ĐỀ CƯƠNG ÔN TẬP HỌC KÌ II - MÔN TIẾNG ANH 10 CƠ BẢN A. I. Pronunciation:: - Vowels in pairs of voiceless and voiced. Voiceless Voiced /p/ pig, pan, pot /t/ top, ten /s/ sing, peace /f/ photo, food, laugh /k/ cook, school /~/ sugar, wash, special /8/ think, thought /t~/ church, change /b/ big, ban /d/ dinner /z/ peas /v/ of, van, Stephen /g/ group /2/ vision, pleasure, Asian /5/ though, with /d2/ village, jump - ‘ed’ after voiceless  /t/ voiced and vowels  /d/ /t/ and /d/  /id/ - ‘es/s’ after voiceless  /s/ voiced  /z/ /s, z, ~, 2, t~, d2/  /iz/ B/ Grammar: Ngữ pháp I. Conditional sentences (If sentences):Câu điều kiện: 1. Conditional sentences type 1:Câu điều kiện loại 1 If + S + V(s,es) don’t/ doesn’t + V be-> am/ is/ are (not) + S+ will /won’t/( can/ can’t) + V diễn tả điều kiện có thể xảy ra ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai. Eg: If it is fine tomorrow, we will go camping. 2. Conditional sentence: Type 2: Câu điều kiện loại 2 If + S + Ved/ Past didn’t + V be-> were(n’t) + S+ would/ wouldn’t/could/couldn’t + V b. Diễn tả một điều kiện không thể xảy ra, hoặc ngược với sự thật ở hiện tại. Ex: I don’t have free time, so I can’t help him.  If I had free time, I would help him. 3. Conditional sentence: Type 3: Câu điều kiện loại 3 a. If + S + had(n’t) + Ved/ PP … , S + would/ could(n’t) + have + Ved/PP … b. Diễn tả một điều kiện không thể xảy ra, ngược với sự thật trong quá khứ. Ex: I didn’t have free time, so I couldn’t help him.  If I had had free time, I would have helped him. II. Passive voice: Thể bị động Active: S + V + O (place) (time) Passive: S + BE + V3/ed + (place) + (by O) + (time) Active Passive 1, Hiện tại đơn: S + V(s,es) + O S + am/is/are + Ved/PP 2, Hiện tại tiếp diễn: S + am/is/are + V-ing + O S + am/is/are + being +Ved/PP 3, Hiện tại hoàn thành: S + has/have + Ved/PP+ O S + has/have + been + Ved/PP 4, Quá khứ đơn: S + Ved/ Past + O S + was/were +Ved/PP 5, Quá khứ tiếp diễn: S + was/were + V-ing + O S + was/were + being +Ved/PP 6, Quá khứ hoàn thành: S + had + Ved/PP+ O S + had + been + Ved/PP 7, Tương lai gần : S +am/ is/are + going to + V + O S +am/ is/are + going to + be+Ved/PP + O 8, Động từ khuyết thiếu: S + will/shall/ . + Vo + O S + will/shall / . + be +Ved/PP Ex: - Active: She arranges the books on the shelves every weekend.  Passive: The books are arranged on the shelves (by her) every weekend. - Active:They have built a new bridge across the river. Passive: A new bridge has been built across the river - Active: Mai was watching a cartoon at 8 o’clock last night.  Passive: A cartoon was being watched by Mai at 8 o’clock last night. • Lưu ý 1 Một số câu đặc biệt phải dịch là "Người ta" khi dịch sang tiếng Việt. Ví dụ: It is said that = people say that ; (Người ta nói rằng) It was said that = people said that. (Người ta nói rằng) Một số động từ được dùng như trên: believe, say, suggest, expect, . -Sau những động từ: to have, to order, to get, to bid, to cause , dùng Past Participle bao hàm nghĩa như bị động: Ví dụ: We had your photos taken. We heard the song sung. III/ to + infinitive: động từ nguyên mẫu có to: diễn tả mục đích của hành động. Ex: I listen to classical music to feel relaxed. * Hỏi về mục đích: Why / What . for? e.g: What do you listen to classical music for? /Why do you listen to classical music? IV/ Wh- questions: Wh- words hỏi về 1. Với động từ “to be”: Wh- + be + S (+ …)? Who What/ Which When Where Why How How old How far How often How much/ many người vật thời gian nơi chốn lí do thể cách (như thế nào) tuổi khoảng cách bao lâu 1 lần số lượng (bao nhiêu) V. Adjective of attitude: Tính từ chỉ thái độ -ed/ -ing ( một số động từ khi thêm Ing/ ed có thể dùng như tính từ) -Tính từ tận cùng -ing: mang tính chủ động, chỉ tính chất gắn liền với người hoặc vật, sự việc, tính chất có thể tác động lên đối tượng khác. - Tính từ tận cùng -ed: mang tính bị động, chỉ cảm giác ( thường là của người) do bị đối tượng khác tác động. Ex: I am interested in the film.-> The film made me interested. Ex: I find the film very interesting.-> The film is very interesting.-> It is an interesting film. VI. It was not until…… that ……: Mãi đến khi…… thì……… It was not until + time/ clause + Ved/past …… that + S + Ved/Past…… Ex: The cinema did not become an industry until 1915. It was not until 1915 that the cinema became an industry. Ex: He didn’t know how to swim until he was 30. It was not until he was 30 that he knew how to swim. VII. a/ an, the: 1. a/ an: được dùng trước một danh từ số ít đếm được, chúng có nghĩa là một, chúng được dùng trong câu có tính khái quát hoặc khi chủ thể được đề cập LẦN ĐẦU TIÊN. “AN” đứng trước nguyên âm (a, o, e, u, i) e.g: A ball is round. ( Nghĩa chung, khái quát, chỉ tất cả các quả bóng) e.g: I saw a boy on the street. ( chúng ta không biết cậu bé nào, chưa được đề cập đến trước đó) 2. the: Khi danh từ đó được nhắc đến kể từ LẦN THỨ HAI, hoặc được xác định qua ngữ cảnh ( được xác định cụ thể về mặt tính chất, đặc điểm, vị trí), hoặc về một khái niệm phổ thông. mọtt thứ duy nhất tồn tại ai cũng biết Ex: - I have a pencil and an eraser. The pencil costs 3,500 VND and the eraser is 2,000 VND. - The boy in the corner is my friend. ( Cả người nghe và người nói đều biết đó là cậu bé nào) - The earth is round. ( Chỉ có một trái đất ai cũng biết). 3. Với danh từ không đếm được, dùng the khi nói đến vật cụ thể, không dùng the khi nói chung e.g: Sugar is sweet. The sugar on the table is from Cuba. 4. Với danh từ đếm được số nhiều, khi chúng mang nghĩa đại diện chung thì không dùng the: e.g: Oranges are green until they are ripe. 2 5. The: Dùng trước những tính từ so sánh bậc nhất hoặc trước cụm danh từ có only, f irst, last:( e.g: the last thing, the first person, the only way, the best car.) VIII. will vs. be going to: 1. be going to: diễn tả một dự định. Ex: A: Why are you turning on the TV? -B: I’m going to watch the news. 2. Will : diễn tả một quyết định đưa ra vào lúc nói; một phỏng đoán, một đề nghị. Ex: A: I want to buy this book but I don’t have enough money. -B: I’ll lend you some. Ex: You are working very hard. I am sure you will pass this exam easily. Ex: A: It’s very cold. -B: I’ll close the windows. IX. Relative clauses: 1. Defining relative clauses: MĐQH xác định (WHO, WHOM, WHICH, THAT) Ex: I saw the girl. She helped us last week.  I saw the girl who/that helped us last week. Ex: The book is very interesting. I bought it last week.  The book which/ that I bought last week is very interesting. 2. Non-defining relative clauses: MĐQH không xác định (WHO, WHOM, WHICH) Ex: My father is a doctor. He is fifty years old.  My father, who is fifty years old, is a doctor. Ex: New York is a large harbour. It is ice-free in all seasons.  New York, which is ice-free in all seasons, is a large harbour. X. Although/ Though vs. In spite of/ Despite, Because vs Because of/ Due to 1. Although/ Though/ Even though+ Clause: Although/ Though + S + V ……., S + V …….( S + V …….although/ though + S + V …….) Ex: Although New York is not the capital of the USA, it is the centre of global finance. (New York is the centre of global finance although it is not the capital of the USA). 2. In spite of/ Despite :+ N/ NP/ V-ing: In spite of/ Despite + N/ V-ing…, S + V ….( S + V…… in spite of/ despite + N/ V-ing…….) Ex: In spite of not being the capital of the USA, New York is the centre of global finance. (New York is the centre of global finance in spite of not being the capital of the USA). Ex: Despite his age, he works extremely hard. (He works extremely hard despite his age). 3, Because + Clause: 4, Because of/ Due to + Phrase ( N/ NP/ -Ving) 5, Các công thức biến đổi từ mệnh đề sang cụm từ như sau: 1) Nếu chủ từ 2 mệnh đề giống nhau: - Bỏ chủ từ ,động từ thêm ING . Although Tom got up late, he got to school on time. => Despite / in spite of getting up late, Tom got to school on time. 1) Nếu chủ từ là danh từ + be + tính từ :- Đem tính từ đặt trứoc danh từ ,bỏ to be Although the rain is heavy, . => Despite / in spite of the heavy rain, 3) Nếu chủ từ là đại từ + be + tính từ :- Đổi đại từ thành sỡ hửu ,đổi tính từ thành danh từ ,bỏ be Although He was sick, => Despite / in spite of his sickness, . 4) Nếu chủ từ là đại từ + động từ + trạng từ :- Đổi đại từ thành sở hữu, động từ thành danh từ ,trạng từ thành tính từ đặt trước danh từ : Although He behaved impolitely, . => Despite / in spite of his impolite behavior , . 5) Nếu câu có dạng : there be + danh từ :- Thì bỏ there be Although there was an accident , . => Despite / in spite of an accident, Công thức này cũng áp dụng cho biến đổi từ BECAUSE -> BECAUSE OF XI, Direct- Indirect speech: Câu trực tiếp đổi thành câu gián tiếp: 1, Đổi thì của động từ: Direct (Trực tiếp Indirect (Gián tiếp) 1, Hiện tại đơn: S + V(s,es) + O don’t/ doesn’t + V Quá khứ đơn: S + Ved/ Past + O Didn’t + V 2, Hiện tại tiếp diễn: S + am/is/are + V-ing + O Quá khứ tiếp diễn: S + was/were + V-ing + O 3, Hiện tại hoàn thành: S + has/have + Ved/PP+ O Quá khứ hoàn thành: S + had + Ved/PP+ O 4, Quá khứ đơn: S + Ved/ Past + O Quá khứ hoàn thành: S + had + Ved/PP+ O 6, Quá khứ hoàn thành: S + had + Ved/PP+ O Quá khứ hoàn thành: S + had + Ved/PP+ O 7, Tương lai gần : S +am/ is/are + going to + V + O S +was/ were + going to + V + O 8, Động từ khuyết thiếu: 3 Will Would Can Could Shall Should Must Had to Have to/ has to Had to 2. Đổi đại từ, tính từ sở hữu, tân ngữ, trạng từ chỉ vị trí, thời giạn, TRỰC TIẾP GIÁN TIẾP Chủ ngữ I he, she ( I, you) we they (we) you they, he, she (you) Tân ngữ me him, her (me) us them (us) you them, him, her (you_ Sở hữu my his, her (your, my) our their (our) your their, his, her (my, your) mine his, hers (yours, mine) ours theirs, hers, his (ours) yours theirs, hers, his (mine, yours) Trực tiếp Gián tiếp This These Here Now Today Ago Tomorrow The day after tomorrow Yesterday The day before yesterday Next week Last week Last year That Those There Then That day Before The next day / the following day In two day’s time / two days after The day before / the previous day Two days before The following week The previous week / the week before The previous year / the year before XII. Comparison: I. Comparison of equality: So sánh bằng 1. Affirmative: as + adj/adv + as (bằng/như) Ex: - I’m as tall as Tom. - John works as hard as his father. 2. Negative not as/so + adj/adv + as (không bằng/như) II. Comparative of adi/ adv: so sánh hơn 1. Short adj/ adv: adj/adv + ER + than Tính từ/trạng từ ngắn là từ có một vần hay hai vần tận cùng bằng “y”:fast, cold, , lucky, happy .… 2. Long adj/ adv: more + adj/adv + than Tính từ/trạng từ dài là từ có hai vần trở lên.:modern, patient, difficult, fluently, beautifully, … III. Superlative of adj/ adv: so sánh hơn nhất: 1. Short adj/ adv: the + adj/adv + EST 2. Long adj/ adv: the + MOST + adj/adv * LƯU Ý: - Ta có thể dùng the least để chỉ mức độ kém … nhất. 4 Ex: This story is the least interesting of all. (Đây là câu chuyện kém thú vò nhất trong các câu chuyện.) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 Exercises: Second Term, English 10 A, Pronunciation: 1) A. here B. bear C. hear D. engineer 2) A. four B. your C. tour D. course 3) A. seafood B. release C. threaten D. beneath 4) A. climber B. bomb C. blue D. combing 5) A. pine B. psychology C. plane D. pick 6) A. parked B. watched C. endangered D. stopped 7) A. stationed B. belonged C. established D. studied 8) A. books B. students C. things D. delights 9) A. cuts B. lives C. business D. roles 10) A. film B. of C. feeling D. roof 11) A. one B. follow C. horror D. across 12) A. champion B. chairman C. character D. which 13) A. cup B. become C. consider D. city 14) A. something B. think C. without D. thank 15) A. those B. they C. themselves D. theatre B. Grammar: B1: Although, Inspite of, Despite, because, because of 1. Although the rain was heavy, we went out->Despite . ………… 2. Despite living on the same street, we hardly ever see each other.-> Although …………… 3. Although my foot was injured, I managed to walk to the nearest bus stop.-> In spite of …… 4. I rang the door, but nobody answered.Although ………-> 5. Despite the cold weather, we all went for a walk. -> Although ……… B2. Passive: I, Turn these sentences from Active to Passive 1- Dr. Ikeda developed that theory. 2- Tim dropped the cup. 3- The manager will interview me. 4- After class, one of the students always erases the chalkboard. 5- My grandfather planted this tree 50 years ago. 6- Mary has just washed those dishes. 7- They are going to build a new hospital here. 8- We can do nothing to help her. 9- Last Thursday we appointed a new marketing manger. – A new………………………. 10- Smith Ltd. are supplying our company with new office furniture. – Our………………. 11- No one has seen Peter since the day of the party. – Peter………………………………… 12- At the time my aunt was looking after the children for us. – At the time our children……. 13. They often invite us to the formal parties. 14. They redecorate their house very ornamental. 15. Nobody saw Nam at the bus stop. 16. They are building a new kindergarten in front of my house. II, Give the correct form of the verbs: 4- Two days ago I (put) ………… an ad in the newspaper so that I could find a buyer for my old car. Yesterday I(sell)…………it. It (buy)………… by a teenager who (look) ………… for an old car to fix up himself. Today a friend of mine told me that he wanted to buy my old car, but he was too late. By the time he talked to me, the car (sell already) ………… to the teenager. III, ADJ ending in -ing/ -ed: Fill in the blank with the correct form of the words provided: 1- The book …………me. It is an……………book. I’m ……………in it. INTEREST 2- The trip……… everybody. Everyone was…………. . The trip was………… . TIRE 3- Ann ……an egg. She took the egg out of the ….water. She had an ………egg for breakfast. BOIL 4- The new ……….us. We were…………. . The news was……………… UPSET 5- Jessica’s arguments convinced us. She presented…………arguments. We were…………CONVINCE 6- Noone may attend the lecture except …………guests. INVITE 7- After an ……… trip of 12 hours, John fell asleep at the dinner table. EXHAUST 6 8- There are many ……….activities in a large city. STIMULATE 9- I like to hear the sound of gently………… rain. FALL 10- Skydiving is a ……………experience. THRILL 11- When I get home from work, I’m going to take a long, …………bath. RELAX 12- I heard some …………… news. ENCOURAGE B3, Relative Clauses:I, Choose the best answer: 1. That’s my friend_____ comes from Japan. ( A. which B. who C. whom D. where. 2. The plants which___in the living room need a lot of water. (A. are B. be C. is D. was 3. She’s the woman__sister looks after the baby for us. (A. who B. which C. that’s D. whose 4. That’s the doctor for_______ Cliff works A. that B. which C. whom D. whose 5. Marie,____ I met at the party, called me last night. A. that B. whom C. which D. whose 6. I remember Alice,____ rode the bus to school with. A. I B. whom I C. which I D. who 7. I used to enjoy the summer, __ we had a big family picnic. A. where B. when C. which D. that 8. Tell me about the city ___ you grew up. A. that B. where C. which D. ø 9. Anna found the book that ___ wanted at the bookshop. A. ø B. where C. she D. which 10. Please remember to take back to the library all the books___ are due this week.(A. ø B. that C. when D. they II, Rewrite sentences: 1. The young man lives in the corner. He rides an expensive motorbike. 2. I will introduce the man to you. He is sharing the flat with me. 3. The young man is talking to our teacher. He is Ba’s brother. 4. The boys are interested in football. It is a popular game all over the world. 5. The lady is a famous writer. You met her at the party last night. 6. Dr Oley is our family’s dentist. He is a popular dentist in the city. 7. The river is the Sai Gon River. It flows through Ho Chi Minh City. 8. The girls are performing the play. They rehearsed it yesterday. 9. The lecturer is my uncle. He gave an interesting talk on TV last night. 10. The student kept talking about the project yesterday. It was done last week. B4: A, AN, THE: Fill in the blank:with a, an, the or ø (zero article) 1. Jason’s father bought him____bike that he wanted for his birthday 2. _____ Statue of Liberty was a gift of friendship from__France to___United States. 3. Rita is studying__English and___________ Math this semester. 4. ____ judge asked____ witness to tell___ truth. 5. Please give me___cup of____ coffee with __ cream and___ sugar. 6. ____ big books on___ table are for my history class. 7. My_____ car is four years old, and it still runs well. 8. ___chair that you are sitting in is broken. B5: Reported speech/ Indirect statements: 1.Nam said “I am told to be at school before 7 o’clock” 2. Thu said “All the students will have a meeting next week” 3. Phong said “My parents are very proud of my good marks” 4. The teacher said “All the homework must be done carefully” 5. Her father said to her “You can go to the movie with your friend” 6. Hoa said “I may visit my parents in the summer” 7. His brother told him “You can use my computer today” 8. She said “My brother doesn’t buy this book” 9. The boys said “We have to try our best to win the match” 10. Her classmate said “Lan is the most intelligent girl in our class” B5/Conditional sentences: I, Choose the correct option: 1) Why didn't you go camping last week? If you . there, you would have had a lot of fun. A. were being B. have been C. had been D. was being 2) What .if you had had a day off yesterday?( would you have done/ would you do/ will you do you would have done 3) If I . you, I wouldn't accept the invitation.(A. had been B. were C. are D. has been 4) He would visit us if he in town. A. will be B. was C. were D. would be 5) If you didn't stay up late, you . get up earlier. A. can B. couldC. willD. can 6) If I heard from Jack, I let you know. A. will B. wouldC. shallD. had 7 7) If I knew her number, I . her. A. phone B. will phone C. would phone D. had phoned 8) If they were rich, they buy a castle. A. will B. can C. would D. were able to 9) If you . this glass, you would have to pay for it. A. broke B. breakC. have broken D. had broke 10) If you . French, which language would you study? A. were studying B. are studying C. weren’t studying D. have been studying II, Rewrite sentences: using if 1. I’m in a hurry. I won’t stay to dinner. ->If . 2. They don’t understand the problem. They won’t find a solution. ->If 3. I get wet because I don’t take my umbrella. -> If . 4. I drink too much coffee; that’s why I can’t sleep.-> If 5. The weather is not fine, that’s why we can’t go out.->If . 6. The weather may be fine tomorrow, we will go for a picnic. -> If . 7. Listen carefully or you won’t understand the lesson. 8. He didn’t hurry, so he missed the train. 9. Dick often causes accidents because he drives carelessly. 10. We didn’t go because it rained. 11.My brother didn’t leave the car keys, so I couldn’t pick him up at the station. 12.We didn’t go on holiday because we didn’t have enough money. 13.Susan felt sick because she ate four cream cakes. 14. Peter is fat because he eats so many chips. 1.I have to work tomorrow evening, so I can’t meet you.-> If 2.People must not leave bicycles in the hall. ->Bicycles 3. Dangerous driving causes many accidents.->Many accidents 4.He didn’t work hard, so he failed the exam.->If he . 5.I was tired because I stayed up late last night.->If I 6.I am going to the capital. I wanted to find a good job.->I am going to the capital to . Why are you saving money?->What John finds astronomy very interesting.->John is . She is the singer. She has just signed a contract with a recording company.-> She didn’t write to him until she received his letter.-> It was not until . We didn’t recognize him until he came into the light.-> It was not until I haven’t had enough lessons for my driving test tomorrow. ->I think I . We stayed in Asia Hotel. Mr. Thanh recommended it to us. -> He dislikes big cities. He is moving to London next month-> Although He has good salary. He feels unhappy. -> In spite of . 8 . + am/is/are + V-ing + O S + am/is/are + being +Ved/PP 3, Hiện tại hoàn thành: S + has/have + Ved/PP+ O S + has/have + been + Ved/PP 4, Quá khứ đơn: S +. Past + O S + was/were +Ved/PP 5, Quá khứ tiếp diễn: S + was/were + V-ing + O S + was/were + being +Ved/PP 6, Quá khứ hoàn thành: S + had + Ved/PP+ O S + had