The martial arts ancient greece

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The martial  arts ancient greece

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Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com The Martial Arts of Ancient Greece www.Ebook777.com This page intentionally left blank The Martial Arts of Ancient Greece Modern Fighting Techniques from the Age of Alexander Kostas Dervenis and Nektarios Lykiardopoulos Translated by Michael J Pantelides and Kostas Dervenis Destiny Books Rochester, Vermont Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com Destiny Books One Park Street Rochester, Vermont 05767 www.DestinyBooks.com Destiny Books is a division of Inner Traditions International Copyright © 2005 by Esoptron Publications English translation copyright © 2007 by Esoptron Publications Originally published in Greek under the title ΠΟΛΕΜΙΚΕΣ ΤΕΧΝΕΣ ΣΤΗΝ ΑΡΧΑΙΑ ΕΛΛΑΔΑ ΚΑΙ ΤΗ ΜΕΣΟΓΕΙΟ [Martial Arts in Ancient Greece and the Mediterranean] by Esoptron Publications First U.S Edition published in 2007 by Destiny Books All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Dervenis, Kostas The martial arts of ancient Greece : modern fighting techniques from the Age of Alexander / Kostas Dervenis and Nektarios Lykiardopoulos ; translated by Michael J Pantelides and Kostas Dervenis — 1st U.S ed p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN-13: 978-1-59477-740-0 ISBN-13: 978-1-59477-192-7 (pbk.) ISBN-10: 1-59477-192-8 (pbk.) Pancratium—Greece—History Martial arts—Greece—History I Lykiardopoulos, Nektarios II Title GV1193.D47 2007 796.810938—dc22 2007031292 Printed and bound in the United States by PA Hutchinson 10 Text design and layout by Jon Desautels This book was typeset in Sabon with Schneidler used as a display typeface www.Ebook777.com Contents Preface vii ;;;;;;;; Chapter The Birth of Pammachon Chapter From Combat to Competition: Pammachon to Pankration 15 Chapter Analysis of the Techniques of Pankration Chapter The Inner Path Epilogue 188 213 ;;; Appendix: Ancient Greek Pammachon and the Roots of Zen Bibliography Index 230 232 215 35 This page intentionally left blank Preface A distinction has always existed between combat sports and martial arts—the former being controlled athletic contests, the latter training exercises for actual battle This demarcation has been recognized as a matter of controversy in the historical record, and beyond that, it would seem that the difference between the two activities reaches far back into the mists of prehistory Combat sports initially grew out of primal religious festivities, a replication (or evolution) of the duelling of males of all species during the annual spring mating rites While such contests originated as bloody duels, people soon realized that killing or maiming their own warriors to determine suitable breeding stock was not in a society’s best interest So rules were developed to prevent permanent injury or death and combat sports were differentiated from actual battle, in which, sadly, there are no rules and never have been Also a matter of controversy is the very important question of whether the practice of combat sports (and martial arts) leads to positive or negative psychological changes in the participants There are many today who claim that practicing the martial arts and combat sports develops beneficial psychological changes and encourages correct societal integration; however, most of the positive benefits determined by the related studies have to with modern combat sports of an Eastern origin In contrast, other researchers claim that participating in socially sanctioned combative sports encourages violence and aggression Certainly the popularity of pay-for-view, no-holds-barred “mixed martial arts” tournaments provides the general public with a view of combat sports that tends to vii remind one of a Roman arena While combat sports did indeed grow out of actual battle tactics designed for conditions under which one must kill or be killed, throughout history they have evolved to address more diverse goals, such as personal growth and self-discipline Sadly, in today’s age of crass commercialism, pay-for-view combat sports have come to emulate the decadence of the Roman arena, with amateur activities being relegated to a lesser level of importance in the mind of the public In ancient Greece, the sport of pankration arose as an attempt to introduce martial arts competition into the ancient Greek Olympiad Pankration is an ancient Greek word that means “total control/power” and refers to a combat sport that was essentially an all-out fight between two contestants Pankration allowed bare-knuckle boxing, kicking, wrestling, jointlocks, throws, and strangleholds, prohibiting only two tactics: biting and gouging out the opponent’s eyes (There were other prohibitions, but only the two aforementioned were “written in stone”; the rest were up to the judges.) Pankration contests were held in stadiums and it was indeed a spectator sport The emphasis, however, was clearly on skill and not on blood; in fact, the contest had to be “bloodless” (anaimaktos) The ancient Greeks were preoccupied with the notion of an “honorable struggle” (eugeni amilla) during athletic competition The emphasis in combative sports was on “control,” not on brutality This precept is clearly established by the word pankration itself The term does not mean “all powers,” as it has been erroneously translated in the past In fact, the word kratos is used in modern Greek and means “nation.” While no exact translation for the word kratos is possible in English, and while “power” is very much a part of the meaning of the term pankration, it is obvious that “control” should be considered in equal proportion, since it is not in the interest of a “nation” to exterminate or hospitalize its citizens Hence, pankration should be thought of as “submission fighting,” with the concept of eugeni amilla (honorable struggle) liberally applied The athletes did not seek to hurt their opponents, but rather to subdue them through skillful means.* In this *This characteristic of the term pankration was first published internationally by the authors (in Greek) in 2002 The use of the term pammachon in reference to Greek martial arts was established earlier by Kostas Dervenis in 2000 This intellectual property right has been abused by other authors since then, without permission, authorization, or reference viii PREFACE Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com context, both training for pankration and practice of the sport provided a useful educational medium for ancient society In modern times, Dr Jigoro Kano established a similar conduit for his ancestral martial arts through the establishment of judo as an international combat sport In the past few decades there has been renewed interest in, and considerable literary effort dedicated to, pankration In addition, quite a few modern martial artists of Greek descent have pictured themselves as the regenerators of the sport, creating modern synthesis systems, which are usually a combination of kickboxing, sport judo, and sport wrestling This book will attempt to analyze both the kinesiology and techniques of the ancient Greek combat sport, and show its relationship to—and differences from—Greek martial arts, where appropriate We will also try to answer, in a historical context, the question of whether practicing combat sports (and martial arts) can lead to positive or negative psychological changes in the participants We will attempt to address these questions, not for love of the past, but for hope in the future Many of the aforementioned Greek martial artists of today, hoping to restore pankration to a preeminent position in the world of combat sports, are sadly missing the point in their pursuit of material gain.* In today’s world, it matters little whether or not “the Greeks were the first to use a shoulder throw” (they were not) or “Alexander the Great brought pankration to the warriors of India” (chances are he did not) What matters are the problems we face globally as a species: accelerating industrialization, rapid population growth, widespread malnutrition, depletion of nonrenewable resources, and a deteriorating environment If these problems are not dealt with, the most probable result will be a rather sudden and uncontrollable decline in population within the next one hundred years—this is a clinical way of saying that billions of people will die That having been said, experts agree that it is possible, even now, to alter these growth trends and to establish a condition of ecological and economic stability that would be sustainable far into the future This state of global equilibrium could be designed so that the basic material needs of each person on Earth are satisfied and each person has an equal opportunity to realize his individual human potential *Neither of the authors are professional instructors of the martial arts or combat sports; instead, they are motivated by an amateur’s love of these activities ix PREFACE www.Ebook777.com Newberry, P E Beni Hasan Vol and London: 1893 Penrose, Sir Roger, with Abner Shimony, Nancy Cartwright, and Stephen Hawking The Large, the Small, and the Human Mind London: Cambridge University Press, 2000 Poliakoff, Michael Combat Sports in the Ancient World New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987 Time-Life Books The Enterprise of War Amsterdam: Time-Life Books, 1991 Venkatesh, S., et al “A study of structure of phenomenology of consciousness in meditative and non-meditative states.” Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 41, no (1997): 149–53 Warry, John Warfare in the Classical World New York: St Martin’s Press, 1980 Wheeler, John Archibald, with Kenneth Ford Geons, Black Holes and Quantum Foam: A Life in Physics New York: W W Norton and Company, 1998 Zabinski, Grzegorz, and Bartlomiej Walczak Codex Wallerstein: A Medieval Fighting Book from the Fifteenth Century on the Longsword, Falchion, Dagger, and Wrestling Boulder, Colorado: Paladin Press, 2001 231 BIBLIOGRAPHY Index Page numbers in italic represent figures Acheron, 190 battle, defined, 24 Agesilaus, King of Sparta, 24 Bear of the Caves, 190 agricultural societies, 2–3 Beni Hasan, 15, 16, 218 Alexander, 215–20 Benson, Herbert, 196, 206 Antoninus, Marcus Aurelius, 220–21 Bhagavad Gita, 199 Apollo, 203, 219 bladed weapons, 2–14 Apollonian gods, 203 blocks, 31 Ares, 200–201 defensive block with imultane- Aristotle, 19 ous counterattack and hammer arm pulling and reactions, 95 punch, 78–79 arm pulls and control, 94 external block, 75 “arm-wrapping” throw, 112–13, 112 forearm block, 67–68 Artemis, 190 Bodhidharma, 25–26, 226–29 Artemis cave, 206 Bodhisattva Fudo-Myoo, 203 Artemis temple, 202 Bodhisattva Vajrapani, 221 Athena, 200–204, 219 body temperature, 196–97, 207–8 Autolykos (Euripides), 24 body throw, 101–2, 101 avoidance, 31 The Book of the Sword (Burton), axes, 2–3 12 bow, Babylonian metallurgists, 10 Bactria, 221 232 boxing, compared to pankration, 19, 29 boxing range, 60–87, 60, 61, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87 copper, Crassus, Marcus Licinius, 224 analysis of movement in, 82–87 Crete, 190 principles and aims, 60 “crow bill” weapons, 9–10, 10 technical intricacies, 60–61 brahmacharya, 205 dantien, 197, 208 breathing exercises, 223 defensive block with imultaneous Bronze Age, 6–13, 198, 217 counterattack and hammer bronze weapons, 6–11, 217 punch, 78–79, 78 Buddhism, 218–29 defensive kick, 45–46, 45 Burton, Sir Richard Francis, 12 Delilah, 204 dhyana, 226 Campbell, Joseph, 189 Dictynna, 190 Çatal Hüyük, 3–5 Dioscouri, 199, 200 caves, sacred, 189–91, 203 Dioxippos, 216 chakras, 194–96, 194, 197, 223 direct breaching kick, 41–42, 41 Chang-ning, 228–29 direct knee dislocation on the ground, Ch’an school, 228 chi, 194 chokes, 154–56, 154, 155, 157, 167 “guillotine” choke, 157–59 rear forearm choke, 167–68 182–83, 182 direct knee dislocation with a fall, 179–81, 179 direct power punch, 64–65, 64 guarding against, 66 circular sacrificial throw, 125 DNA, 191–92 Codex Wallerstein, 23–24 doloma, 201 “collective unconsciousness,” 210 dolos, 201 combat ranges double-leg takedown, 148–49 boxing range, 36–37, 60–87 counter to, 150–53 entrapment range, 36–37, 89–159 Dubs, Homer Hasenpflug, 224–25 kicking range, 36–59 dueling, 5, 160, 222 overview, 35–36 wrestling range, 37, 89–159 combat sports connected to sexual reproduction, 198 mock, 8–9, compared to martial arts, vi, 22–23, 25, 213 Earth Mother, 220 preparing for, 23–24 edge of hand (“ax”) strike, 76–77, 76 See also pankration Egyptian weapons, “Compete Nobly,” 28 elbow control, 119–21, 119 consciousness, 206–11, 210 electromagnetic spectrum, 192 233 INDEX Enkidu, 205 “guillotine” choke, 157–59 entrapment range, 89–159 “gut feeling,” 203 principles and technical intricacies, 89 half-guard position, 173 Epeios, 24 handled blades, Eskimos, hara, 197 Euripides, 24 hatchets, broad, 9–10, 11 external block, 75, 75 headlock position, 176 headlocks, 126–33, 126, 127, 129 Father Uranus, 193 heel “hooks,” 137–41, 137, 138 female wisdom, 201–4 Hellenistic era, 31–32, 219, 226 flint daggers, 4, Hera, 199 forbidden techniques, 28 Heracleitos, 192 forearm block, 67–68, 67 Herakleion Museum, 198 forward hooking punch, 71–72, 71 Hercules, 198–99, 211–12 four-points position, 174–75, 174 Hermes, 194 front body clinch and lift, 134 Hindu Tantra, 194 front kick, 39–40, 39, 50, 50 hip throw, 99–100, 99 front power kick, 51–52, 51 holds front punches, 62–63, 62 leg holds, 129–33 front trample-kick, 43–44, 43 rear body hold, 96–98 hooked punches, 69, 73–74, 73 Galenos, 221 foreward hooking punch, 71–72 Gandhara, 221, 223 horizontal hooking punch, 70 Gebel el-Arak, while grappling, 69 Geons, Black Holes and Quan- hooks, as counters, 141 tum Foam: A Life in Physics hoplomachia, 18 (Wheeler), 192 horizontal deflection, 80–81 Gilf Kebir caves, 198, 199 horizontal hooking punch, 70, 70 Gilgamesh, 204–5 horizontal outside elbow, 92–93, 92, Gnostic Christianity, 222 93 Gouverneto Monastery, 190, 206, 207 Iliad, 24, 199–200, 203, 219 gravity, 192 Indra vajrahasta, 220 Greek Buddhist monks, 220 inside thigh sweep, 116, 116 ground wrestling, 160–87 234 INDEX gTummo yoga, 197, 207–8 jamming a kick, 53–54, 53 “guard” position, 169–71, 169 Javanas, 223 javelin, lift and turn to throw, 135–36, 136 Jericho, limb locks with direct and complex judo, viii dislocations, 122–24, 122, 123 jujutsu, 203, 222 Liqian, 224–25 Jung, Carl Gustav, 210–11 low kick to the knee, 47–49, 47 Justinian, 221 lunge, 80–81, 80 Jzh-Jzh, 224–25 Macedonians, 216 kalari payat, 222 máchaera, 5, 15 Kano, Jigoro, viii máche, 5, 15 karate, 25–26, 215 Mahayana Buddhism, 221–22, 223, Katholikos Monastery, 190 228 kicking range, 38–59 main outside throw, 103–7, 103 Klemes the Alexandrian, 27 Manichaeism, 221–22, 228 knee and calf dislocations (leglocks), martial arts 178–83 direct knee dislocation on the ground, 182–83 direct knee dislocation with a fall, 179–81 twisting ankle/knee dislocation, 186–487 Buddhist connection, 218–29 Chinese character, compared to combat sports, vi, 22–23, 213 origin of, 215–29 in religious worship, 16 see also pammachon knee blows, 90–91, 90 mating rites, vi knee on the abdomen position, 177 Medusa, 201–4, 203, 211–12, 212 knee strike, 53–54, 53 Menander, 220 Knights Templar, 205 Menelaos, 200 Koragos, 216 Mesopotamia, 2, 10, 218 ksatriya warriors, 220, 222, 223, metabolism, 197 228 Metis, 201–3 kundalini, 197 Minoan priestesses, 198, 198 “kundalini hermit,” 204 Mother Earth, 190, 193, 220 kung fu, 25–26 Mycenaean Greek myth, 198–99 leg holds, 129–33 nadis, 194 leg takedowns, 142–43, 142, 144, Nansen, Fridtjof, 146, 148, 149, 150 counters to front leg takedown, 144–47 Nazirites, 204 neck attacks, 154–59 neikung, 197, 208–9 235 INDEX Neolithic Age, 188 rear punches, 62–63, 62 nuclear fusion, 192–93, 193 rear riding position, 166 repa monks, 197, 198 Odyssey, 219 reverse forearm choke, 157–59 Olympian Gods, 219 Rhetorics (Aristotle), 19 Olympic games, 16, 19, 26–31 riding position, 161–65, 161, 166 outside foot/ankle sweep, 118 rear, 166 outside knee/calf sweep, 117 Roman Empire, 33–34, 219, 225–26 pammachon Sakala of Bactria, 220 connection to Eastern martial arts forms, 215–29 Sakyamuni Buddha, 222 Samson, 204 defined, 16–19, 27 sand, dug-up, 30–31 See also martial arts sarissas, 217 Panagia Arkoudiotissa, 190 Sarvastivada dogma, 228 pankration seizing a kick, 55–59, 55, 57 analysis of techniques, 35–37 sexual energy, 204–6, 208, 228 constituting elements of, 29–31 shamanism, 188–92, 203, 211 defined, vii–viii, 17–19, 19–20, Shaolin kung fu, 215 27–29 See also combat sports Paris-Alexander, 200 Shaolin temple, 25–26, 226–28 shields, 11 Shimson, 204 Parthenon, 200, 219 shoulder throw, 108–11, 108, 110 Parthians, 224, 226 side hook punch, 67–68, 67 Perseus, 211, 212 Silk Road, 219, 224, 225, 226 Persian influence, 221 sling, Philopoimen, 24 snakes, spirally entangled, 194, 194, Plato, 18, 24, 196 197–201, 199, 200, 205 Plutarch, 19 Spartans, 199 pneuma, 222 spears, 2–3 polymetis, 203 spiral heliz, 191–96, 194, 195, 208 Potnia Theron, 190 spiritual rituals, 188 Prajnatara, 228 “sprawl,” 150–53 Promachos, 212 Srongstsan Gampo, 221 stigmata, 208, 209 reaping hip throw, 114–15, 114 rear body hold, 96–98 rear forearm choke, 167–68 236 INDEX strangulations, 154–56, 154, 155, 157 submission, declaring, 27 Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com submission fighting, vii, 20–22 See also martial arts submission grappling See also wrestling transposition and rear body hold, 96–98, 96 triangular strangulation, 172 Trojan Horse, 203 sumo wrestling, 198 Tuc D’Audoubert cave, 190 sweeps Tungus nomads, 189 inside thigh sweep, 116 outside foot/ankle sweep, 118 twisting ankle/knee dislocation, 186–487, 186 outside knee/calf sweep, 117 swords, 10–14, 10, 11, 12 Uruk, 205 takedowns vajramushti, 222, 223, 228 double-leg takedown, 148–53 leg takedowns, 142–47 war, 25 Tantric Buddhism, 197 “War is the father of all,” 193 Taoist marcial arts, 219 Way of the Animal Powers: Mytholo- throws, 129–33 “arm-wrapping” throw, 112–13 gies of the Great Hunt, The (Campbell), 189 body throw, 101–2 Wheeler, John Archibald, 192 circular sacrificial throw, 125 wooden weapons, 18 heel “hooks” as means to throw, wrestling, 19, 23, 88, 160–87 137–41 hip throw, 99–100 sumo, 198 wrestling zone, 89–159 lift and turn to throw, 135–36 main outside throw, 103–7 Yiannakis, Th B., 30 reaping hip throw, 114–15 yin-yang, 191–92, 194, 194 shoulder throw, 108–11 Tibetan Buddhism, 221 Zen and pammachon, 215–29 Tibetan monks, 196–97 Zeus, 200, 203 tibio-fibular attacks, 184–85, 184 Zorastrianism, 222 237 INDEX www.Ebook777.com This page intentionally left blank BOOKS OF RELATED INTEREST Nei Kung The Secret Teachings of the Warrior Sages by Kosta Danaos The Magus of Java Teachings of an Authentic Taoist Immortal by Kosta Danaos Chi Kung The Chinese Art of Mastering Energy by Yves Réquéna Martial Arts Teaching Tales of Power and Paradox Freeing the Mind, Focusing Chi, and Mastering the Self by Pascal Fauliot The Spiritual Practices of the Ninja Mastering the Four Gates to Freedom by Ross Heaven The Spiritual Foundations of Aikido by William Gleason The Warrior Is Silent Martial Arts and the Spiritual Path by Scott Shaw, Ph.D The Peaceful Way A Children’s Guide to the Traditions of the Martial Arts by Claudio Iedwab and Roxanne Standefer Inner Traditions • Bear & Company P.O Box 388 Rochester, VT 05767 1-800-246-8648 www.InnerTraditions.com Or contact your local bookseller This page intentionally left blank This page intentionally left blank This page intentionally left blank This page intentionally left blank This page intentionally left blank Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com Martial arts “straightforward and insightful, a refreshingly commonsense approach to the truths hidden within both history and mythology this is an in-depth piece of research revealing a timeless wisdom and the universality of personal experience a must-read for all those interested in the roots of our martial and spiritual traditions.” WilliaM Gleason, 6th dan, director of shobu aikido in Boston, and author of The Spiritual Foundations of Aikido the architectural friezes and decorative motifs of ancient Greece contain abundant scenes of combat, one-on-one and hand-to-hand in The Martial Arts of Ancient Greece, the authors offer close inspection of these depictions to reveal that they correlate closely to the grappling and combat arts as they are practiced today they also show that these artifacts document the historical course of the development of both the weaponry of the warrior classes and the martial responses those weapons required with hand-to-hand fighting the depiction of each ancient technique is accompanied by sequenced step-by-step photos of modern practitioners performing the various stances of one-on-one combat in addition, the authors explain how the development of Hellenic combat arts was tied at its heart to a spiritual practice the centeredness, clear mind, and consequent courage that develop from a spiritual practice were considered martial strengths for a warrior, enabling him to be at his best, unobstructed inwardly by conflict or inertia The Martial Arts of Ancient Greece provides a practical and comprehensive approach to the techniques and philosophy of the martial arts of the ancient Mediterranean that will be welcomed by modern fighters Kostas Dervenis is a martial arts instructor in jujutsu, pammachon, and t’ai chi chuan He has written four books on the martial arts and martial traditions, including Nei Kung and The Magus of Java under the pen name Kosta Danaos neKtarios lyKiarDopoulos has a degree in physical therapy and is certified as an instructor in a number of martial arts practices He began studying martial arts and combat sports in 1983 and has been a member of the technical Committee of the Hellenic pankration Federation since 1999 Both authors live in athens, Greece Destiny BooKs roCHester, verMont www.DestinyBooks.com Cover design by Jon Desautels www.Ebook777.com ... related to the role played by the martial arts in religious worship from ancient times In chapter we will study the pediments from the Parthenon (the chief temple of Athena in Athens) and the temple... ==> www.Ebook777.com The Martial Arts of Ancient Greece www.Ebook777.com This page intentionally left blank The Martial Arts of Ancient Greece Modern Fighting Techniques from the Age of Alexander... spears Naturally, the 15 martial arts of the period should have taught the use of and defense against these weapons, otherwise what would have been the reason for their existence? The term pammachon

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  • Cover

  • Title Page

  • Contents

  • Preface

  • 1. The Birth of Pammachon

  • 2. From Combatto Competition: Pammachon to Pankration

  • 3. Analysis of the Techniques of Pankration

  • 4. The Inner Path

  • Epilogue

  • Appendix: Ancient Greek Pammachon and The Roots of Zen

  • Bibliography

  • Index

  • Books of Related Interest

  • Copyright

  • Back Cover

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