 70(2): 1-20 Characters of the larvae and pupae of certain Jour Agr Res 38:489-498 1929 Hayes, of Wm P hnmature 1938-39 A insects Pt fruit flies bibliography of keys for the identification I Diptera Ent News 49(9):246-251; 50(1): 5-10, 76-82 1944 A bibliography of keys to immature mosquitoes Ibid 55(6): 141-145, 184-189 Heiss, E M Syrphidae 1938 A classification of the larvae and puparia of the of Illinois Univ Bull 16:1-142 Johannsen, O A 1934 Aquatic Diptera Pt I Nemocera, exclusive of Chironomidae and Ceratopogonidae Cornell Agr Exp Sta Mem 164:1-71 Aquatic Diptera Pt II Orthorrhapha-Brachycera and Cyclorrhapha Ibid 177:1-62 1937 Aquatic Diptera Pt III Chironomidae; subfamilies Tanypodinae, Diomesinae and Orthocladiinae Ibid 205:1-84 1935 222 HOW TO KNOW THE IMMATURE INSECTS Aquatic Diptera Pt IV Chironomidae; subfamily Chironominae Ibid 210:1-56 1937 Malloch, J R 1917 A preliminary classification of Diptera, exclusive of Pupipara, based upon larval and pupal characters, with keys to imagines in certain families Pt I Bull III St Lab Nat Hist 12:161-409 Phillips, Venia Tarris 1946 larvae (Trypetidae) Thomsen, L C 1937 Agr Exp Sta The biology and Mem Amer Aquatic Diptera Mem Pt identification of trypetid 12:1-161 V Ceratopoginidae Cornell 210:57-80 Order Bischoff, H 1927 Ent Soc HYMENOPTERA Biologie der Hymenoptera 597 pp Springer, Berlin Duncan, C D 1939 A contribution to the biology of the North American vespine wasps Stanford Univ Pub Univ Ser Biol Sci 8(ll):l-272 Yuasa, H 1923 111 Biol Mon A classification of the larvae of the Tenthredinoidea 7:1-172 >^^^^«»^' -^ ' ^S.,^ 223 INDEX AND PICTURED GLOSSARY Aspirator 24 Anistominae 80 ANNULATIQN: formation of Assosin bugs 133 ring-like ports or annul- Astenophylax 49, 148 Atherix 196 ets ANNULET: the ring-like sub- Attelobus 127 ATTENUATE: gradually tapdivision of a segment Abedus Abia inflato 213 ACCESSOR\ : secondary Acerentom'dae 55 Acerentomon doderol 55 Achorutes armatus 58 Achorutes nivicolus 58 Acordulecera 215 Acorduleceridae 215 Acrosternum hilare 39 Acrydium granulatum 70 ANNULIFORM: Fig ring-like ering apicolly Atteva 179 Auditory organ 70, 71 Aulonium tuberculatum 112 Australian cockroach 72 Azalea leaf miner 152 603 B Adelinae 151 Adelp'nocoris rapidus ADFRONTAL AREA: 31 '' ^ area and between ths frontc the adfror.tal sutur< Fig 602 Figui c jiidae Bock swimmers 129 Boetidoe 66 603 Bogworm Ofnalo kcnsona 2, 46, 88 nopheles 16, 191 ,\noplura 37 (pi astyonox 170 BEAK: the obitm striatum 119 ANTENNA: Bosilorchio 119 jointed rostrum of the front of head Fig 605 antennae) the segmented appendages on toch side of the head Fig 604 fifM- Figure 602 ADULT: the fully mature form Figure 605 Aegeria oriformis 156 Aegeriidae 156, 175 Aeschno 68 Aeschnidae 68 Aglycvderes 25 Agrion 68 Agrionidae 68 Agrypnic vesTito 149 Airoro cylindrica 100 Aleyrodes 39 139 Aleyrodldae 139 Alfalfa caterpillar 13 Alleculidoe 116 Aiobotes pennsy Ivan lea Ambrosia beetle 128 AMBULATORIAL: Bean thrips 10 Figure 604 Bean weevil 121 Bedbug 132 ANTEPE 'JLTIMATE: the Belostomo flumineum 130 seconc before the last Belostomotidae 30 Anthicidoo Bee flies 199 Anthicus heroicus Beet webworm 154 Anthophila pariano 164, 176 Berginus maindroni 112 1 Antipus 123 145 Aphelinidoe 211 116 Aphelinus mali 211 Aphididae 139 fitted for Ambush bug 132 American cockroach 72 a collective insects with- out metamorphosis Bibio albipennis 45, 193, 201 Ant-lions walking AMET030LA: name for the Ametropodidoe 65 Ametropus 65 Amphicyrta dentipes 91 Aphid lion 9, Aphids 139 16, 18, Bibiocephala 190 Bibionidae 193, 201 BICUSPIDATE: two-pointed 144 Aphrosylus proedator 210 Apion 127 Apioninoe 127 APODOUS: footless APPENDIX: on additional port Apple leaf roller Apple skeletonizer 164 only AQUATIC: living wholly in water thoracic and the the last two pairs, Archips argyrospila 162 Archips fumiferana 162 of spiracles open Arctiidae 165, 166, 169, 186 Amphizoo 78 Arctocorixo alternota 129 Amphizoidae 78 ARCUATE: arched or bowAnabrus simplex 10, 71 AMPHINEUSTIC: having the first lost or Anajopyx vesiculosis ANAL 57 RISE: the anal openfrequently situated on the summit of a moundlike elevation known as the anal rise ing Anasa is tristis 134 Andricus seminator 21 AnisopT«ra 67 like Argidae 214 Armyworms 165 Arthropleona 58 Ascalaphidae 145 Asiiidoe 199, 209 Asopinae 133 Asparagus beetle ASPERATE: 7, 124 roughened BIFOROUS: having two openings Fig 606 r y^^ INDEX Black Hills beetle 43 Blastobasidae 164 Blasturus cupidus 66 Blatella germanica 35, 72 Biattidae 72 Blepharoceratidae 190, 203 Blissus leucopterus 1, 134 Blood worms 194 Booklice 35 00 Boll-weevil porasite Bombycidae 171, 187 Bombyliidoe 199, 209 Bombyx mori 171, 187 Boros unlcolor 1 Bostrichidae 120 Bothrideres 1 Bothriderini 100, 111 larvae with flattened body Chrysomelidae 122-125 Chrysopa oculata 50, 144 and short legs CARDO (pi cardines) bas- Chrysopidae 44 See Chrysopilus ornatus 207 al piece of maxilla Carpenterworm 56 Carpet beetle 98 Carpocapsa pomonella 60 Carposinidae Carrion beetles 82 Cartodere costulata 101 50 moth clothes CATERPILLAR: Brucidae 121 Bucculatrix 155 Buffalo-gnat 14, 192 Buprestidae 94 Burying beetles 82 Byrrhidae 90, 91 Byrrhus fasciatus 91 Byrrhus pilula 91 Byturinae 1 Byturus unicolor 1 Catogenus 106 Cattle grub 189 Cebrio antennatus 96 Cebrionidae 96 Cecidomyidae 190, 200, 202 Cedar beetles 93 Cephaloidae 113 Cephaloon lepturides Cephidae 216 Cerambycidae 51, 101 Cerambycobius cyaniceps Ceramico picta 41 Ceratitis capitate 189 Ceratopogonidae 194, 205 Ceratophyllus fasciatus 45 Ceraturgus cruciata 209 two appendages of CERCI the 10th abdominal segment, usually clender and : filamentous Cercopidae 37 Ceroplastes f loridensis Cerura vinulo 40, 47 Chaetartrio seminulum Chalastogastra 210 Chalepus ater 125 Checkered beetles 99 Chelonariidae 93 38 117 Chelonarium 93 Chelonus 211 18 Chermidae 138 Chestnut timberworm 128 Chestnut weevil 42 Chewing and lapping mouth Cabbage butterfly 172 Cabbage root maggot 14, Cabbageworm 172 Cadelle 100 Caenidae 65 Calendrinae 127 parts 51 CHEWING MOUTH Caliroa cerasi 212 Callimerus arcufer 99 Callops nigriceps 99 Callydrias eubule 182 Fig 607 fragilis Cimicidoe 132 Cirphis unipuncta 41 pectinicornis 215 Cladoxeninae 104 CLAW: a hollow sharp organ at distal end of leg Cleridae 99 Clinidium sculptile 75 Clistogastra 21 Clover leaf weevil 13, 18 Clover-seed caterpillar 162 Cliver seed-chalcid 42, 43 CLYPEUS: a part of the head, below the front, to which the labrum is at- tached anteriorly elytra quadripunctata Clytrinae 123 23 COARCTATE: a type of pupa with the appendages obscured with the larval skin r 138 Coccidae 109 Cocoecia rosaceana 17 Coccus cacti 138 Cockroach 8, 72 COCOON a covering composed of silk or other materials and made by larva Coccinellidae 51, : for the protection of larva and pupa Codling moth Coenagrionidae 67 Coleophora malivorella 150, 182 Coleophoridae 150, 157, 182 Coleoptera 72 PARTS: Collecting apparatus 22 Collembola 58 COLLOPHORE: the ventral tube of Collembola Colorado potato beetle 17, 98 Colydiidae 100, Comb-clawed 111, 112 beetles bark 116 cricket 71 Campodea : Cladius of larva , 119 thin CILIA (sing., cilium) and scattered hairs Cimbicidae 213 Cimex lectularis 132 Cimex rotundatus 132 Cigarette beetle Cisidae 100 Cladinae 215 125 Lepidoptera water- Calopodinae 113 Colopteron reticulatum Calopus angustus 113 Calpodes ethlius 180 on Cicadidae 136 Cicindelidae 76 feeding animals, 158 Cassida nebulosa Cassidinae 125 ^o Broadwinged damselflies 68 Brown lacewings 145 Brown-tail moth 168 Bruchophagus funebris 42 Bruchophagus gibbus 43 Bruchus pisorum 121 137 Cicadellidae maxilla CARNIVOROUS: Case bearers Case-making 30 Broad-shouldered striders 132 Camel type a Brachycentrus 49 Brachycera 189, 200 Brachypsecti 96 Brochypsectra fulva 96 Brcchytarsus 128 Braconidae 21 Brenthia pavonace'la 181 Brentidae 125 Brephos infans 188 Bristletails CARABIFORM: : Blennocampinae 213 Bookworm Chrysobothris femorata 44 of Chrysochus auratus 23 Carabidae 76 Common cattle grub 14, 189 COMPLETE METAMORPHOS- 30, 56 Campodeidae 56 CAMPODEIFORM: a type of with flattened larvae body, long legs and caudal filaments 12 Compsurus 63 Camptocladius byssinus 194 Cantharidae 97 Cantharis 97 Capnia vernalis 61 Capniidae 61 Capnochroa fuliginosa 45, Figure 607 Chicken louse 34 Chinch bug 1, 134 Chinese mantis 70 Chinese silkworm 171 Chironomidae 194, 202, 204 CHRYSALIS: the pupa of 116 Lepidoptera 225 IS: the growth of insects from egg to larva and then through the pupa to the adult COMPLEX METAMORPHOS- same as complete IS: metamorphosis COMPOUND EYES: a group of separate visual organs known as ommatidia on each side of the head INDEX ELATERIFORM: CONDYLE: a process articthe base of the mandible to the head Dacnini CON DYLI FORM: condyle- a type of larvae with elongated cyl- ulating 110 Damselflies like 32, 67 indrical body and thick, tough body wall light bugs 130 Electric Danaidae 173 Eleodes letcheri 13 flour beetle 116 Danaus plexippus 173 Ellipes minuta 69 Coniopterygldae 144 Dance flies 197 elytron) ELYTRA (sing., Conotrachelus nenuphar 40 Dascillidae 89, 93, 96, 102 the leathery fore wings of Coreidae 34 Dascillus davidsoni 89 beetles Corixidae 129 EMARGINATION: a cut-out Corn earworm 13, 47, 165, Datana ministra 168 place in the margin DECLIVOUS: sloping grad168 ually downward Embia major 36 CORNICLES (sing., corniculus) a pair of dorso-lat- DEHISCENCE: the splitting Embioptera 36 of the pupal integument EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT: eral tubules on the posin the emergence of the the period of the develterior part of the abdomadult opment of an insect bewaxy secrete a which en and fertilization Dendroctonus frontalis 41 tween Fig 608 liquid Dendrictonus ponderosae 43 the hatching of the egg Depressaria heracliano 164, EMERGENCE: the escape of 183 a winged insect from its Derataphrus oregonensis 100, nymph or pupal case Confused : : 111 Dermaptera 37 Dermestidae 98, 111 Derodontidae 02 Derodontus maculatus 02 Development Diamond-back moth 159 Diapheromera femorata 72 Diatraea 184 Dineutes 74 Diprionidae 213 Diptera 189 DISCOIDAL: shaped like a 1 CORN FORM: I the like of an ox Corrodentia 35 Corydalinae 141 Corydalus cornutus 50, 53, 12, 141 horn round plate Dixa 193, 205 Dixidae 193, 205 Doa 168 40, Dobsonfly 12, 141 Doierinae 213 Corylophodes marginicallls 106 Corythucha drcuata 34 Cossidae 156, 163, 179 Cossus cossus 56 Cossus liquidperda 156 COXA (pi., coxae) the basal segment of the leg See : Dolerus similis 213 Dolichopidae 197, 210 Doiichopus 197 Donacia 122 Donaciinae 122 Emphytus 212 Empidae 197, 210 Empoasca fabae 137 EMPODIUM (pi., empodia) the single pad-like or : fill- form median process between the claws Endomychidae 108 ENDOPARASITE: one that secures its food by living within other animals Ennearthron 100 Entomobrya comparata 30 Entomobrya laguna 58 Entomobryidae 58 Eosentomen ribogai 54 Eosentomidae 54 Epargyreus tityrus 171 Ephemerella 65 Ephemerellidae 65 Ephemeridae 63 Ephemeroptera 62 Ephilachninae 109 Epicauta vittata DORSUM: the dorsal surface EPICRANIAL SUTURE: (epicranial stem) the suture DOUBLE COCOON: some co- coons contain an inner one within an outer one Dragonflies 32, 67 Drapetis nigra 210 Dredge 23 Drosophila ampelophila 189 Drugstore beetle 119 Dryocora 05 CRIBRIFORM: with perfor- Dryophanta gall 21 like those of a Dryophanta lanata 21 ations sieve Dryopidae 93 Criocerinae 124 Dryops 93 Crioceris asparagi 7, 124 Dytiscidoe 77 CROCHETS: the hooks on Dytiscus 77 the proiegs of caterpillars Dung midges 192 154 Dustlice 35 Cryptolechia quercicella 184 Cryptophagidae 104 Cryptophagus saginatus 104 Ctenocephalides canis 50 Cucujidae 100, 104-106 ECDYSIS: shedding the larCucumber beetle val skin between instars; Cuiex 45, 189, 191, 204 moulting Culex pungens Ecdyuriidae 64 Culicidae 191, 204, 205 Cupes concolor 73 Ectoedemia 152 Cupesidae 73 ECTOPARASITE: one which Curculio proboscideus 42 lives and feeds on other Curculionidae 51, 126, 127 animals from the outside Cutworms 165, 168 Egg Cyciorrhapha 53, 189, 200 Egg types Cyrtidae 197, 208 Efoteridae 95 leg 36 Cranberry toad bug Crane flies 191 CREMASTER: the terminal spine of the abdomen of pupa Creontiades pallidus 135 on the dorsal surface of the head Fig 609 1 226 Figure 609 Epilachna 109 Epilachna varivestis 6, 109 Epipaschiinae 180 EPIPHARYNX: the inner surface of the labrum Ericerus pe-la 138 Eriocraniidae 152, 173 bastard! 189 Erotylidae 103, 104, 110 ERUCIFORM: a type of larEristalis vae having a Cylindrical body and both thoracic legs and proiegs Ethmia 169, 183 Ethmiidae 169, 183 INDEX FURCULA: Eucinetinae 102 Eucinetus 102 Euclea chloris 178 Eucnemidae 95 Euiophidae 21 Eumolpinae 123 Euparius marmorius 128 Euplectrus platypenae 21 Euplectus confluens 84 Eupsalis minuta 125 European corn borer 53, 179 Eurosta solidaginis 21 Eurygenius campanulotus 114 Eurymus eurytheme Eurypogon niger 93 Collembola; Grouse locust 70 in the more or less forked GRUB: the larva of Coleoptera leaping appendage on the Gryllidae 69, 71 4th abdominal segment Gryllotalpinae 69 Furniture beetle 119 FUSIFORM: spindle-shaped GULA: the central part of the head beneath, laterally bounded by the genae GULAR SUTURE: the line between the guia and the GALEA: the outer lobe of genae Fig 611 the maxilla Fig 610 Eurystethidae Eurystethuu californicus 1 Eurytoma tylodermatis Euxoa auxiliaris 47, 168 EXARATE: o type of pupa with appendages free EXCAVATE: with a depression that is not a circle or a Figure 61 Gypsy moth Gyrinidae 74 segment Exechia native 192 EXUVIAE: the cast skin of insects Galerucinae plant caused tissue, by not of the plant generally by insects Galleria melonella 185 Gallihaetis fluctuans 66 stimuli itself, form of a Fall Fall Garden webworm 54 Gelastocoridae 30 sickle armyworm webworm 166 168 H 124 GALL: abnormal growth of FALCATE: sickle-shaped FALCIFORM: having the 7, Figure 610 HABITATION (or habitat) : the region where the ani- mal lives naturally Haematopinus adventicius 37 Haliplidae 75 Harpalus vagans 29, 49 Harpalus viridiaeneus 76 Helgramites 141 Helieopsyche 49 Heliodinidae 158, 162 183 GENITALIA: all of the geni- Heliothis armigera 13, 47, 80 FEMUR (pi., femora): a segtal structures; the repro165, 168 haemorrhoidalis Heliothrips ment of the leg, between ductive organs 38 trochanter and leg See Geocoris 34 Helmis aeneus 93 leg Geometridae 166, 188 Helochares 1 Fenusinae 214 Geosargus viridas 195 FILIFORM: slender and more German cockroach 8, 35, 72 Helodidae 90, 92 Helophorinae 117 or less of equal diameter Gerridae 131 Helophorus aquaticus 117 Firebrat 28, 56 Gerris remigis 131 Fire-colored beetles Hemerobiidae 145 Giant water bugs 30 1 Fireflies 97 Hemerobius pacificus 145 Gibbium psylloides 119 FISSURE: a slit GILL: a special, variously Hemerocampa leucostigma FLAGELLATE: whip-like formed respiratory organ 185 Hemerocampa vetusta 13, in aquatic insects Flat-headed apple tree borer 44 Glischrpchilus obtusus 107 168 Hemipenthes 199 Glossosomatinae 147 Flat-headed borers 94 Hemiptera 129 Flebatomus argentipes 193 Glowworms 97 Giyphipterygidae 164, 176 Henichroa dyari 214 Flebatomous chinensis 193 Flebatomus major 193 Gnorimoschema operculelle Hen louse 34 Florida wax scale 138 Hepialidae 159, 178 156 FORCEPS: hook or pincer- Goat moth 156 Hepialus humuli 159 iike processes on the Golden-eye lacewing 50, 144 Heptagenia 33, 64 caudal end of the abdo- Goldenrod ball gall 21 HERBIVOROUS: feeding on men Goniocotes gigas 34 plants, Forcipomyia specularis 194 Hercothrips fasciatus 10 Gracilaria azaleella 152 Forficula 37 Gracilariidae 152, 153, 174, Hesperiidae 171, 180 Formicidae 211 177 Hesperobaenus 103 FOSSA (pi., fossae) a pit GRADUAL METAMORPHOS- Hesperophylax 17, 40, 52 FOSSORIAL: fitted for digIS: the growth of insects Hessian fly 189, 190 ging or burrowing from tre egg through the Heteroceridae 89 Fringe-winged fungus nymph to the adult Heterocerus ventral is 89 beetles 106 Granary weevil 127 HETEROMETABOLA: a colFrit fly 40 Grape phylloxera 139 lective name for the inFroghoppers 37 Grape-vine plume 167 sects with gradual or inFRONTAL SUTURE: the arms Grasshopper 7, 10, 70 complete metamorphosis of the epicranial suture Greenhouse thrips 38 Hexagenia bilineata 33, 63 Fruit tree leaf roller 162 Greenhouse whitefly 139 HIBERNATION: a period of Fuigoridae 136 Green lacewings 144 lethargy or suspended aniFUNGI VOROUS: feeding on Green peach aphid 139 mation in animals occurfungi ing during seasonal low Green stink bug 39 Fungus gnats 192 temperatures Ground beetle 12 Gelastocoris False chinch bug 134 False wireworm 13 Feather-wingQd beetles Gelechiidae oculatus 30 151, 156, 164, : 227 INDEX Hippodamia convergens 109 Ischnura 67 Lead cable borer 120 Leaf bugs 135 Leaf miners 150 Hispinae 125 Histeridae 117 Isia Hog Isotoma palustris 58 186 Isabella Isoptera 36 louse 37 Leaf rollers 17, 162 Leafhoppers 37 Leather jackets 191 LEG: Fig 614 Hololepto yucateca 117 HOLOMETABOLA: o collective name for the insects meta- complete having morphosis Homoptera 135 Honey dew 20 Hoplocampinae 214 Hornworms 170 Janus integer 216 Japanese beetle 4, 88 Jopyx minemus 30, 57 Jumping plant lice 138 June beetle 88 Horse flies 195 Housefly Humpbacked Figure 197 flies Hydrobio tarda 77 Hydrochinae 118 Hydrochus squamifer Hydrometra martini Hydrometridae 131 riydrophilidoe Leiachrodes mixture 26 Koliofenuso ulmi 214 Katydid 71 K A A D 118 131 Hylemya brassicae Hylotoma 214 Hymenoptera 210 Hypantria cunea Hypera punctata 14, 146 18 63 49 Lepisma 30 Lepisma saccharine 56 Lepismidae 56 Leptinidoe 80 Leptinotorso decemlineata Lepidoptera LABIAL PALPI: Leucopis griseolo 189, 200 Leuctra decepta 61 Libellula lactuosa 68 HYPERMETAMORPHOSIS: Libellulidae 68 a LIFE CYCLE: the period of time between fertilization of the egg and the sperm and the death of the in- metamorphosis of kind with several different larsucceeding stages, val each other 7, 14, 189 Hypophyaryngeal bracon 121 HYPOPHARYNX: HYPOPLEURON: see tongue the lower part of the epimeron Fig 1 the appen17, 40, 51 dages on each side of the Leptinus testaceus 80 labium LcDtocella albida 149 LABIUM: the lower lip of Leptoceridae 148, 149 the insect Fig 613 Leptocorixa voricornis 134 Leptophlebiidoe 66 166 Hypoderma lineatum 614 Leopard moth 79, 117, 118 40, 49, 146 Hydropsyche Hydropsychidae 146 Hydroptila waubesiona Hydroptilidae 146 Hydroscaphinae 79 Hvgrobiidae 77 612 dividual Life history Figure 613 LABRUM: the upper the of lip insect pupa or adult stage LIGULA: the centra! scler- 138 Laccifer lacca 28 LIFE STAGE: a definite period within the life of an insect such as egg, larva, Lace bugs 134 Lacewings 144 ite of the labium Limocodidoe 50, 78 Limnebiinae 79 Limnephilidae 148 Limnephilus indivisus 49, 148 Laemophloeus biguttatus 106 Lined spittle-bug 137 Lagrio 116 Linognothus vituli 28 Lagriidae 116 Lipeurus caponis 34 LACINIA the (pi., lociniae) inner lobe of the maxilla see maxilla Lac-insects 38 Ladybird beetles 109 Figure 612 : Lomellicornia Lithacolletis 51 LAMELLIFORM: shaped HYPOSTOMA: like leaves the area of Lampyridae 97 the head around the an- Longurio angustata 103 tennae, eyes and mouth Languria mozardi 110 Longuriinae 103 Lantern-flies 136 Lopara 171 Laphygma frugiperda Large chestnut weevil 42 lopygidae 57 Large chicken louse 34 lopyx minemus 30, 57 Larger elm leaf beetle 124 Idiocerus provoncheri 39 IMAGO: another name for LARVA (pi., larvae): the adult Imported currantworm 47 impressed INCISURE: the line marking the junction of two segments Incurvariidae 151, 155, 175 Inflated larvae 25 INQUILINE: an insect guest of other insects INSTAR: the stage of an insect between two moults young insects with of metamorphosis, preceding the pupal stage and after the egg stage complete 3, 11 Lasiocampidae 169, 184 Lasiodermo serricorne 119 Laspeyresia interestinctono 162, 176 Lathridiidoe Laxostege Laxostege 101, 102 154 154 similoris sticticalis 228 orgentinotello 174 Lithacolletis hamodryodella 152, 174 Lithosiinoe 165 Locusta migratoria 71 Locustidae 71 Long-horned grasshopper 71 Long-legged flies 197 Long-nosed cattle louse 28 Long-toed water beetles 93 Loopers 66 Lucanidae 87 Lycaenidoe 171, 181 Lycaenopsis ladon 181 Lycidae 98 Lyctidae 120 Lyctus cavicollis 120 Lygaeidae 134 Lygus ibiineatus 135 Lymantriidae 168, 169, 185, 186 Lymexylidae 128 Lyonetia speculella 155, 177 Lyonetiidae 182 155, 158, 177, INDEX M MAXILLAE maxiilo) of jaws : pair Mnemonica ouricyanea 52, the grindMOLA ing surface of the manFig 619 dibles (or molar) martirna 56 :.rhilis ^,o(axyela major 21? / MAGGOT: 135 Miridae 173 618 Fig 56 AAachilidae (sing., the second : larvae of certain Diptero Magicicada 39, 136 septendecim 4, a lobe; sometimes applied to the galea and MALA: when lacinia Fig fused Figure 618 615 MAXILLARY PALPI (sing., a pair of appendages carried by the palpus or palp) See maxilla : Figure 619 maxilla Mayfly 6, 33 54 Meal moth Mealworm Molamba 16 Mealy-bugs 138 Measuring worms 166 Mecoptera 46, 47, 52 Figure 615 Mediterranean fruit fly 189 Megacephala Carolina 76 Melalopha 168 Meiandryidae 113 Malacosoma americana 169 Melandrya striata 110 Meiandryidae 110 Molacosoma disstria 184 Melanitis leda 167 Mailophaga 34 differentalis 31 MALPIGHIAN TUBES: the Melanoplus femur-rubrum 71 excretory organs of the Melanoplus rufipennis 95 Meiasis insect, emptying into the Melittia satyriniformis 156 hinc' intestine MANDIBLE: the first pair of Me!^ttomma sericeum 128 Meloidae 85 jaws 73 Fig 616 Melyridae 99 Membracidac 37 METAPNEUSTIC: having only of abdominopen the last "-air sp s al MENTU;/,: the ite lab sclerite the of the lateral mesothor- ax MESOTHORAX: or middle thorax MANDIBULO-SUCTORIAL: type of Fig 617 mouth parts a See - MESOPlEURON: Figure 61 scler- distal labium the of the Molar structure 73 Mole cricket 69 Mollanidae 148 Monarch butterfly 173 Monardin 2(X) Monocesta coryii 124 minimum Monomorium Metaecus paradoxus 86 214 Metallus rubi changes 50 METAMORPHOSIS: insects as they 44, 211 Monotomidae 103, 107 Mordellidae Mormon 118 71 cricket 191 Mosquitoes Moth 193 flies MOULT the per(or molt) shedding of the of covering outer or skin insects as they grow This called also is process ecdysis PARTS: a collective name for the structures of an insect's mouth, includmandible, labrum, ing maxillae, labium and othappendages, related er (See Figs 46 and 47) : iodical MOUTH second MULTI ARTICULATE: many segments segment of the of form of pass from another lonata 14 MolGr.na uniophila 148 with MULTIORDINAL CROCHETS: the hooks on the prolegs when they are of many different lengths but all arranged in a single row Murmidiidae 108 Murmidius ovalis 108 Musca domestica METAPLEURON: the sclerite of the metathor- Mycetophagidae 112 Mycetophagus punctatus 1 ax METATHORAX: the last or Mycetophilidae 192, 193, 202 third thoracic segment one stage to lateral Metcalf, Z P Mesovelia mulsanti 132 Mexican bean beetle Microentomon perposillom Figure 617 Mantid 8, 69 Mantidae 70 Mantispa styriaca 143 Mantispidae 143 Maple case-bearer 41, 151 March Marsh flies plant Minute 193 springtail 29, 55 Micromalthidae 74 Micromalthus debilis 45, 74 Micropterygidae 149, 173 Micropteryx 149 Midges 194 Migratory locust 71 MINES: galleries made by larvae between the upper and lower covering of a 58 MYRMECOPHILOUS: that live in insects ant nests Myrmeleon 145 Myremeleontidae 145 Mytilaspis citricola 138 persicae 139 Myzus N 21 leaf brown beetles Mydaidae 198, 209 Mydas clavatus 198, 209 Mydas flies 198 Myiatropa florea 44 Myochrous denticolli 124 scavenger NAIAD: any nymph aquatic habits 102 229 with INDEX NASALE: labrum fused with the head Fig 620 a type o pupa appendages the having oppressed to its body OCELLUS (pi., ocelli): the simple eye Ochthebius mipressus 79 Ochteridae 131 Ochterus 131 Odonata 67 Panorpa rufescens 47 Papaipema nebris 185 Oecanthus niveus Oecophoridae 64, 84 Oedemeridae 112, 113 Oeneis 186 Parasemidolis OBTECT: Figure 620 167 Oeneis macounii Oenistis quadra 165 Oestrus ovis 200 swimming, NAUPLIIFORM: when the Ogcodes costatus 208 larva resembles the naup- Olibrus 106 lius stage in Crustaceae Needle miners 151 Neelidae 58 Neelides folsomi 58 Nematocera 53, 189, 200 Nemopteridae 143 Nemoura sinuate 61 60, Nemouridae 60, 61 Neodiprion 213 METAMORPHOSIS NO (a- with but metamorphosis) no change of or form during development Nosodendrinae 90 Nosodendron californicus 90 Nosodermini 113 Nossidium americanum 80 Noterinae 77 Noterus 77 Notodontidae 168, 187, 188 Notolophus antique 169 29 Notonecta undulata Notonectidae 129 : slight NOTUM: sects of bent horizontally Nygmia phaeorrhoea 168 NYMPH: the young of inwhich have gradual metamorphosis 3, sects Nymphalidae 170, 172, 173, 181, 186 Nymphula mymphaeta 154 Nymphulo stagnata 154 Nysius 134 Phasmid Phasmidae 72 Phellopsis obcordata ferruginea 206 PAEDOGENESIS reproduction larval the in occuring Pochyrrhina stage Poieacrita vernoto Palingenio 63 Polingeniidoe 63 PALMATE: like 166 the palm of fingerwith the hand; like processes small PALPIGER: a small tirely absent; indistinct Philoenus lineatus 137 Philaenus spumorius 137 Philopotamidae 147 Philopotamus 147 Phlebatrophia mathesoni 212 Photinus 97 Phryganeidoe 149 Phryganidia colifornica populiiella laciniato Phyllomorpha Phylloscelis sclerite bearing the labial palpus Pomphilidoe 21 Pomphilium 211 230 136 212 Phylloxera 139 Phylloxeridae 139 Phymoto eroso fosciata Phymotidae 187 21 atro Phyllotominae pus 113 Phengodes 98 Phengodidae 98 Phyllocnistus sclerite bearing the maxillary pal- en- repro- : PALPIFER: a OBLITERATE: indistinct OBSOLETE: almost or 151 : Pachyposa otus 169 nodding; with the 41, dots raised acerifoliella protuberances fleshy (sing., ootheca) the cose of an egg moss Pedilidae 114 PEDUNCULATE: set on a of certain Orthoptera stalk or peduncle OPERCULATE: having the form of a lid or oper- Peltodytes 48, 75 culum Peltoperla orcuata 59 Orsodacninae 122 Peltoperlinae 59 Orthoperidoe 106 Pentatomidoe 133 Orthoptera 69 Penthe pimelia 110 Orthorrhapha 189, 199 PENULTIMATE: next to the last Orussidoe 215 Oryssus occidentalis 215 PERFORATE: a part dilated Oryzaephiius surinamensis or flattened and the remaining port cylindrical 12, 104 Peridroma margoritosa 165 Oscinella frit 40 osmeter(pi., Peridroma soucia OSMETERIUM eversible PERINEUSTIC: in spiracles tubular io) being a row on each side of gland, capable of the body projected through a slit in the prothorocic seg- Periodica! cicada 4, 136 ment of certain Papilionid Periplaneta omericana 72 172 Perpilaneta australosiae 72 caterpillars Peripsocus phacopterus 35 Osmylidae 142 Perkinsielia saccharicida Osmylus chrysops 142 Peria hastota 61 Ostomidae 100 Peria verticalis 60 Othniidae 115 Perlidae 59, 60 umbrosus 115 Othnius OVIPOSITOR: the tubular or Petronarcella badia 59 means Phaiacridae 106 valved structure by of which the eggs are laid Phalacrus 106 Phaloniidae 161, 176 Oxyptilus pericelidactylus Pharoxonatho kirshi 104 167 in- NUTANT: tip species Paraclemensia by direct growth egg without fertilization by the sperm, Oligoneuria 64 Paussidae 78 Oligoneuriellidae 64 Poussus kannegieteri 78 Oligota oviformis 83 weevil 121 OMNIVOROUS: feeding on Pea Pear psylla 10, 138 and plant Pectinophora gossypiella 164 both animal food PEDAL LOBES: legs that have Omophron 76 been modified to become Omophronidoe 76 a segment of with papillae duction of the the dorsal part of Number or PARTHENOGENESIS: OOTHECAE Neopachygaster maculicornis 206 Neopyrochroa femoralis 114 Nepidae 130 Nepticula platanella 175 Nepticula slingerlandella 152 Nepticulidae 152, 175 Net-winged midges 190 Neuroptera 53, 140 Nevermannia dorcatomoides 119 Nilionidae 116 Niptus 119 Nitidulidae 107 Noctuidae 165-169, 185, 186 NODULE: a small abrupt knot or swelling covered flaviceps 144 living on or in get to animals other the from nourishment host 27 for fitted superficially PAPILLOSE: PARASITE: NATATORY: Papilio cresphontes 172, 181 Popilionidae 172, 181 132 132 INDEX ^hytophaga 190, 200 destructor PHYTOPHAGOUS: upon 189, MOUTH feeding AND SUCKING PARTS: 621 Fig gans Predacious diving beetles 77 PREDATOR: an animal that preys on others PREPUPA: a quiescent instar between the end of plants PIERCING PSEUDOCULI: a Potomanthus 62 Praying mantid 70 the larval stage and the pupal stage, active but not feeding Preservatives 25, 26 PRESTERNUM: a narrow anterior part of the ster- num PRIMARY LARVA: ly the new- hatched larva of the in- hypermetamortriungulin 85 the setae SETAE: PRIMARY Figure 621 borne on setiferous tubernumber definite in cules, Pieridae 172, 182 and position Pieris napi 172 opaca 80 Prionochaeta Pieris rapoe 172 Prionocyphon discoideus 90 Pigmy crickets 69 robiniae 156 Prionoxystus PILIFERS: the caudo-lateral projections of the labrum PROBOSCIS: an extended structure mouth Fig 622 sects with phosis See pair of or- the head; their undetermined PSEUDOPOD: a soft footlike appendage, as on in nature the abdomen of caterpil- (in Coleop- lars PSEUDCPUPA the larva in a quiescent coarctate condition which is followed by the true pupa Psilocephala haemorrhoidclis 198, 208 Psocids 35 Psychidae 160, 178 Psychoda superba 193, 203 Psychodidae 193, 203, 205 tera) : pyricola 10, 138 Pteraphorus tenuidactylus 180 Pterocrace storeyi 143 Pterodontia flavipes 197 Pteronarcidae 59 Pteronidea ribesii 31, 47, Psylla 215 Pterophoridae 167, 169, 180 Prodoxus quinquepunctellus Pterostichus 12, 40 Ptiliidae 80 175 Ptilodactyla serricollis 92 Projapygidae 57 Ptilodactylinae 92 unsegfleshy PROLEG: a Ptilostomis ocellifera 149 mented abdominal leg Ptinidae 119 Promachus vertebratus 199 PROMINENCE: the dorsal face of the prothorax Pine goll weevil 127 Pink bollworm 164 PLANIDiUM: the hatched larva Prosopistoma foliaceum Prosopistomatidae 62 62 the ventral newly PROSTERNUM: the prothorax, some of chalcids PLANTA: elevated part PRONOTUM: Figure 622 the anal clasping legs of caterpillars Plant bug 10, 135 face of PROSTHECA: a mandibular sclerite set with hairs, articulated to the basalis 80 Fig 623 PLATYFORM: a type of lorvae with short, broad and flat body, with or without short legs 14 Platyphylax 16 Platypodidae 128 PLUMOSE: feathered be- structures PUPA: the stage inactive resting, holometabolous between the larva of insects, and the adult Pupae of Diptera 199 Pupae of Lepidoptera 173 PUPARIUM: the-last the larval next-towith- skin which many maggots pupate for greater protection PUPATION: the act of becoming o pupa; entering the resting stage Puss moth 168 Pygmy locust 70 PYGOPODS: the appendages Figure 623 of the abdominal tenth segment taken : Plum curculio 40 Plum leaf-miner 152 Plume moths 167 pulvilli): (pi., pad-like tween the claws Punkies 194 in Plotypsyllidae 81 Platypsyllus castoris 81 Platypus compositus 128 Platystomidae 128 Plecoptera 59 PLEURON (pi., pleura) the lateral region of any segment of the insect body PLICATE: with folds PULVILLUS collective- ly- 105 mandibularis Protentomidae 55 Proterhinidae 125Prostomis Proterhinus Pyralididae 154, 184 186 179, farinalis 154 Pyrausta nubilalis 54, 180, Pyralis 179 anthracias 125 Pyrochroidae 114 the first or Pytha niger 1 segment of the Pythidae 114, 115 PROTHORAX: like a plume maculipennis 159 Ppdapion gallicola 127 Podisus maculiventris Podosesia syringae 175 Poduridae 58 Polymitarcidae 63 Popillia japonica Plutella PORRECT: projecting Porthetria dispar 7, 168 POSTEMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT: the development of an insect after hatching Pothamanthidae 62 Potato leafhopper 137 Potato tuberworm 156 anterior thorax Protoparce Ranatra fusca Protoparce R quinquemaculata 17 sexto 13, 170, 88 130 Range caterpillar Rape butterfly 172 PROTRACTED: extended Raphidia hermandi 140 PROTUBERANCE: any ele- Raphidia oblita 140 vation above the surface Protura 54 Proxodoxinae 151 Psoini RAPTORIAL: ing Pseiaphidae 84 Psephenidae 92 Psephenus 93 Psephenus lecontei 92 Pseudo click beetles 95 231 fitted for graspprey and holding RASPING 120 140 Raphidiidae with Rearing a MOUTH file-like insects PARTS: structure 26 Rectal tracea Recurvaria piceailla Reduviidae 133 183 INDEX RETINACULUM: of process tooth-like the mandible out prolegs Scatopsidae 192, 206 SCAVENGER: a feeder on decaying or waste matter Scenopinidae 198 Scenopinus fenestralis 198 Schoenobiinae 154 Schreckensteinia 162 Schymaenidae 84 SCLERITE: any piece of the insect body wall bounded by sutures Figure 624 SCLEROTIZATION: the hardening of the body wall Retinodiplosis inops 190 by the deposit of chitinRETRACTED: drawn back or ous substances in the exointo another part cuticula Rhachicerinae 207 Rhagionidae 196, 197, 207 Scobicia declivis 120 Scolytidae 126 Rhagoletis cingulata 44 Scolytus rugulosus 126 Rhagoletis pomonella 200 Rhegmoclema atrata 192, Scraptia sericea 110 Scraptini 110 206 Scythris 183 Rhinosimus ruficoliis 114 eboracensis 182 Scythris 96 Rhipiceridae 93, 624 Fig Rhipiphoridae 86 Rhipiphorus solidaginis 86 Rhizophagidae 103 Rhizophagus grandis SECONDARY 85, HAIRS: scattered hairs which have no constant position Selandriinae 213 103 Rhodites bicolor 21 Rhyacophilidae 147 SEMIAQUAIIC: reclosely lated to water or partialaquatic SENSORIA: the circular openings covered by a memly ulkei 108 Rhynchites aeneus 127 Rhynchites bicolor 127 Rhynchitinae 127 Rhysodidae 75 Rice butterfly 167 Rhymbus Robber flies 199 Rose chafer 88 Rosy apple aphid Round-headed apple tree borer 44 on brane, or the antennae borers Rove beetles 81 101 hair-like appendages, hollow structure in SETAL: of or pertaining to Sabatinca 149 ,^ , -^ Sabine stimulea 14, 46, 150 Shining flower beetles 106 Saddlebacked slug caterpil- Shot-hole borer 126 lar 14, 46, Sialidae 150 aiderfly 141 infumata 48, 141 Sifter 23 Silpha 82 Silphidae 80, 82 Silvanini 104 Silverfish 30, 56 141 Snowy tree cricket 7, 71 winged flower beetles 99 Soldier beetles 97 Soft 195 Soldier flies Spanworms Sparnopolius 65, 66 fuivus 42, 199 broad and rounded at tb; tip, more slender at the base; spoon- SPATULATE: shaped Spercheinae 118 Spercheus 1 Spercheus emarginatus 118 Sphaeridiinae 117 Sphindidae 107 Sphindus americanus 107 Sohingidae 170, 171, 188 Sphinx caterpillar 170 Sphinx moth 170 SPINE: a large setae arising from a calyx or a cup by which it is articulated to the cuticula SPINNERET: the opening of silk glands set with small spines SPIRACULAR FURROW: furrow situated cephalic margin a on the the movable abdominal segments of lepidopterous pupae SETI FERGUS: bearing setae Seventeen-year cicada 36 Sexton beetles 82 Sheep bot fly 200 Sheep louse Shield bugs 133 Saddle-case makers 147 Sagra femorata 122 Sagrinae 122 « , o- Samia cecropia 170, 187 Sandalus niger 96 Smoky Snakeflies 140 Snipe flies 196 Snowflea 58 SPINULOSE: legs Separator 24 Serpentine miners 152 SETA (pi., setae): slender setae f^ound-headed Smicripinae 107 Smicrips palmicola 107 Sminthuridae 59 Sminthurides lepus 59 and of cephalad of the spiracle It is frequently extended almost to the meson on both the dorsal and ventral aspects SPIRACLE: the opening of the respiratory Spittle-bugs 137 Spogostylum organ albofasciatum 209 Spongilia-flies 142 Spring rose gall 21 Springtail 58 Sialis Spruce budworm 162 Spruce leaf-miner 183 SPUR: a spine-like appenMETAMORPHOSIS: SIMPLE dage of cuticula, connectsame as gradual metaed to the body wall by a SAPROPHAGUS: feeding, on morphosis joint; generally on the dead or decaying animal Sand flies 193, 194 Saperda Candida 44, 101 Simuliidae 192, 203 and plant materials feeding on de- Simulium pecuarum 14 SAPROZOIC: caying animal matter Saturniidae 170, 187 Satyridae 167, 172 Sawfly 16 Saw-toothed grain beetle 12 Scale insects 138 Scalidia linearis SCANSORIAL: 100, 106 tibia Simulium pictipes 192 Simulium venustum 53, 192, 203 Sinodendron cylindricum 87 SINUOUS: curving in and out Siphlonuridae 66 Siphlonurus alternatus 66 Siphonaptera 45, 50 Squash bug 134 Squash-vine borer 56 STADIUM: similar to stage Stag beetles 87 STAGE: the interval between moults Staphylinidae 51, 81, 83 Stegobium paniceum 119 Steninae 83 climbing on Stenopelmatinae 71 Siricidae 216 Stenopelmatus longispina 71 SCAPE: the first or basal segment of the antenna Sisyra umbrata 142 Stenophylax 16, 148 Scaphidiidae 82 Sisyridae 48, 142 Stunus 83 Scaphisoma convexum 82 Sitophilus granarius 127 STERNUM: the underside of Scorobaeidae 88, 89 Sitotroga cerealella 151, 183 the thorax, between the SCARABAEIFORM: a type Skippers 171 coxal cavities of larva with U-shaped, Slickers 30 Sthenopis thule 178 cylindrical body and with- Slug-caterpillars 150 Stictocephala 39, 137 fitted hairs for 232 INDEX flies Stilleto SUBTERRANEAN: 208 198, beneath bug 39, 133 STIPES (pi., stipetes) Stink basal stalk the the linear illa 34 Tipula eluto 191 of Tipulidae 191, 194, 206 Tischeria molifolieila 43, existing surface soil owl-shaped; max- SUBULATE: the of the : at 153 attenuate Tischeriidae base, 177 153, Toad bugs 130 Tobacco hornworm 170, 188 206 Tomato fruitworm 13, 165 STRIDULATING ORGAN: an SULCATE: with deep grooves Tomato hornworm 13, 17 organ producing sound by Sun-moths 158, 162 Tomostethus bardus 213 rubbing two parts SURANAL PROCESS: the pro- Tomoxia bidentata Fig 625 cess above the anal seg- TONGUE (the hypopharynx) Stoneflies at Storehouse beetle Stratiomyidae 195, tip Sucking lice 37 Sugarcane ieafhopper 1 ment Swallow bug 132 172 Swallowtail butterflies Sweeping net 22 Sychroini 1 Symphypleona 58 Synchroa punctata Syrian silkworm 169 TARSI annulosus 213 STYLET: a small style or Strongylogaster STYLI (sing., stylus) tarsus) : labium : see leg Tegeticula 151 Tenebrio molitor 116 Tenebrionidae 113, 115, 116 Tenebroides mouritanicus the 100 the process stiff (sing., face of the Tooth necked fungus beetles 102 Topoperia 34 Tortoise beetles 25 Torticidae 162, 176, 177 Toxomeris politus 189, 200 Tabanidae 195, 207 Tobonus atratus 195 Tabanus losiophthalmus 207 Tagoperia media 60 Tarnished plant bug 135 Figure 625 a sensory structure attached to the upper sur- TRACHEA (pi., tracheae) ringed tubes belonging to respiratory the system : TRACHEAL GILLS: the flattened or hair-like processes in aquatic larvae through which oxygen is absorbed from the water Fig 629 appendages on side of the abdo- Tenodera aridifolia sinensis 70 men in Thysanura Tent caterpillars 169 Fig 626 Tenthredinidoe 212-215 Tenthredo 213 TERGITE: dorsal sclerite of small under a semgent the dorsal part of a segment Tetraonyx 85 TERGUM: Figure 629 blondeli 94 Tettigidae 70 Tree-cricket 71 Tettigonidae 71 Treehoppers 137 Therevidoe 198, 208 Thermobio domestica 28, 56 Tremex columba 216 Trioleurodes vapororiorum Thorn skeletonizer 164 139 Thrips 38 Trioenodes flovescense 49, Throscidae 95 148 Throscus 95 Tribolium confusum 116 Thyatira derosa 165 Trichoptera 52, 146 Thyatiridoe 165 Tricorythodes allectus Thyrididoe 160 Tricorythus 65 ephemerThyridoptei-yx Tridactyiinoe 69 aeformis 16, 19, 160, Triodopteryx ephemerae178 Trachykele Figure 626 STYLIFORM: ending long slender in a point SUBANAL APPENDAGE: the beneath the segment SUBIMAGO: a winged stage in after Mayflies just emergence from the pupa appendage anal and before the last moult SUBMENTUM: a sclerite of Thysanoptera 38 labium next to the Thysanura 55 mentum See labium TIBIA (pi., tibae) cal segments of" Fig 627 TIBIOTARSUS: the of the tibia and sus when fused form is : Fig 160 TRIORDINAL CROCHETS: the the apithe leg segments the tartogether 628 hooks of the prolegs when in three different lenghts but arranged in a single row Triphleps tricticolor 39 TRIUNGULIN: the first instar of Meloidae, Montispidae and Strepsiptera 85 TROCHANTER: a segment the leg, between the coxa and femur of Fig 630 Figure 628 SUBPRIMARY rimory later the setae instors first SETAE: found but not the Tiger beetle 76 158, in Tinea pellionelia in Tineidoe 158, 176 Tingitidae 134 233 176 Figure 630 INDEX WART: Trogidae 88 Trox scaber 88 with tubercules enlarged the mon base TUBERCULATE: covered Water boatman 129 Tussock moth Tychius picirostris Water-striders Water-measurers u 131 131 fruit; X A A D mixture 26 X A mixture 25 in usually reserved for Coleoptera and especially Ululodes hyalina 145 for the Rhynchophora CROCHETS: Western cricket 10 UNIORDINAL prolegs Western the of hooks 2-spotted cucumwhen of uniform length ber beetle one Western in and arranged water bug circle Wheel bug 133 Utethesio 66 Whirligig beetles 74 Whitefly 139 White ants 36 White grub 88 164 WING PADS: the encased glandulella Valentinia Vanessa 70 Variable hen louse 34 Variegated cutworm 165 Veliidae 132 VENTER: the entire under 186 Water scorpion 130 Water tigers 77 WEEVIL: a larva boring 126 Woolly bear caterpillar Wool sower gall 21 77 small solid structure pimple-like 45 eluta Tupula TUBERCULE: a com- Wireworms 95 of a group of setae Water beetles undeveloped nymphs Fig wings of 631 Xiphydria 216 Xiphyriidae 216 Xyelidae 212 Xyelid sawflies 212 Xylophagidae 196, 207 XYLOPHAGOUS: wooden feeding on tissues Xylophagus lugens 196, 207 Yellow-necked 168 caterpillar Young Yponomeutidae 159, 165, 179, 182, 183 surface VERMIFORM: worm-like lar- vae Vermileo 196 ^ ^^ Vespa maculata 31, 40, 46, 51, 211 Vespidae 21 Zanosemata electa 53 Zenoa picea 93 Zeugophora scutellaris 122 Zeuzera pyrina 163, 179 Zygoptera 32, 67 w Walkeriana ovilla Walkingstick 72 138 Figure 631 W^ 234 THE IMMATURE ... Page What Are Immature The Importance What Immature Where How How Immature Insects Insects to Collect to Collect to of Insects Look Like Immature Insects Immature Insects Rear Immature Insects 19... a, Protura; b, Thysanura HOW TO KNOW Me tamo rpho sis THE IMMATURE INSECTS HOW TO KNOW THE IMMATURE INSECTS IMMATURE STAGES OCCUPY A LARGER PART OF THE CYCLE — LIFE The egg stage usually lasts... points to study in their evolution immature stages makes these fields for HOW TO KNOW INSECT CONTROL THE IMMATURE INSECTS — The injurious insects give us a clear idea immature insects It is the