The Multiplicities of Internet Addiction The Misrecognition of Leisure and Learning Nicola F Johnson The Mul tiplici ties of In terne t Addic tion This book is dedicated to my only sibling Scott Warwick Johnson (7 September 1978 – 28 December 2007) who lived his life to the fullest and was not addicted to anything The Multiplicities of Internet Addiction The Misrecognition of L eisure and L earning N icol a F Johnson University of Wollongong, Australia © N icola F Johnson 2009 All rights reserved N o part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher N icola F Johnson has asserted her right under the C opyright, D esigns and Patents Act, 1988, to be identi.ed as the author of this work Published by Ashgate Publishing L imited Ashgate Publishing C ompany Wey C ourt E ast S uite 420 U nion R oad 101 C herry S treet F arnham Burlington S urrey, GU 7PT VT 05401-4405 E ngland US A www.ashgate.com British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Johnson, N icola F The multiplicities of Internet addiction : the misrecognition of leisure and learning Internet - S ocial aspects Internet addiction I Title 303.4'833 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Johnson, N icola F , 1976The multiplicities of Internet addiction : the misrecognition of leisure and learning / by N icola F Johnson p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-0-7546-7496-2 (alk paper) Internet addiction I Title RC 569.5.I54J64 2008 362.196'8584 dc22  IS BN 978 7546 7496 2008035557 C ontents List of Tables Acknowledgements vii ix Introduction: Addiction: It Got Your Attention 1 Internet Addiction: C ontrasting Viewpoints When D o We S ay ‘Too Much’?: Being C autious About ‘O ver-use’ and Virtual R eality 27 Technological D evelopment and C hildhood Play: The C hanging N ature of E veryday L eisure 39 Bourdieu’s Theory of Practice 53 5 Introducing S ome Teenage Technological E xperts: D igital Insiders 65 77 The Blur Between L eisure, L earning and E xpertise 7 Internet Addiction in the L ives of Teenagers 8 N ew F orms of Privilege Misrecognition of the Practice of L eisure 89 101 113 C onclusion: R eframing our Gaze on Internet Addiction 123 References Index 133 153 This page has been left blank intentionally L ist of F igures and Tables Figures 1.1 C ontinuum of dispositions 10.1 C ycle of addiction 19 128 Tables 4.1 States of cultural capital (Bourdieu 1986) 5.1 Introducing the participants 61 70 This page has been left blank intentionally Acknowledgements I am greatly indebted to Kylie S anders who out of the goodness of her heart, read each chapter for me and was very encouraging of my efforts Many thanks to Professor Chris Bigum and Professor Tara Brabazon who have provided wonderful support during the nascent stages of my academic career Thank you to my supervisors Dr Leonie Rowan and Dr Julianne Lynch and my thesis examiners who provided critical feedback on earlier versions of some of this work Thanks goes to the Faculty of Education staff at the University of Wollongong who have proved to be very supportive in various ways as I seek to establish my career Thank you to Lesley Knapp for the desktop publishing of the figures within this text Many thanks goes to Russell Walton for his outstanding proofreading work Thank you to my parents Warwick and Suzanne Johnson for their support and their belief in me Thank you to my husband David Macdonald who is my counsellor, lover, best friend and critic all in one 142 The Multiplicities of Internet Addiction –––– (2007a), Teenage Technological Experts: Bourdieu and the Performance of Expertise (PhD thesis, Geelong: Deakin University) –––– (2007b), ‘Exchanging Online Stories: A Space for Both Learning and L eisure’ R efereed paper presented at the annual conference for the Australian Teacher Education Association, Wollongong, NS W, 3–6 July 2007 Available from accessed June 2008 –––– (2007c), ‘Understanding Teenager Technological Expertise in Out-of-School S ettings’ R efereed paper presented at the annual conference for the Australian Association for Research in Education, F remantle, WA, 25–29 N ovember 2007 Available from accessed 19 May 2008 –––– (2007d), ‘Framing the Integration of Computers in Beginning Teacher Professional D evelopment’, Computers in New Zealand Schools 19:3, 25– 32, 44 Johnson, S (2005), Everything Bad is Good for You: How Popular Culture is Making us Smarter (London: Allen Lane) Jukes, I (2008), (home page) accessed 31 July 2008 Kenway, J and Bullen, E (2001), Consuming Children: Education-EntertainmentAdvertising (Buckingham: Open University Press) Kimber, K and Wyatt-Smith, C (2006), ‘Using and Creating Knowledge with N ew Technologies: A C ase for S tudents-as-D esigners’, Learning, Media and Technology 31:1, 19–34 King, J.R and O’Brien, D.G (2002), ‘Adolescents’ Multiliteracies and their Teachers N eeds to Know: Toward a D igital D étente’, in D E Alvermann (ed.) 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34, 35, 125 blog(s) 21, 84, 123, 124 Bourdieu, Pierre 6, 7, 53–63, 86, 94, 95, 97, 98, 101, 102, 107, 108, 110, 111, 113, 114, 115, 117, 118, 119 booster 27, 28, 30 capital 6, 7, 53, 56, 58, 59–63, 94, 95, 98, 101–11, 113, 114, 116, 117, 118 cultural 7, 59, 60–2, 95, 101, 102, 107–108, 113, 118 embodied 196, 117 institutionalized 106–107, 115 objectified 107 economic 7, 59, 60, 79, 101, 103–105, human 101–102 social 7, 59, 62–3, 79, 95, 102, 103, 105–106, 114, 115, 121, 125, 127, 131 symbolic 59, 62–3, 94, 118 C astells, Manuel 126–7 C enter for Internet Addiction R ecovery (CIAR) 10 Charli (participant) 70, 73, 81, 82, 83, 91, 102, 103, 104, 105, 108, 109, 114, 116 childhood 1, 6, 31, 37, 39, 40, 49, 54, 55, 57, 66, 71, 90 Chris (participant) 70, 74, 81, 83, 91, 102, 103, 104, 105, 109, 114, 115, 117 C lub Penguin1–2 compulsive Internet use 22 continued-growth state 50–2, 127 continuum 20, 69, 79 of addiction 9, 19 of dispositions 19–20 co-option 97 critic 27, 28 crosswords culture 31, 32, 45, 46, 47, 49, 51, 58, 65, 68, 75, 98, 101, 120 acoustic 48 digital 7, 28, 29, 46, 80, 85, 98, 115, 119, 120 oral 46, 48 popular 7, 28, 65, 66, 68, 77, 86 print 7, 46, 115, 119 scribal 46 tribal 47, 79 youth 65, 66, 79, 98, 105, 108 cyber-relations 78, 79 cyberspace 11, 46, 47, 52, 79, 86, 111, 115, 121 Daily Telegraph 123 delegitimate 119 delegitimation 69 dependence 2, 5, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 22, 24, 46, 68, 91, 96, 98, 127, 130 digital age 6, 7, 28, 34, 39, 41, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 71, 78, 79, 101, 111 digital faiths 120 digital insiders 6, 7, 29, 65, 69, 71–2, 75, 77, 78, 79, 83–5, 90, 93, 95–8, 101, 115, 120, 124–26, 130–31 digital media 1, 52, 69, 71, 79, 98, 99, 124, 125, 126, 130 154 The Multiplicities of Internet Addiction digital myths 7, 113, 120–121 digital newcomers 6, 29, 65, 69, 71, 85, 87, 97, 98, 115, 120, 124, 125–26, 130–31 digital outsiders 6, 29, 65, 71, 79, 87, 96, 111, 115, 120, 124–26, 130, 131 discourse 5, 7, 9, 10, 19, 25, 27–8, 57, 58, 66, 93, 94, 96, 111 digital 29 popular 1–3, 5, 6, 14, 16, 24, 89, 127 public 32, 47 D isney™ dispositions 16, 19, 20, 34, 53–6, 57, 61, 63, 69, 71, 89, 90, 93, 95, 96, 98, 106, 118 dominant 43, 46, 55, 62, 80, 86, 94, 101, 111, 114, 118, 120, 125 doomster 27, 28, 32 doxa doxic 7, 93, 95, 96 drug(s) 3, 9, 13, 14, 15, 20, 23, 25, n129 DS M-IV-TR 11–12 DS M-V 12 eBay 23, 24 education 27–30, 42, 43, 53, 57, 59, 61, 65, 85, 86, 101, 115, 119, 126 educational 12, 29, 57, 59, 61, 73, 81, 101, 120 email 1, 10, 16, 21, 22, 34, 77, 80, 83, 124, 126 embodied 53, 54, 60, 93 endorphins 15 environment 5, 16, 49, 54, 81, 84, 86, 90, 108, 127 Internet 5, 9, 11, 16, 23, 34 essence 2, 43, 69 essentialism essentialist 71 excessive Internet use 21, 22 expert 1, 74, 83, 89, 95, 102, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111 expertise 6, 7, 34, 45, 52, 63, 65, 73, 74, 75 77, 79, 85, 89–90, 93–6, 98, 101–6, 108–110, 113, 115, 117–120, 123, 125, 128, 129, 130 technological 6, 54, 72, 77, 79, 108, 109, 111, 115, 117, 125 experts 6, 62, 63, 65, 72, 73, 78, 79, 80, 89, 105, 106, 107, 108, 111, 115 Facebook 2, 4–5, 21, 36, 84, 121, 124, 125, 126, 130 field 3, 6, 7, n14, 21, 23, 53, 54, 56, 57–9, 61, 75, 78, 80, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89, 90, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 101, 102, 105–8, 110–111, 113–120, 125, 128, 129 flow 89–90, 93–6, 98 focus of 41, 67, 75, 78 gambling 5, 9, 11–12, 13, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 36, 40, 42, n96 gamers 3, 75, 78 gaming 3, 12, 21, 89, 130 generation 17, 32, 48, 63, 65–71, 75, 79, 85, 95, 96, 105 Generation M 67, 75 Generation X 67–8 Generation Y 67–8 generational 66, 69, 71 Glasser, William 5, 13, 19, 20 global village 46, 78, 79 Goldberg, Ivan n22 Google 77, 124 habit 14, 18, 20, 128–9 habitus 6, 7, 53–7, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 79, 93, 94–5, 97, 98, 105, 108, 110, 114, 115, 117, 119 definition of 56 high usage 1, 5, 13, 27, 33 hysterisis 6, 7, 94, 97, 98, 119 identity 1, 35, 48, 52, 65, 66, 68, 78, 79, 84, 108, 109 industrial age 6, 39, 48 informal learning 7, 84, 85, 87, 101, 120, 123 definition of 84 instant chat 21, 77 instant messaging 51, 52, 77, 83, 84, 85, 130 intelligence 1, 31, 52, 80, 81 interactive 52, 55 Index Internet 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 28, 32, 34, 36, 46, 51, 65, 70, 71, 74, 75, 77, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 91, 92, 94, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 114, 116, 119, 120, 121, 123, 124, 125, 127, 130, 131 Internet access 4, 7, 16, 70, 71, 79, 101, 103, 107, 111 Internet addiction 2, 5, 6, 7, 9–25, 35, 89–99, 127, 130 Internet Addiction Disorder (IAD) 5, 16, 22 Internet Addiction Test (IAT) 10 Internet obsession 129–130 Internet use 1, 5, 96, 97, 99, 103 iPod 21 iTunes 21 Jake (participant) 70, 74, 80, 81, 83, 86, 91, 106, 109, 114, 116, 117 Joe (participant) 70, 74, 81, 82, 83, 86, 91, 102, 103, 106, 109, 110, 113, 114, 117 learning 2–3, 6–7, 21, 28, 30–31, 34, 36, 39–40, 52, 59, 61, 66, 71, 74, 77, 79, 80–3, 84–7, 93, 95, 97–8, 101–103, 105, 110, 113–120, 123, 125, 127, 130 legitimate 5, 28, 58, 66, 71, 97, 107, 111, 113, 115, 117, 118 leisure 1–3, 6–7, 11, 16–17, 18–19, 23, 33–4, 36, 37, 39–44, 47, 48–52, 54, 59, 61, 65–6, 68, 71–2, 75, 77–80, 84–7, 89, 93, 98, 101–102, 105, 107–108, 113, 114, 115, 117, 120, 123, 125, 127, 129, 130 Lisa (participant) 70, 73–4, 81, 83, 91, 103, 105, 110, 114, 116–17 Matthew effect, the 79 McL uhan, Marshall 45–6 medium theorists 46, 120 medium theory 45–8 millennials 67–8 155 misrecognition 6, 7, 58, 69, 87, 93, 96, 98, 113, 117–120 misrecognized 7, 90, 97, 102, 113, 118, 120, 131 moral panic 7, n24, 33, 96, 113, 120 MP3 77, 107 MSN (instant chat web messenger) 77, 105, 106, 124 MyS pace 84 NetAlert 27 networked society 125, 126 New York Times 123 N ew Zealand 6, 65, 72, n73, 123 nicotine 3, 15, 18 N intendo Wii™ 18 obsession 4, 7, 14, 15, 16, 20, 21, 33, 125, 128–129, 131 O ne L aptop Per C hild 28, n79 online 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 11, n12, 13, 16, 17, 18, 21–4, 27, 34, 35, 51, 73, 75, 77, 78, 80, 84, 85, 91, 96, 105, 108, 120, 121, 124, 126, 127, 129, 130, 131 paedophilia 9, 36 pathological 5, 11, 13, 14, 96–7, 128, 129 Pathological Internet Use (PIU) 5, 9, 21–3, 127 general(ized) 22, 23, 127 specific 22, 127 play 1, 28, 31, 32, 37, 39–44, 48–50, 51, 52, 54, 58, 71, 83, 87, 90, 110, 125 play on words 9, 13, 36 PlayS tation 74, 103, 104 pornography 5, 9, 13, 18, 23, 36 positive addiction 5, 20, 35 Postman, N eil 32 praxis 3, 58, 89, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, 115, 116, 117, 118 preference 20, 125, 126, 128 print 16, 32, 48, 68, 79, 86, 115 age 6, 39, 41, 48, 51 printing press 43, 46, n48 privacy 13, 24, 121, 126 privilege 7, 27, 48, 78, 79, 86, 89, 101, 111 156 The Multiplicities of Internet Addiction problematic Internet use 12, 19, 23, 34, 35, 96, 97, 130 Protestant 43 qualitative 6, 65, 67, 72 radio 3, 17, 21, 47, 75 recreation 39–44, 48–52, 87 R udd, Kevin29–30 school 7, 13, 17, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 40, 42, 52, 63, 65, 70, 72, 73, 74, 75, 77, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 91, 92, 96, 101, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 115, 117, 118, 119, 120, 125 schooling 7, 28, 57, 61, 62, 63, 65, 66, 69, 71, 78, 80, 85, 86, 101, 113, 114, 115, 117, 118, 119, 120 screenagers 67–8 S econd L ife 9, 35, 51 sex 4, 9, 18, 19, 22 cyber 9, 10, 13, 22, 36 Skype 21, 130 space 1, n14, 33, 43, 47, 49–50, 55, 58, 71, 74, 80, 85, 86, 97, 116, 118, 119, 123, 125 steady-state society 50–51 structure 21, 45, 46, 55, 56, 57, 58, 62, 63, 66, 80, 86, 90, 94, 95, 102, 114, 117, 118, 119, 120, 123 Sudoku Sydney Morning Herald 123 technological addictions 15 technology 2–4, 6, 10, 17, 24, 27–30, 32, 35–7, 39, 40, 41, 45, 47, 48, 50, 65, 68, 71, 78, 79, 80, 96, 102, 104, 105, 109, 110, 123, 124, 126, 127, 130 definition of 44 gendering of 44–5 Teenage Expertise Network, The n72 teenagers 4, 6, 52, 59, 63, 65, 72, 80, 83, 84, 95, 102, 106, 111, 113, 115, 117, 118, 119 television 1, 2, 3, 10, 11, 15, 16, 17, 18, 25, 32, 36, 40, 47, 51, 52, 63, 65, 75, 77, 86, 104, 127, 129 temporary obsession 5, 7, 15, 21, 24 Tim (participant) 70, 74, 75, 81, 83, 92, 93, 104, 106, 110, 114 Today Tom (participant) 70, 74, 75, 80, 81, 83, 86, 92, 95, 103, 104, 106, 110, 114 trajectory 51, 55, 90, 93, 95, 96, 98, 102, 104, 105, 108, 117 UNESCO UNICEF 49 49 virtual 1, 9, 22, 125, 130 lives 6, 34, 35, 51 worlds 1, 35, 121 western 6, 17, 27, 29, 36, 39, 43, 48, 51, 62, 65, 79, 94, 111 Wikipedia 14, 124 World of Warcraft (WOW) 75, 80, 92, 103 World Wide Web 2, 107, 123 XBO X 103 Young, Kimberly 5, 9, 10–11, 13, 18, 21, 22, 23 young people 2, 4, 6, 7, 24, 33, 49, 52, 55, 66, 68, 71, 75, 75, 77, 78, 84, 94, 95, 101, 107, 111, 113, n115, 120, 121, 124, 125 youth 1, 6, 12, 65, 66, 69, 77, 84, 114, 125 YouTube 123 ... Johnson, N icola F The multiplicities of Internet addiction : the misrecognition of leisure and learning Internet - S ocial aspects Internet addiction I Title 303.4'833 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication... whether one can consider a lot of Internet use to be addiction, and critiques the notion of Internet addiction itself There is much discussion as to whether Internet Addiction Disorder (IAD) (Young... criteria to the use of the Internet is awkward and incommensurable In a recent editorial in the American Journal of Psychiatry, Block (2008) argued for the inclusion of Internet addiction in the DS