Grammar notes

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Grammar notes

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Simple Capitalisation Guide • Capitalisation Capital letters are used for two main purposes in English: • to show the beginning of a sentence • to show that a noun is a proper noun. 1. The first letter of every new sentence is capitalised. For example:- The postman delivered the parcel. It was very heavy. 2. The pronoun I is always capitalized. For example:- My name is Lynne, I am a teacher. 3. Proper nouns ( also called proper names) are the words which name specific people, organisations or places. They always start with a capital letter. For example:- Each part of a person's name is a proper noun:- Lynne Hand - Elizabeth Helen Ruth Jones . The names of companies, organisations, newspapers or trade marks:- Microsoft - Rolls Royce - the Round Table - the Times - WWW Given or pet names of animals:- Lassie - Champion - Trigger - Skippy - Sam The names of cities and countries and words derived from those proper nouns such as languages:- Paris - London - New York - England - English - French Geographical and Celestial Names:- the Red Sea - Alpha Centauri - Mars - the River Thames Particular places such as streets, monuments, buildings, meeting rooms:- Manvers Road (the road), the Taj Mahal - the Eiffel Tower (the tower) - Room 222 (the room) Historical events, documents, acts, and specific periods of time:- the Civil War - the Declaration of Independence - the Freedom of Information Act - World War I - Months, days of the week, holidays and special days:- December - Monday - Christmas - Valentine's Day (note seasons are not capitalised spring - summer - autumn - winter) Religions, deities, scriptures:- Christ - God - Jehovah - Mohammed - Christianity - Islam - Judaism - the Bible - the Koran - the Torah Awards, vehicles, vehicle models and names, brand names:- the Nobel Peace Prize - the Scout Movement - Ford Focus - the Bismarck - Kleenex - Hoover !Note - You don't need to capitalise the name of any currency in English. Simple Pluralisation Guide • Plural Noun Forms Regular Plurals The plural form of most nouns is created simply by adding the letter 's' to the end of the word . For example:- • minute - minutes Nouns that end in -ch, -x, -s, -sh, z or s-like sounds, the plural is formed by adding 'es' to the end of the word. For example:- • church - churches | box - boxes | gas - gases | bush - bushes | ass - asses Nouns that end in a single -z, the plural is formed by adding 'zes' to the end of the word. For example:- • quiz - quizzes Most nouns ending in -o preceded by a consonant also form their plurals by adding 'es' . For example:- • potato - potatoes | tomato - tomatoes | volcano - volcanoes However many newly created words and words with a Spanish or Italian origin that end in -o just add an 's'. For example:- • photo - photos | piano - pianos | portico - porticos Nouns ending in a consonant + y, drop the y and add 'ies'. For example:- • party - parties | lady - ladies Most nouns ending in -f or -fe, drop the f and add 'ves'. For example:- • calf - calves | half - halves | wolf - wolves Irregular Plurals There are many common nouns that have irregular plurals. For example:- • child - children | person - people | foot - feet | mouse - mice | tooth - teeth Some nouns have identical plural and singular forms, although they are still considered to have a plural form. For example:- • aircraft - aircraft | fish - fish | headquarters - headquarters | sheep - sheep | species - species Uncountable nouns on the other hand have no plural form and take a singular verb (is / was .). For example:- • advice | information | luggage | news Some nouns (especially those associated with two things) exist only in the plural form and take a plural verb (are / were .). For example:- • cattle | scissors | trousers | tweezers | congratulations | pyjamas Nouns that stem from older forms of English or are of foreign origin often have odd plurals. For example:- • analysis - analyses | crisis - crises | ox - oxen | index - indices or indexes In compound nouns the plural ending is usually added to the main noun. For example:- • court martial - courts martial | son-in-law - sons-in- law | passer-by - passers-by !Note - Some nouns just create controversy. Did you know that the proper plural spelling for roof is rooves and not the more common roofs?

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