Chapter 15: Psychological Disorders Multiple Choice In a given year, approximately percent of adults in the U.S display serious psychological disturbance requiring treatment a) 10 b) 20 c) 25 d) 30 Ans: d Feedback A: The correct figure is 30% Feedback B: The correct figure is 30% Feedback C: The correct figure is 30% Feedback D: Correct Section Ref: Defining, Classifying, and Diagnosing Psychological Abnormality Learning Objective: Identify the common features of most definitions of abnormal functioning, and describe how psychological disorders are classified and diagnosed Difficulty: Medium Clara, a self-assured, well-liked, and otherwise average woman in 16 th Century England wanted to pursue an education at the university level By what definitional criterion may her behavior be considered abnormal? a) Danger b) Dysfunction c) Distress d) Deviance Ans: d Feedback A: She is well-liked so danger is not an issue Feedback B: She is self-assured, so dysfunction is not an issue Feedback C: She is not distressed Feedback D: Correct! Section Ref: Defining, Classifying, and Diagnosing Psychological Abnormality Learning Objective: Identify the common features of most definitions of abnormal functioning, and describe how psychological disorders are classified and diagnosed Difficulty: Medium True/False There is no universally accepted definition of abnormal behavior Ans: True Section Ref: Defining, Classifying, and Diagnosing Psychological Abnormality Learning Objective: List the common features of most definitions of abnormal functioning and describe how psychological disorders are classified and diagnosed Difficulty: Easy Most eccentric people suffer from psychological disorders Ans: False Section Ref: Defining, Classifying, and Diagnosing Psychological Abnormality Learning Objective: List the common features of most definitions of abnormal functioning and describe how psychological disorders are classified and diagnosed Difficulty: Medium Fill-in-the-blank A person who deviates from common behavior patterns or displays odd or whimsical behavior is called an Ans: eccentric Section Ref: Defining, Classifying, and Diagnosing Psychological Abnormality Learning Objective: List the common features of most definitions of abnormal functioning and describe how psychological disorders are classified and diagnosed Difficulty: Easy The ultimate degree of psychological dysfunction occurs when behavior becomes to oneself or to others Ans: dangerous Section Ref: Defining, Classifying, and Diagnosing Psychological Abnormality Learning Objective: List the common features of most definitions of abnormal functioning and describe how psychological disorders are classified and diagnosed Difficulty: Medium Short Answer In the United States, what classification system is used to categorize individuals with mental illnesses? Ans: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, th Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) Section Ref: Defining, Classifying, and Diagnosing Psychological Abnormality Learning Objective: List the common features of most definitions of abnormal functioning and describe how psychological disorders are classified and diagnosed Difficulty: Medium In most countries throughout the world, what classification system is used to categorize individuals with mental illnesses? Ans: International Classification of Diseases (ICD) Section Ref: Defining, Classifying, and Diagnosing Psychological Abnormality Learning Objective: List the common features of most definitions of abnormal functioning and describe how psychological disorders are classified and diagnosed Difficulty: Medium Describe how dysfunction is used to define abnormal behavior Ans: When it interferes with daily functioning Section Ref: Defining, Classifying, and Diagnosing Psychological Abnormality Learning Objective: List the common features of most definitions of abnormal functioning and describe how psychological disorders are classified and diagnosed Difficulty: Medium Essay 10 Define the four Ds common to most definitions of abnormality Ans: (1) Deviance- Behavior, thoughts, and emotions are considered abnormal when they differ from a society’s ideas about proper functioning (2) Distress- According to many clinical theorists, behaviors, ideas, or emotions usually must also cause distress or unhappiness before they can be considered abnormal (3) Dysfunction - Abnormal behavior also tends to interfere with daily functioning It upsets people so that they cannot take proper care of themselves, interact well with others, or work effectively (4) Danger - Some people with psychological dysfunctioning become dangerous to themselves or others Section Ref: Defining, Classifying, and Diagnosing Psychological Abnormality Learning Objective: List the common features of most definitions of abnormal functioning and describe how psychological disorders are classified and diagnosed Difficulty: Medium Multiple Choice 11 Approximately _ of children and adolescents in the United States experience serious psychological disturbances a) 2% b) 10% c) 19% d) 25% e) 30% Ans: c Feedback A: Approximately 19% of children and adolescents in the United States experience serious psychological disturbances Feedback B: Approximately 19% of children and adolescents in the United States experience serious psychological disturbances Feedback C: Correct! Feedback D: Approximately 19% of children and adolescents in the United States experience serious psychological disturbances Feedback E: Approximately 19% of children and adolescents in the United States experience serious psychological disturbances Section Ref: Defining, Classifying, and Diagnosing Psychological Abnormality Learning Objective: List the common features of most definitions of abnormal functioning and describe how psychological disorders are classified and diagnosed Difficulty: Medium 12 Seamus was a hermit who lived with 200 dogs, cats, and sheep on a farm in Scotland Although this behavior deviates from societal norms, some may apply a specific label to describe the marked individuality of this person What is this label? a) Dysfunctional b) Dangerous c) Eccentric d) Antisocial Ans: c Feedback A: Does not interfere with function Feedback B: No indication of this in the description Feedback C: Correct! Feedback D: Personality characteristic Section Ref: Defining, Classifying, and Diagnosing Psychological Abnormality Learning Objective: List the common features of most definitions of abnormal functioning and describe how psychological disorders are classified and diagnosed Difficulty: Medium True/False 13 The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, th Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) provides symptoms for approximately 400 mental disorders Ans: True Section Ref: Defining, Classifying, and Diagnosing Psychological Abnormality Learning Objective: List the common features of most definitions of abnormal functioning and describe how psychological disorders are classified and diagnosed Difficulty: Medium 14 People are particularly likely to experience at least some of the distress found in psychological disorders during times of tension and stress Ans: True Section Ref: Defining, Classifying, and Diagnosing Psychological Abnormality Learning Objective: List the common features of most definitions of abnormal functioning and describe how psychological disorders are classified and diagnosed Difficulty: Easy The rates of psychological disorders in most other countries are lower than those in the United States Ans: False Section Ref: Defining, Classifying, and Diagnosing Psychological Abnormality Learning Objective: List the common features of most definitions of abnormal functioning and describe how psychological disorders are classified and diagnosed Difficulty: Medium Fill-in-the-blank 15 When clinicians conclude that a person’s symptoms fit a particular category of disorder, they can make a Ans: diagnosis Section Ref: Defining, Classifying, and Diagnosing Psychological Abnormality Learning Objective: List the common features of most definitions of abnormal functioning and describe how psychological disorders are classified and diagnosed Difficulty: Medium Multiple Choice 16 The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is published by the _ a) American Psychological Association b) American Psychiatric Society c) World Health Organization d) United Nations Ans: c Feedback A: Correct! Feedback B: Feedback C: Feedback D: Section Ref: Defining, Classifying, and Diagnosing Psychological Abnormality Learning Objective: List the common features of most definitions of abnormal functioning and describe how psychological disorders are classified and diagnosed Difficulty: Medium 17 Currently the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is in its _ edition, while the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is in its _ edition a) first / second b) second / first c) fourth / tenth d) tenth / fourth Ans: d Feedback A: Currently the ICD is in its tenth edition and the DSM is in its fourth edition Feedback B: Currently the ICD is in its tenth edition and the DSM is in its fourth edition Feedback C: Currently the ICD is in its tenth edition and the DSM is in its fourth edition Feedback D: Correct! Section Ref: Defining, Classifying, and Diagnosing Psychological Abnormality Learning Objective: List the common features of most definitions of abnormal functioning and describe how psychological disorders are classified and diagnosed Difficulty: Hard 18 What term is used to describe an individual who has been diagnosed with two or more psychological disorders? a) Comorbidity b) Coaxial illnesses c) Delusional d) Fixated Ans: a Feedback A: Correct! Feedback B: The term comorbility is used to describe an individual who has been diagnosed with two or more psychological disorders Feedback C: The term comorbility is used to describe an individual who has been diagnosed with two or more psychological disorders Feedback D: The term comorbility is used to describe an individual who has been diagnosed with two or more psychological disorders Section Ref: Defining, Classifying, and Diagnosing Psychological Abnormality Learning Objective: List the common features of most definitions of abnormal functioning and describe how psychological disorders are classified and diagnosed Difficulty: Medium 19 Assigning a diagnosis suggests that the client’s pattern of dysfunction a) is basically the same as patterns displayed by many other people b) has been researched in numerous studies c) has responded to certain kinds of treatment d) all of the above Ans: d Feedback A: Assigning a diagnosis suggests that the client’s pattern of dysfunction is basically the same as patterns displayed by many other people, has been researched in numerous studies, and has responded to certain kinds of treatment Feedback B: Assigning a diagnosis suggests that the client’s pattern of dysfunction is basically the same as patterns displayed by many other people, has been researched in numerous studies, and has responded to certain kinds of treatment Feedback C: Assigning a diagnosis suggests that the client’s pattern of dysfunction is basically the same as patterns displayed by many other people, has been researched in numerous studies, and has responded to certain kinds of treatment Feedback D: Correct! Section Ref: Defining, Classifying, and Diagnosing Psychological Abnormality Learning Objective: List the common features of most definitions of abnormal functioning and describe how psychological disorders are classified and diagnosed Difficulty: Hard True/False 20 An observation is a face-to-face question and answer session with a clinician Ans: False Section Ref: Defining, Classifying, and Diagnosing Psychological Abnormality Learning Objective: List the common features of most definitions of abnormal functioning and describe how psychological disorders are classified and diagnosed Difficulty: Easy Fill-in-the-blank 21 Clinicians ask prepared questions in a interview Ans: structured Section Ref: Defining, Classifying, and Diagnosing Psychological Abnormality Learning Objective: List the common features of most definitions of abnormal functioning and describe how psychological disorders are classified and diagnosed Difficulty: Medium Short Answer 22 Where does a naturalistic observation occur? Ans: In the individual’s everyday environment Section Ref: Defining, Classifying, and Diagnosing Psychological Abnormality Learning Objective: List the common features of most definitions of abnormal functioning and describe how psychological disorders are classified and diagnosed Difficulty: Easy Multiple Choice 23 Which of the following is one of the four “Ds” of psychological dysfunction? a) delusions b) danger c) dissociation d) dynamic Ans: b Feedback A: The four Ds are deviance, distress, dysfunction, and danger Feedback B: Correct Feedback C: The four Ds are deviance, distress, dysfunction, and danger Feedback D: The four Ds are deviance, distress, dysfunction, and danger Section Ref: Defining, Classifying, and Diagnosing Psychological Abnormality Learning Objective: List the common features of most definitions of abnormal functioning and describe how psychological disorders are classified and diagnosed Difficulty: Easy 24 Mary has difficulty understanding how to interact well with other people She is socially awkward and withdrawn Which of the criteria of mental illness best describes Mary? a) deviance b) distress c) dysfunction d) danger Ans: c Feedback A: Mary is having difficulty functioning (dysfunction) Feedback B: Mary is having difficulty functioning (dysfunction) Feedback C: Correct Feedback D: Mary is having difficulty functioning (dysfunction) Section Ref: Defining, Classifying, and Diagnosing Psychological Abnormality Learning Objective: List the common features of most definitions of abnormal functioning and describe how psychological disorders are classified and dignosed Difficulty: Medium 25 Which of the following measures of psychological dysfunction is most likely to be affected by time, culture, and history? a) deviance b) distress c) dysfunction d) danger Ans: a Feedback A: Correct Feedback B: The perception of deviance varies across time and culture Feedback C: The perception of deviance varies across time and culture Feedback D: The perception of deviance varies across time and culture Section Ref: Defining, Classifying, and Diagnosing Psychological Abnormality Learning Objective: List the common features of most definitions of abnormal functioning and describe how psychological disorders are classified and diagnosed Difficulty: Hard 26 The leading classification system for mental disorders in the United States is the a) Clinical Guidebook to Psychological Disorders b) Dysfunction and Symptomology Manual c) Psychiatric Assessment and Treatment Compendium d) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Ans: d Feedback A: The most frequently used source is the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Feedback B: The most frequently used source is the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Feedback C: The most frequently used source is the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Feedback D: Correct Section Ref: Defining, Classifying, and Diagnosing Psychological Abnormality Learning Objective: List the common features of most definitions of abnormal functioning and describe how psychological disorders are classified and diagnosed Difficulty: Easy 27 The DSM describes approximately disorders a) 200 b) 300 c) 400 d) 500 Ans: c Feedback A: The DSM describes approximately 400 disorders Feedback B: The DSM describes approximately 400 disorders Feedback C: Correct Feedback D: The DSM describes approximately 400 disorders Section Ref: Defining, Classifying, and Diagnosing Psychological Abnormality Learning Objective: List the common features of most definitions of abnormal functioning and describe how psychological disorders are classified and diagnosed Difficulty: Medium 28 Which of the following is NOT one of the somatoform disorders? a) conversion disorder b) bipolar disorder c) somatization disorder d) hypochondriasis Ans: b Feedback A: This is a somatoform disorder Feedback B: Correct Feedback C: This is a somatoform disorder Feedback D: This is a somatoform disorder Section Ref: Defining, Classifying, and Diagnosing Psychological Abnormality Learning Objective: List the common features of most definitions of abnormal functioning and describe how psychological disorders are classified and diagnosed Difficulty: Medium 29 Huntington’s disease is considered a disorder a) somatoforom b) dissociative c) cognitive d) psychotic Ans: c Feedback A: Factious disorders are the result of people faking symptoms Feedback B: Dissociative disorders are marked my changes in consciousness and identity, without a biological cause Feedback C: Correct Feedback D: Huntington’s disease is a degenerative, cognitive disorder (not a general disorder) Section Ref: Defining, Classifying, and Diagnosing Psychological Abnormality Learning Objective: List the common features of most definitions of abnormal functioning and describe how psychological disorders are classified and diagnosed Difficulty: Hard 30 Which of the following groups of disorders is characterized by a loss of contact with reality? a) schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders b) somatoform disorders c) anxiety disorders d) personality disorders Ans: a Feedback A: Correct Feedback B: These disorders are marked by physical symptoms Feedback C: These disorders are marked by changes in consciousness, memory, and perception Feedback D: These disorders are marled by intense anxiety Ans: cognitive-behavioral and neuroscience Section Ref: Anxiety Disorders Learning Objective: Describe the various types of anxiety disorders and explain some causes of these disorders Difficulty: Medium Essay 152 What kind of “avoidance” and “safety” behaviors individuals with social anxiety disorder take in order to prevent or minimize social disasters? Ans: Cognitive-behavioral theorists contend that, as a result of this cluster of dysfunctional notions, individuals with social anxiety disorder keep anticipating that social disasters will occur They therefore repeatedly perform “avoidance” and “safety” behaviors to help prevent or minimize such disasters Avoidance behaviors include talking only to familiar persons at meetings or par- ties Safety behaviors include holding on to a podium during a classroom presentation so that their hands don’t tremble or wearing makeup to cover up blushing Section Ref: Anxiety Disorders Learning Objective: Describe the various types of anxiety disorders and explain some causes of these disorders Difficulty: Hard 153 Define the four forms that obsessions may take Ans: Obsessions often take the form of obsessive wishes (for example, repeated wishes that one’s spouse would die), impulses (repeated urges to yell out obscenities at work or in church), images (fleeting visions of forbidden sexual scenes), or doubts (concerns that one has made or will make a wrong decision) Section Ref: Anxiety Disorders Learning Objective: Describe the various types of anxiety disorders and explain some causes of these disorders Difficulty: Medium 154 Describe the symptoms of PTSD Ans: Individuals with PTSD may feel overly alert (hyperalertness), be easily startled, have trouble concentrating, and develop sleep problems They may also feel extreme guilt because they survived the traumatic event while others did not In addition, people with the stress disorders may be battered by recurring thoughts, memories, dreams, or nightmares connected to the traumatic event They tend to avoid all activities that remind them of the event and try to avoid related thoughts, feelings, or conversations People with the stress disorders also may feel detached from other people or lose interest in activities that once brought them enjoyment They may feel dazed and have trouble remembering things Section Ref: Anxiety Disorders Learning Objective: Describe the various types of anxiety disorders and explain some causes of these disorders Difficulty: Medium 155 What biological factors contribute to the development of stress disorders? Ans: Studies have found abnormal activity of the hormone cortisol and the neurotransmitter norepinephrine in the urine, blood, and saliva of combat soldiers, rape victims, concentration camp survivors, and survivors of other traumatic events Section Ref: Anxiety Disorders Learning Objective: Describe the various types of anxiety disorders and explain some causes of these disorders Difficulty: Hard Fill-in-the-blank 156 Evidence from brain studies shows that once a stress disorder sets in, individuals experience further biochemical arousal This continuing arousal may eventually damage key brain areas, particularly the Ans: hippocampus and amygdala Section Ref: Anxiety Disorders Learning Objective: Describe the various types of anxiety disorders and explain some causes of these disorders Difficulty: Hard Essay 157 Describe the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder Ans: People with generalized anxiety disorder experience excessive anxiety under most life circumstances and worry about practically anything They typically feel restless, keyed up, or on edge, tire easily, have difficulty concentrating, suffer from muscle tension, and have sleep problems Section Ref: Anxiety Disorders Learning Objective: Describe the various types of anxiety disorders and explain some causes of these disorders Difficulty: Medium 158 What role does the anxiety feedback system and GABA activity play in the experience of generalized anxiety disorder? Ans: People with generalized anxiety disorder may have ongoing problems in their anxiety feedback system Perhaps they have too few GABA receptors or their GABA receptors not properly capture the neurotransmitter Section Ref: Anxiety Disorders Learning Objective: Describe the various types of anxiety disorders and explain some causes of these disorders Difficulty: Medium 159 What brain structures are involved in the circuit that produces anxiety reactions? Ans: The circuit that produces anxiety reactions includes the prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, and amygdala According to several studies, this circuit may function improperly in people with generalized anxiety disorder Section Ref: Anxiety Disorders Learning Objective: Describe the various types of anxiety disorders and explain some causes of these disorders Difficulty: Hard True-False 160 Generalized anxiety disorder is diagnosed more frequently among men than among women Ans: False Section Ref: Anxiety Disorders Learning Objective: Describe the various types of anxiety disorders and explain some causes of these disorders Difficulty: Medium 161 Studies have found that people with generalized anxiety disorder display a greater intolerance of uncertainty than people with normal degrees of anxiety Ans: True Section Ref: Anxiety Disorders Learning Objective: Describe the various types of anxiety disorders and explain some causes of these disorders Difficulty: Easy Multiple Choice 162 is a disorder in which people deteriorate into a world of unusual perceptions, odd thoughts, disturbed emotions, and motor abnormalities a) Agoraphobia b) Antisocial personality disorder c) Schizophrenia d) Generalized anxiety disorder Ans: c Feedback A: Unusual perceptions, odd thoughts, disturbed emotions, and motor abnormalities are symptoms of schizophrenia Feedback B: Unusual perceptions, odd thoughts, disturbed emotions, and motor abnormalities are symptoms of schizophrenia Feedback C: Correct Feedback D: Unusual perceptions, odd thoughts, disturbed emotions, and motor abnormalities are symptoms of schizophrenia Section Ref: Schizophrenia Learning Objective: Describe the features of schizophrenia and some theories of what causes it Difficulty: Medium Fill-in-the-blank 163 People with experience psychosis, a loss of contact with reality Ans: schizophrenia Section Ref: Schizophrenia Learning Objective: Describe the features of schizophrenia and some theories of what causes it Difficulty: Easy 164 Approximately of every 100 people in the world suffers from schizophrenia during his or her lifetime Ans: one Section Ref: Schizophrenia Learning Objective: Describe the features of schizophrenia and some theories of what causes it Difficulty: Medium Short Answer 165 Describe the distinction between hallucinations and delusions Ans: Hallucinations are false sensory perceptions Delusions are false beliefs Section Ref: Schizophrenia Learning Objective: Describe the features of schizophrenia and some theories of what causes it Difficulty: Medium Essay 166 Describe and give examples of the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia Ans: The positive symptoms of schizophrenia are “pathological excesses,” or bizarre additions, to a person’s behavior Delusions, disorganized thinking and speech, hallucinations, and inappropriate affect are the ones most often found in schizophrenia The negative symptoms are those that seem to be “pathological deficits,” characteristics that are lacking in an individual Poverty of speech, flat affect, loss of volition, and social withdrawal are commonly found in schizophrenia Section Ref: Schizophrenia Learning Objective: Describe the features of schizophrenia and some theories of what causes it Difficulty: Hard 167 Define the concept of catatonia Ans: Catatonia refers to the extreme psychomotor symptoms of schizophrenia, including catatonic stupor, catatonic rigidity, and catatonic posturing Section Ref: Schizophrenia Learning Objective: Describe the features of schizophrenia and some theories of what causes it Difficulty: Medium 168 Describe the diathesis–stress explanation for schizophrenia Ans: According to the diathesis–stress model, people with a biological predisposition will develop schizophrenia only if certain kinds of psychological events, personal stress, or societal expectations are also present Section Ref: Schizophrenia Learning Objective: Describe the features of schizophrenia and some theories of what causes it Difficulty: Hard True-False 169 Delusions of grandeur are the most common delusions in schizophrenia Ans: False Section Ref: Schizophrenia Learning Objective: Describe the features of schizophrenia and some theories of what causes it Difficulty: Medium 170 Women with a history of bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, or major depressive disorder depression are particularly vulnerable to postpartum psychosis Ans: True Section Ref: Schizophrenia Learning Objective: Describe the features of schizophrenia and some theories of what causes it Difficulty: Easy 171 Many theorists believe that people inherit a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia Ans: True Section Ref: Schizophrenia Learning Objective: Describe the features of schizophrenia and some theories of what causes it Difficulty: Easy 172 Increasing dopamine activity helps reduce the symptoms of schizophrenia Ans: False Section Ref: Schizophrenia Learning Objective: Describe the features of schizophrenia and some theories of what causes it Difficulty: Hard 173 Equal numbers of men and women are diagnosed with schizophrenia Ans: True Section Ref: Schizophrenia Learning Objective: Describe the features of schizophrenia and some theories of what causes it Difficulty: Easy Multiple Choice 174 Richard firmly believes that he is being plotted against, spied on, slandered, threatened, and attacked by his friends and family although there is a no evidence to support his beliefs Richard is experiencing a) delusions of grandeur b) delusions of persecution c) hallucinations d) repression Ans: b Feedback A: Delusions of persecution involve feeling that others are out to harm you Feedback B: Delusions of persecution involve feeling that others are out to harm you Feedback C: Correct Feedback D: Delusions of persecution involve feeling that others are out to harm you Section Ref: Schizophrenia Learning Objective: Describe the features of schizophrenia and some theories of what causes it Difficulty: Medium 175 Perceptions that occur in the absence of external stimuli are known as _ a) hallucinations b) delusions c) obsessions d) compulsions Ans: a Feedback A: Correct Feedback B: Hallucinations are perceptions that occur in the absence of external stimuli Feedback C: Hallucinations are perceptions that occur in the absence of external stimuli Feedback D: Hallucinations are perceptions that occur in the absence of external stimuli Difficulty: Medium Section Ref: Schizophrenia Learning Objective: Describe the features of schizophrenia and some theories of what causes it Difficulty: Medium 176 The most common kind of hallucination experienced by schizophrenics are _ hallucinations a) visual b) auditory c) gustation d) olfactory Ans: b Feedback A: Correct Feedback B: Auditory hallucinations are most common Feedback C: Auditory hallucinations are most common Feedback D: Auditory hallucinations are most common Difficulty: Medium Section Ref: Schizophrenia Learning Objective: Describe the features of schizophrenia and some theories of what causes it Difficulty: Medium 177 Schizophrenia has been linked to abnormally high levels of which neurotransmitter? a) Serotonin b) Norepinephrine c) GABA d) Dopamine Ans: d Feedback A: Related to depression Feedback B: Related to attention and response Feedback C: Related to anxiety Feedback D: Correct Section Ref: Schizophrenia Learning Objective: Describe the features of schizophrenia and some theories of what causes it Difficulty: Hard Essay 178 Describe the brain abnormalities associated with schizophrenia Ans: Many people with schizophrenia have enlarged ventricles (the brain cavities that contain cerebrospinal fluid), relatively small temporal lobes and frontal lobes, and abnormal blood flow in certain areas of the brain In addition, some studies have linked schizophrenia to structural abnormalities of the hippocampus, amygdala, and thalamus Section Ref: Schizophrenia Learning Objective: Describe the features of schizophrenia and some theories of what causes it Difficulty: Hard Fill-in-the-blank 179 are characterized by a pattern of physical complaints with largely psychosocial causes Ans: Somataform disorders Section Ref: Other Psychological Disorders Learning Objective: Discuss the features and possible causes of somatoform, dissociative, and personality disorders Difficulty: Easy Multiple Choice 180 In _ a psychosocial conflict or need is converted into dramatic physical symptoms that affect voluntary motor or sensory functioning a) conversion disorder b) antisocial personality disorder c) obsessive compulsive disorder d) narcissistic personality disorder Ans: a Feedback A: Correct Feedback B: In conversion disorder, a psychosocial conflict or need is converted into dramatic physical symptoms that affect voluntary motor or sensory functioning Feedback C: In conversion disorder, a psychosocial conflict or need is converted into dramatic physical symptoms that affect voluntary motor or sensory functioning Feedback D: In conversion disorder, a psychosocial conflict or need is converted into dramatic physical symptoms that affect voluntary motor or sensory functioning Section Ref: Other Psychological Disorders Learning Objective: Discuss the features and possible causes of somatoform, dissociative, and personality disorders Difficulty: Medium 190 Josie often has headaches and chest pain but her doctor says these physical ailments have little to no organic basis This suggests Josie may have _ a) antisocial personality disorder b) narcissistic personality disorder c) somatization disorder d) obsessive compulsive disorder Ans: c Feedback A: People with somatization disorders experience physical ailments that have little to no organic basis Feedback B: People with somatization disorders experience physical ailments that have little to no organic basis Feedback C: Correct Feedback D: People with somatization disorders experience physical ailments that have little to no organic basis Section Ref: Other Psychological Disorders Learning Objective: Discuss the features and possible causes of somatoform, dissociative, and personality disorders Difficulty: Hard 191 People who experience _ become deeply concerned about some imagined or minor defect in their appearance a) dysmorphobia b) antisocial personality disorder c) narcissistic personality disorder d) borderline personality disorder Ans: a Feedback A: Correct Feedback B: People who experience dysmorphobia become deeply concerned about some imagined or minor defect in their appearance Feedback C: People who experience dysmorphobia become deeply concerned about some imagined or minor defect in their appearance Feedback D: People who experience dysmorphobia become deeply concerned about some imagined or minor defect in their appearance Section Ref: Other Psychological Disorders Learning Objective: Discuss the features and possible causes of somatoform, dissociative, and personality disorders Difficulty: Medium True-False 192 The transformation of personal distress into somatic complaints is the norm in Western cultures such as the United States Ans: False Section Ref: Other Psychological Disorders Learning Objective: Discuss the features and possible causes of somatoform, dissociative, and personality disorders Difficulty: Medium 193 People with antisocial personalities often form relationships to exploit others for material gain or personal gratification Ans: True Section Ref: Other Psychological Disorders Learning Objective: Discuss the features and possible causes of somatoform, dissociative, and personality disorders Difficulty: Easy 194 People with antisocial personality disorder seem to have difficulty learning for punishment or negative outcomes Ans: True Learning Objective: Discuss the features and possible causes of somatoform, dissociative, and personality disorders Difficulty: Medium Fill-in-the-blank 195 What percentage of people in the United States qualifies for the diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder? Ans: Between and 3.5% Section Ref: Other Psychological Disorders Learning Objective: Discuss the features and possible causes of somatoform, dissociative, and personality disorders Difficulty: Medium Short Answer 196 Describe the biological theory for antisocial personality disorder Ans: Difficulty may result from an under-responsive autonomic nervous system; may explain why antisocial individuals are relatively unaffected by punishment Section Ref: Other Psychological Disorders Learning Objective: Discuss the features and possible causes of somatoform, dissociative, and personality disorders Difficulty: Hard Multiple Choice 197 is characterized by a major loss of memory without a clear physical cause a) Narcissistic personality disorder b) Antisocial personality disorder c) Dissociative disorder d) Somatization disorder Ans: c Feedback A: Dissociative disorder is characterized by a major loss of memory without a clear physical cause Feedback B: Dissociative disorder is characterized by a major loss of memory without a clear physical cause Feedback C: Correct Feedback D: Dissociative disorder is characterized by a major loss of memory without a clear physical cause Section Ref: Other Psychological Disorders Learning Objective: Discuss the features and possible causes of somatoform, dissociative, and personality disorders Difficulty: Medium 198 Dissociative identity disorder was formerly termed _ disorder a) schizophrenic b) dissociative amnesic c) manic depressive d) multiple personality Ans: d Feedback A: Incorrect It was formerly called ‘multiple personality disorder.’ Feedback B: Incorrect It was formerly called ‘multiple personality disorder.’ Feedback C: Incorrect It was formerly called ‘multiple personality disorder.’ Feedback D: Correct Section Ref: Other Psychological Disorders Learning Objective: Discuss the features and possible causes of somatoform, dissociative, and personality disorders Difficulty: Medium 199 Which of the following dissociative disorders is correctly defined? a) dissociative amnesia – individual develops several different personalities b) dissociative fugue individual forgets identity and flees to a new location c) dissociative identity disorder – individual is unable to recall important information about her life d) dissociative amnesia – individual forgets identity and flees to a new location Ans: b Feedback A: Incorrect In dissociative amnesia, an individual is unable to recall important information about her life Feedback B: Correct! Feedback C: Incorrect In dissociative identity disorder, an individual develops several different personalities Feedback D: Incorrect In dissociative amnesia, an individual is unable to recall important information about her life Section Ref: Other Psychological Disorders Learning Objective: Discuss the features and possible causes of somatoform, dissociative, and personality disorders Difficulty: Medium 200 Fiona has developed several distinct subpersonalities Gordie is a convenience store clerk in Boise, ID with no memory of his life as a waiter in Greensboro, NC several years ago Heather has forgotten major portions of a period of her life in which she experienced serious trauma Which individual’s disorder is CORRECTLY identified below? a) Fiona – dissociative fugue b) Gordie – dissociative identity disorder c) Heather – dissociative amnesia d) Gordie – dissociative dementia Ans: c Feedback A: Incorrect Fiona displays dissociative identity disorder Feedback B: Incorrect Gordie displays dissociative fugue Feedback C: Correct Feedback D: Incorrect Incorrect Gordie displays dissociative fugue Section Ref: Other Psychological Disorders Learning Objective: Discuss the features and possible causes of somatoform, dissociative, and personality disorders Difficulty: Hard 201 What percentage of the population displays symptoms of borderline personality disorder? a) to 2.5% b) 4% c) to 7.2% d) 8% Ans: a Feedback A: Correct! Feedback B: Too high Feedback C: Too high Feedback D: Too high Section Ref: Other Psychological Disorders Learning Objective: Discuss the features and possible causes of somatoform, dissociative, and personality disorders Difficulty: Medium Fill-in-the-blank 202 Borderline personality disorder is characterized by severe instability in and selfconcept Ans: mood Section Ref: Other Psychological Disorders Learning Objective: Discuss the features and possible causes of somatoform, dissociative, and personality disorders Difficulty: Medium 203 Antisocial people are extraordinarily self-centered and often lack a moral Ans: conscience Section Ref: Other Psychological Disorders Learning Objective: Discuss the features and possible causes of somatoform, dissociative, and personality disorders Difficulty: Medium Short Answer 204 What early childhood experiences may explain the development of borderline personality disorder? Ans: Abandonment, neglect, abuse, etc Section Ref: Other Psychological Disorders Learning Objective: Discuss the features and possible causes of somatoform, dissociative, and personality disorders Difficulty: Easy 205 What biological determinant may explain borderline personality disorder? Ans: Lower than normal serotonin levels and disrupted sleep; symptoms similar to depression Section Ref: Other Psychological Disorders Learning Objective: Discuss the features and possible causes of somatoform, dissociative, and personality disorders Difficulty: Hard Essay 206 How is antisocial personality disorder related to anxiety? Ans: Individuals diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder experience less anxiety than the average population Section Ref: Other Psychological Disorders Learning Objective: Discuss the features and possible causes of somatoform, dissociative, and personality disorders Difficulty: Hard Multiple Choice 207 Joe is charming and manipulative He views other people as objects to be exploited, and does not feel guilty when he hurts their feelings or takes advantage of them Joe likely has a) antisocial personality disorder b) narcissistic personality disorder c) paranoid personality disorder d) schizoid personality disorder Ans: a Feedback A: Correct Feedback B: Narcissists view others as a means to advance their own interests, however they are more interested in themselves than in hurting others Feedback C: People with paranoid personality disorder are usually suspicious and withdrawn Feedback D: People with schizoid personality disorder typically avoid other people Section Ref: Other Psychological Disorders Learning Objective: Discuss the features and possible causes of somatoform, dissociative, and personality disorders Difficulty: Medium 208 Which of the following people is most likely to have a borderline personality disorder? a) Morgan who chronically over-participates in class and is always eager to show everyone that he has the right answer b) Harry, who is chronically late for class, and expects his instructor to spend time to get him “caught up” when he misses a class c) Anita, who is sometimes very interested in participating in classroom discussions, but is sometimes likely to lash out at her instructor or classmates over perceived injustices d) Angela, who does not interact with other students and is sure that her instructor is trying to trick people on exams Ans: c Feedback A: Morgan may have histrionic personality disorder Feedback B: Harry may have a narcissistic personality disorder Feedback C: Correct Feedback D: Angela may have a paranoid personality disorder People with antisocial personality disorder seem to have difficulty learning for punishment or negative outcomes Section Ref: Other Psychological Disorders Learning Objective: Discuss the features and possible causes of somatoform, dissociative, and personality disorders Difficulty: Hard 209 Alexander broke up with Jean because she said he was a “psychopath” If this label was correctly applied, which disorder may Jean display symptoms of? a) Dependent personality disorder b) Avoidant personality disorder c) Posttraumatic stress disorder d) Antisocial personality disorder Ans: d Feedback A: Psychopathology is not a characteristic of this disorder Feedback B: Psychopathology is not a characteristic of this disorder Feedback C: Psychopathology is not a characteristic of this disorder Feedback D: Correct! Feedback E: This does not describe a psychopath Section Ref: Other Psychological Disorders Learning Objective: Discuss the features and possible causes of somatoform, dissociative, and personality disorders Difficulty: Medium True-False 210 Individuals diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder experience more anxiety than the average population Ans: False Section Ref: Other Psychological Disorders Learning Objective: Discuss the features and possible causes of somatoform, dissociative, and personality disorders Difficulty: Hard Essay 211 From a psychodynamic standpoint, explain how antisocial personality disorder may develop Ans: Psychodynamic theorists propose that antisocial patterns begin with an absence of parental love during infancy that leads to a basic mistrust of other people throughout life Section Ref: Other Psychological Disorders Learning Objective: Discuss the features and possible causes of somatoform, dissociative, and personality disorders Difficulty: Medium 212 From a psychodynamic standpoint, explain how dissociative personality disorder may develop Ans: Psychodynamic theorists believe that dissociative disorders are caused by repression, the most basic ego defense mechanism, but this view has not received strong research support Section Ref: Other Psychological Disorders Learning Objective: Discuss the features and possible causes of somatoform, dissociative, and personality disorders Difficulty: Medium 213 How is antisocial personality disorder related to anxiety? Ans: Individuals diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder experience less anxiety than the average population Section Ref: Other Psychological Disorders Learning Objective: Discuss the features and possible causes of somatoform, dissociative, and personality disorders Difficulty: Hard Multiple Choice 214 Javier cannot control his impulses He constantly lies to his friends and family, without any remorse His recent reckless behavior has landed him in jail Javier’s behavior is consistent with the symptoms of a) borderline personality disorder b) dissociative disorder c) somataform disorder d) antisocial personality disorder Ans: d Feedback A: Javier’s symptoms are consistent with antisocial personality disorder Feedback B: Javier’s symptoms are consistent with antisocial personality disorder Feedback C: Javier’s symptoms are consistent with antisocial personality disorder Feedback D: Correct Section Ref: Other Psychological Disorders Learning Objective: Discuss the features and possible causes of somatoform, dissociative, and personality disorders Difficulty: Medium 215 Describe the results of neuroscience studies of antisocial personality patients Ans: Neuroscience explanations focus on brain factors, such as low serotonin activity in certain areas of the brain, deficient frontal lobe functioning, and low arousal in response to warnings Section Ref: Other Psychological Disorders Learning Objective: Discuss the features and possible causes of somatoform, dissociative, and personality disorders Difficulty: Hard ... tenth edition and the DSM is in its fourth edition Feedback B: Currently the ICD is in its tenth edition and the DSM is in its fourth edition Feedback C: Currently the ICD is in its tenth edition. .. selective perception because she can only focus on the negatives aspects of her situation Feedback C: Liana is experiencing selective perception because she can only focus on the negatives aspects... are usually grouped together because of their common focus on the broader dimensions of human existence However, there are important differences between them Humanists believe that all of us are